A 30% incidence of renal cysts with varying sizes and densities in biomedical research swine is not associated with renal dysfunction

Background:Renal cystic disease arising from various etiologies results in fluid-filled cavities within the kidneys.Moreover,preexisting renal dysfunction has been shown to exacerbate multiple pathologies.While swine bred for biomedical research are often clinically inspected for illness/parasites,more advanced diagnostics may aid in uncovering underlying renal abnormalities.Methods:Computed tomography was performed in 54 female prepubertal Yorkshire swine to characterize renal cysts;urine and blood chemistry,and histology of cysts were also performed.Results:Digital reconstruction of right and left kidneys demonstrated that roughly one-third of the animals(17/54;31%)had one or more renal cyst.Circulating biomarkers of renal function were not different between animals that had cysts and those that did not.Alternatively,urinary glucose(P=.03)was higher and sodium(P=.07)tended to be lower in animals with cysts compared to animals without,with no differences in protein(P=.14)or potassium(P=.20).Aspiration of cystic fluid was feasible in two animals,which revealed that the cystic fluid urea nitrogen(97.6±28.7 vs 911.3±468.2 mg/dL),potassium(29.8±14.4 vs 148.2±24.85 mmol/L),uric acid(2.55±1.35 vs 11.4±5.65 mg/dL),and creatinine(60.34±17.26 vs 268.99±95.79 mg/dL)were much lower than in the urine.Histology demonstrated a cyst that markedly compresses the adjacent cortex and is lined by a single layer of flattened epithelium,bounded by fibrous connective tissue which extends into the parenchyma.There is tubular atrophy and loss in these areas.Conclusion:This study provides valuable insight for future studies focusing on kidney function in swine bred for biomedical research.

A nuclear import inhibitory peptide ameliorates the severity of cholecystokinin-induced acute pancreatitis

AIM: To assess the effect of our novel cell-permeable nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) inhibitor peptide PN50 in an experimental model of acute pancreatitis. PN50 was produced by conjugating the cell-penetrating penetratin peptide with the nuclear localization signal of the NF-κB p50 subunit.METHODS: Pancreatitis was induced in male Wistar rats by administering 2×100 μg/kg body weight of cholecystokininoctapeptide (CCK) intraperitoneally (IP) at an interval of 1 h. PN50-treated animals received 1 mg/kg of PN50 IP 30 min before or after the CCK injections. The animals were sacrificed 4 h after the first injection of CCK.RESULTS: All the examined laboratory (the pancreatic weight/body weight ratio, serum amylase activity,pancreatic levels of TNF-α and IL-6, degree of lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione levels, NF-κB binding activity, pancreatic and lung myeloperoxidase activity) and morphological parameters of the disease were improved before and after treatment with the PN50 peptide.According to the histological findings, PN50 protected the animals against acute pancreatitis by favoring the induction of apoptotic, as opposed to necrotic acinar cell death associated with severe acute pancreatitis.CONCLUSION: Our study implies that reversible inhibitors of stress-responsive transcription factors like NF-κB might be clinically useful for the suppression of the severity of acute pancreatitis.

AOF1 is a histone H3K4 demethylase possessing demethylase activity-independent repression function

LSD1 (在新名称下面的 KDM1 ) 是属于黄素依赖者胺 oxidase 家庭的首先识别的离氨酸特定的 histone demethylase。这里，我们报导那 AOF1 (在新名称下面的 KDM1B ) ，与 LSD1 有关的哺乳动物的蛋白质，也为 H3K4me1 和 H3K4me2 与特性拥有 histone demethylase 活动。象 LSD1 一样，高度保存的 SWIRM 领域为它的酶的活动被要求。然而， AOF1 在几个方面不同于 LSD1。首先， AOF1 不看起来形成包含 histone deacetylases 的稳定的蛋白质建筑群。第二， AOF1 被发现在房间周期的有丝分裂的阶段期间本地化到染色体，而 LSD1 不做。第三， AOF1 镇压抄写什么时候拴住到 DNA 和这项压抑活动，独立于它的 demethylase 活动。结构、功能的分析为 demethylase 作为必要识别了它的唯一的 N 终端 Zf-CW 领域活动无关的压抑功能。一起，我们的学习在黄素依赖者胺 oxidases 的家庭作为第二 histone demethylase 识别 AOF1 并且揭示 AOF1 的 demethylase 独立的压抑功能。

Compared efficacy of preservation solutions on the outcome of liver transplantation:Meta-analysis

AIM To compare the effects of the four most commonly used preservation solutions on the outcome of liver transplantations.METHODS A systematic literature search was performed using MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library databases up to January 31^(st), 2017. The inclusion criteria were comparative, randomized controlled trials(RCTs) for deceased donor liver(DDL) allografts with adult and pediatric donors using the gold standard University of Wisconsin(UW) solution or histidinetryptophan-ketoglutarate(HTK), Celsior(CS) and Institut Georges Lopez(IGL-1) solutions. Fifteen RCTs(1830 livers) were included; the primary outcomes were primary non-function(PNF) and one-year posttransplant graft survival(OGS-1). RESULTS All trials were homogenous with respect to donor and recipient characteristics. There was no statistical difference in the incidence of PNF with the use of UW, HTK, CS and IGL-1(RR = 0.02, 95%CI: 0.01-0.03, P = 0.356). Comparing OGS-1 also failed to reveal any difference between UW, HTK, CS and IGL-1(RR = 0.80, 95%CI: 0.80-0.80, P = 0.369). Two trials demonstrated higher PNF levels for UW in comparison with the HTK group, and individual studies described higher rates of biliary complications where HTK and CS were used compared to the UW and IGL-1 solutions. However, the meta-analysis of the data did not prove a statistically significant difference: the UW, CS, HTK and IGL-1 solutions were associated with nearly equivalent outcomes.CONCLUSION Alternative solutions for UW yield the same degree of safety and effectiveness for the preservation of DDLs, but further well-designed clinical trials are warranted.

Combat lifesaver-trained, first-responder application of junctional tourniquets: A prospective, randomized,crossover trial

Background:Junctional hemorrhage surpassed extremity hemorrhage as the leading cause of preventable death after the resurgence of limb tourniquets during the recent conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq.Junctional tourniquets(JTQs)were developed in response to this injury pattern.Published data for JTQ efficacy are limited and do not incorporate nonmedical,military first responders.We compared the time for effective placement and scores for device satisfaction between two different JTQs,stratified by combat lifesaver(CLS)and combat medics.Methods:We performed a prospective,randomized,crossover trial utilizing the SAM ’ Medical Junctional Tourniquet(SJT)and Junctional Emergency Treatment Tool(JETTTM).Investigators simple randomized CLS and combat medics to SJT or JETT for their first JTQ application on mannequins with penetrating inguinal injuries.Then,participants immediately placed the other JTQ on another casualty with the same injury.The primary outcome measured was time of successful applicatio n.Success was defined as proper JTQ placement and a pressu re reading of at least 180 mmHg.We compared outcomes between CLS and combat medics.Unsuccessful JTQ applications were excluded from the comparative analysis.Results:From June 2015 to August 2015,a total of 227 personnel(133 CLS and 94 combat medics)at Fort Hood,Texas,USA volunteered to participate in the study.Twenty-eight percent(38 of 133)of CLS and 40%(38 of 94)of combat medics placed both JTQs successfully,for a total of 152 applications(76 SJTs and 76 JETTs).We found a significant difference between applications of the JETT between the CLS and combat medics(92.0±37.7 s versus70.5±20.5 s,P=0.004).No other subg roup analyses,whether by device or user,demonstrated a sig nifica nt difference in application time.Both groups preferred the SJT over the JETT.CLS disagreed with combat medics that the JETT could be easily applied by one person(median 3.0[2.0,4.0]versus median 4.0[3.0,5.0];P=0.006).Conclusions:Overall,success rates for both the SJT and JETT were low.Improved training is needed to increase successful application of junctional tourniquets before widespread implementation.Combat lifesavers and combat medics prefer the SJT over the JETT.

Impact of prehospital medical evacuation (MEDEVAC) transport time on combat mortality in patients with noncompressible torso injury and traumatic amputations: a retrospective study

Background: In combat operations, patients with traumatic injuries require expeditious evacuation to improve survival. Studies have shown that long transport times are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Limited data exist on the influence of transport time on patient outcomes with specific injury types. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of the duration of time from the initial request for medical evacuation to arrival at a medical treatment facility on morbidity and mortality in casualties with traumatic extremity amputation and noncompressible torso injury(NCTI).Methods: We completed a retrospective review of MEDEVAC patient care records for United States military personnel who sustained traumatic amputations and NCTI during Operation Enduring Freedom between January 2011 and March 2014. We grouped patients as traumatic amputation and NCTI(AMP+NCTI), traumatic amputation only(AMP),and neither AMP nor NCTI(Non-AMP/NCTI). Analysis was performed using chi-squared tests, Fisher's exact tests,Cochran-Armitage Trend tests, Shapiro-Wilks tests, Wilcoxon and Kruskal-Wallis techniques and Cox proportional hazards regression modeling.Results: We reviewed 1267 records, of which 669 had an injury severity score(ISS) of 10 or greater and were included in the analysis. In the study population, 15.5% sustained only amputation injuries(n=104, AMP only), 10.8% sustained amputation and NCTI(n=72, AMP+NCTI), and 73.7% did not sustain either an amputation or an NCTI(n=493,Non-AMP/NCTI). AMP+NCTI had the highest mortality(16.7%) with transport time greater than 60 min. While the AMP+NCTI group had decreasing survival with longer transport times, AMP and Non-AMP/NCTI did not exhibit the same trend.Conclusions: A decreased transport time from the point of injury to a medical treatment facility was associated with decreased mortality in patients who suffered a combination of amputation injury and NCTI. No significant association between transport time and outcomes was found in patients who did not sustain NCTI. Priority for rapid evacuation of combat casualties should be given to those with NCTI.

Validation of the age-adjusted shock index for pediatric casualties in Iraq and Afghanistan

Background: Pediatric casualties account for a notable proportion of encounters in the deployed setting based on the humanitarian medical care mission. Previously published data demonstrates that an age-adjust shock index may be a useful tool in predicting massive transfusion and death in children. We seek to determine if those previous findings are applicable to the deployed, combat trauma setting.Methods: We queried the Department of Defense Trauma Registry(DODTR) for all pediatric subjects admitted to US and Coalition fixed-facility hospitals in Iraq and Afghanistan from January 2007 to January 2016. This was a secondary analysis of casualties seeking to validate previously published data using the shock index, pediatric age adjusted. We then used previously published thresholds to determine patients outcome for validation by age grouping, 1–3 years(1.2), 4–6 years(1.2), 7–12 years(1.0), 13–17 years(0.9).Results: From January 2007 through January 2016 there were 3439 pediatric casualties of which 3145 had a documented heart rate and systolic pressure. Of those 502(16.0%) underwent massive transfusion and 226(7.2%) died prior to hospital discharge. Receiver operating characteristic(ROC) thresholds were inconsistent across age groups ranging from 1.0 to 1.9 with generally limited area under the curve(AUC) values for both massive transfusion and death prediction characteristics. Using the previously defined thresholds for validation, we reported sensitivity and specificity for the massive transfusion by age-group: 1–3(0.73, 0.35), 4–6(0.63, 0.60), 7–12(0.80, 0.57), 13–17(0.77, 0.62). For death, 1–3(0.75, 0.34), 4–6(0.66–0.59), 7–12(0.64, 0.52), 13–17(0.70, 0.57). However, negative predictive values(NPV) were generally high with all greater than 0.87.Conclusions: Within the combat setting, the age-adjusted pediatric shock index had moderate sensitivity and relatively poor specificity for predicting massive transfusion and death. Better scoring systems are needed to predict resource needs prior to arrival, that perhaps include other physiologic metrics. We were unable to validate the previously published findings within the combat trauma population.

Prolonged Release of the Local Anesthetic Butamben for Potential Use in Pain Management

Continuous delivery of local anesthetics might be useful for management of localized and chronic pain. Controlled release injectable anesthetics have been developed but they can deliver the drug for only few days and the release is not zero-order. A drug delivery system (DDS) consisting of a perforated reservoir for drug containment and release and its potential for management of chronic pain is described. Proof of principle is detailed for long-term zero order delivery of butamben. In this study, the DDS was a polyimide tube with a 0.20 mm hole and butamben release was evaluated in vitro. It is envisioned that the DDS could be implanted in proximity to a nerve, enervating the pain source, for long-term control of chronic pain.

Breath-based meditation: A mechanism to restore the physiological and cognitive reserves for optimal human performance

Stress can be associated with many physiologicalchanges resulting in significant decrements in human performance.Due to growing interests in alternative and complementary medicine by Westerners,many of the traditions and holistic yogic breathing practices today are being utilized as a measure for healthier lifestyles.These state-of-the-art practices can have a significant impact on common mental health conditions such as depression and generalized anxiety disorder.However,the potential of yogic breathing on optimizing human performance and overall well-being is not well known.Breathing techniques such as alternate nostril,Sudarshan Kriya and bhastrika utilizes rhythmic breathing to guide practitioners into a deep meditative state of relaxation and promote self-awareness.Furthermore,yogic breathing is physiologically stimulating and can be described as a natural"technological"solution to optimize human performance which can be categorized into:(1)cognitive function(i.e.,mind,vigilance);and(2)physical performance(i.e.,cardiorespiratory,metabolism,exercise,whole body).Based on previous studies,we postulate that daily practice of breathing meditation techniques play a significant role in preserving the compensatory mechanisms available to sustain physiological function.This preservation of physiological function may help to offset the time associated with reaching a threshold for clinical expression of chronic state(i.e.,hypertension,depression,dementia)or acute state(i.e.,massive hemorrhage,panic attic)of medical conditions.However,additional rigorous biomedical research is needed to evaluate the physiological mechanisms of various forms of meditation(i.e.,breath-based,mantra,mindfulness)on human performance.These efforts will help to define how compensatory reserve mechanisms of cardiovascular and immune systems are modulated by breath-based meditation.While it has been suggested that breath-based meditation is easier for beginning practitioners when compared to other forms of meditation more research is needed to elucidate these observations.A breath-based meditation sequence suchas Sudarshan Kriya has the potential to help develop an individual’s self-awareness and support better integration of the brain(i.e.,mind)with other organ systems(i.e.,body)for enhanced human performance.

Coagulation complications following trauma

Traumatic injury is one of the leading causes of death, with uncontrolled hemorrhage from coagulation dysfunction as one of the main potentially preventable causes of the mortality. Hypothermia, acidosis, and resuscitative hemodilution have been considered as the significant contributors to coagulation manifestations following trauma, known as the lethal triad. Over the past decade, clinical observations showed that coagulopathy may be present as early as hospital admission in some severely injured trauma patients. The hemostatic dysfunction is associated with higher blood transfusion requirements, longer hospital stay, and higher mortality. The recognition of this early coagulopathy has initiated tremendous interest and effort in the trauma community to expand our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology and improve clinical treatments. This review discusses the current knowledge of coagulation complications following trauma.

Therapeutic proteasome inhibition in experimental acute pancreatitis

AIM: To establish the therapeutic potential of proteasome inhibition, we examined the therapeutic effects of MG132 (Z-Leu-Leu-Leu-aldehyde) in an experimental model of acute pancreatitis.METHODS: Pancreatitis was induced in rats by two hourly intraperitoneal (ip) injections of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK; 2 x 100 μg/kg) and the proteasome inhibitor MG132 (10 mg/kg ip) was administered 30 min after the second CCK injection. Animals were sacrificed 4 h after the first injection of CCK.RESULTS: Administering the proteasome inhibitor MG132 (at a dose of 10 mg/kg, ip) 90 min after the onset of pancreatic inflammation induced the expression of cell-protective 72 kDa heat shock protein (HSP72) and decreased DNA-binding of nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB). Furthermore MG132 treatment resulted in milder inflammatory response and cellular damage, as revealed by improved laboratory and histological parameters of pancreatitis and associated oxidative stress.CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that proteasome inhibition might be beneficial not only for the prevention, but also for the therapy of acute pancreatitis.

Systemic phosphatidylcholine pretreatment protects canine esophageal mucosa during acute experimental biliary reflux

瞄准：在一个犬的模型在粘膜桅杆房间反应上描绘短期的暴露的后果到钠胆汁，并且处于这个条件决定全身的 phosphatidylcholine 预告的处理的效果。方法：二十条杂种狗被用于实验。组 1 (n = 5 ) 用作盐对待的控制，当时在组 2 (n = 5 ) 食管为 3 h 暴露于胆汁。在组 3 (n = 5 ) 动物是有 7-nitroindazole 的 pretreated 禁止氮的氧化物 synthase 的神经元对碘氧基苯甲醚。在组 4 (n = 5 ) phosphatidylcholine 答案(50 mg/kg ) 被管理在胆汁的挑战前的 iv。粘膜的微循环被生活期内录像显微镜学观察。Myeloperoxidase 和氮的氧化物 synthase 活动，桅杆房间去粒的度和粘膜损坏经由织物活体检视被评估。结果：到胆汁的暴露唤起了重要桅杆房间去粒和白血球累积。红血房间速度和毛状的小静脉显著地增加了的柱子的直径。织物 ATP 内容和组成的氮的氧化物 synthase 活动减少了，当可诱导的氮的氧化物 synthase 活动作为与控制价值相比显著地增加了时。7-nitroindazole 处理显著地加重了粘膜桅杆房间去粒和织物损坏。相反， phosphatidylcholine 预告的处理阻止了导致胆汁的 ATP 弄空，可诱导的氮的氧化物 synthase 和 myeloperoxidase 活动，桅杆房间去粒增加了。结论：神经元的氮的氧化物 synthase -- 桅杆细胞轴在食道的粘膜防卫系统起一个重要作用。全身的 phosphatidylcholine 预告的处理通过改善负担得起有效保护导致胆汁的 ATP 弄空和第二等的炎性反应。

Genetic polymorphisms predict response to anti-tumor necrosis factor treatment in Crohn's disease

AIM To investigate genetic factors that might help define which Crohn's disease(CD) patients are likely to benefit from anti-tumor necrosis factor(TNF) therapy. METHODS This was a prospective cohort study. Patients wererecruited from a university digestive disease practice database. We included CD patients who received antiTNF therapy,had available medical records(with information on treatment duration and efficacy) and who consented to participation. Patients with allergic reactions were excluded. Patients were grouped as ever-responders or non-responders. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood,and 7 single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) were assessed. The main outcome measure(following exposure to the drug) was response to therapy. The patient genotypes were assessed as the predictors of outcome. Possible confounders and effect modifiers included age,gender,race,and socioeconomic status disease,as well as disease characteristics(such as Montreal criteria). RESULTS121 patients were included. Twenty-one were nonresponders,and 100 were ever-responders. Fas ligand SNP(rs763110) genotype frequencies,TNF gene-308 SNP(rs1800629) genotype frequencies,and their combination,were significantly different between groups on multivariable analysis controlling for Montreal disease behavior and perianal disease. The odds of a patient with a Fas ligand CC genotype being a non-responder were four-fold higher as compared to a TC or TT genotype(P = 0.009,OR = 4.30,95%CI: 1.45-12.80). The presence of the A(minor) TNF gene-308 allele correlated with three-fold higher odds of being a non-responder(P = 0.049,OR = 2.88,95%CI: 1.01-8.22). Patients with the combination of the Fas ligand CC genotype and the TNF-308 A allele had nearly five-fold higher odds of being a non-responder(P = 0.015,OR = 4.76,95%CI: 1.35-16.77). No difference was seen for the remaining SNPs.CONCLUSION The Fas-ligand SNP and TNF gene-308 SNP are associated with anti-TNF treatment response in CD and may help select patients likely to benefit from therapy.

Self-reported dietary supplement use in deployed United States service members pre-deployment vs.during deployment,Afghanistan,2013-2014

Background: Dietary supplement use(protein/amino acids, weight-loss supplements, performance enhancers) is common among U.S. military members. Reported dietary supplement use in deployed troops is limited and is of concern in settings where troops are exposed to high ambient temperatures, increased physical demands, and dehydration. Our objective was to describe dietary supplement use and adverse events(AEs) among deployed U.S. service members compared with their pre-deployment use.Methods: We conducted an institutional review board(IRB) approved, descriptive study in Afghanistan using a written questionnaire and collected demographic information, dietary supplement use before and during deployment, AEs associated with supplement use, and physical workout routines. Participants were U.S. military personnel of all branches of service deployed to Afghanistan. They were recruited in high-traffic areas in the combat theater. We analyzed the data with descriptive statistics. Paired t-test/Wilcoxon signed-rank test was conducted to examine the before/during deployment changes for continuous data, and Mc Nemar's chi-square test was conducted for categorical data. We constructed separate logistic regression models to determine the best predictors of increases or decreases in dietary supplement use, with demographic information, reasons for using supplements, and education requested/received as covariates in each model. All statistical tests were two-sided at a significance level of 5%(P<0.05).Results: Data were collected on 1685 participants. Ninety-seven of the participants were in the Army or Air Force. The participants were more likely to work out daily or more than once a day during deployment. Thirty-five percent of the participants reported no supplement use before or during deployment. The remaining 65% of participants reported increased use and increased frequency of use of supplements(e.g., daily) during deployment compared with predeployment. Additionally, more people followed label instructions strictly during deployment vs. predeployment. Overall, the frequency of self-reported AEs among supplement users remained consistent before and during deployment. The only significant difference noted was in problems falling or staying asleep, which increased during deployment. In the adjusted logistic regression models, the level of formal education, military branch, occupational specialty, education about dietary supplements, and certain reasons for using supplements(to boost energy, lose weight, gain muscle strength and mass, and as a meal replacement) were significant predictors of changes in supplement use.Conclusion: Deployed U.S. service members were more likely to use dietary supplements, use more than one supplement and use supplements more frequently during deployment than pre-deployment. No serious AEs were reported, but problems falling or staying asleep increased during deployment.

Carbamylated erythropoietin regulates immune responses and promotes long-term kidney allograft survival through activation of PI3K/AKT signaling

Modulation of alloimmune responses is critical to improving transplant outcome and promoting long-term graft survival.To determine mechanisms by which a nonhematopoietic erythropoietin(EPO)derivative,carbamylated EPO(CEPO),regulates innate and adaptive immune cells and affects renal allograft survival,we utilized a rat model of fully MHC-mismatched kidney transplantation.CEPO administration markedly extended the survival time of kidney allografts compared with the transplant alone control group.This therapeutic effect was inhibited when the recipients were given LY294002,a selective inhibitor of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(AKT)signaling pathway or anti-EPO receptor(EPOR)antibody,in addition to CEPO.In vitro,CEPO inhibited the differentiation and function of dendritic cells and modulated their production of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines,along with activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and increasing EPOR mRNA and protein expression by these innate immune cells.Moreover,after CD4^(+)T cells were exposed to CEPO the Th1/Th2 ratio decreased and the regulatory T cell(Treg)/Th17 ratio increased.These effects were abolished by LY294002 or anti-EPOR antibody,suggesting that CEPO regulates immune responses and promotes kidney allograft survival by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in an EPOR-dependent manner.The immunomodulatory and specific signaling pathway effects of CEPO identified in this study suggest a potential therapeutic approach to promoting kidney transplant survival.

环丙沙星对培养的铜绿假单孢菌释放DNA的影响

目的观察不同浓度的环丙沙星对培养的铜绿假单孢菌释放DNA的影响.方法选择体外对铜绿假单孢菌1244株(ATCC 27317)敏感的环丙沙星为实验所用的抗生素, 检测其最小最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC);将不同稀释度(32～0.03 mg/L)的环丙沙星与该菌株菌液在37℃培养,分别取其培养4 h和24 h的上清液经DNA电泳法检测其细菌DNA释放的情况.结果无论有无环丙沙星,DNA电泳法均未见到培养4 h 的样本存在细菌释放的游离DNA.体外培养24 h,铜绿假单孢菌可自发释放一定量的游离DNA分子,呈两个明显的区带, 其分子量分别大于2000 bp和小于100 bp;远低于MIC的环丙沙星可诱导铜绿假单孢菌释放更多的游离DNA, 分布在3个明显的区带,其中两个区带大于2000 bp,另1个区带小于100 bp;大于或等于MIC的环丙沙星对铜绿假单孢菌无诱导DNA释放的作用.结论自然生长情况下铜绿假单孢菌就可自发释放一定量的游离DNA分子;低于MIC的环丙沙星存在使这一现象更加明显,而且铜绿假单孢菌释放游离DNA分子的多少和分子量大小均有明显的差别.

哌拉西林/他唑巴坦体外诱导铜绿假单胞菌释放DNA的初步研究

目的 观察不同浓度哌拉西林/他唑巴坦在体外诱导铜绿假单胞菌释放DNA的情况。方法 选择体外对铜绿假单胞菌菌株敏感的哌拉西林/他唑巴坦为本研究所用抗生素。制备铜绿假单胞菌菌液后,测定其浓度并检测哌拉西林/他唑巴坦最低抑菌浓度(MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(MBC).将不同稀释度的哌拉西林/他唑巴坦加入铜绿假单胞菌菌液中,于37℃下培养4、24h,取其上清液,采用加入SYBRGold染料的DNA电泳法检测其DNA释放情况。 结果 无论有无哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的作用,体外培养4h的铜绿假单胞菌均未测得DNA释放。无哌拉西林/他唑巴坦时,铜绿假单胞菌在体外培养24h可自发释放一定量的DNA分子,其碱基对数目分布在>2 000bp和<100bp两个区域;以第3次测定的MIC(0. 008g/L)为例,哌拉西林/他唑巴坦浓度在亚MIC(0. 002、0. 004g/L)时,诱导铜绿假单胞菌释放的DNA分子碱基对数目仍分布在上述两个区域, 但<100bp的DNA分子明显增多。哌拉西林/他唑巴坦在大于MIC时,仅诱导铜绿假单胞菌释放少量<400bp的DNA.结论 自然生长情况下铜绿假单胞菌可释放一定量的DNA分子。不同浓度的哌拉西林/他唑巴坦诱导铜绿假单胞菌释放的DNA分子,在碱基对数目和分子数量方面均有明显差别。

Vascular trauma： selected historical reflections from the western world

在与对脉管的损伤的照顾和治疗感兴趣的从在整个世界的同事一起的知识的国际交换的精神，我们在脉管的损伤上从西方的世界提供选择历史的思考。而有很多个关键个人和许多事件，在我们的写对我们重要，我们不实质上对被另外的文化并且，特别地写汉语的知道任何东西。中国外科医生在第一之中在切断的极限的重新种植园高度成功，这很好在全世界被认出，修理受伤动脉和静脉。另外，我们认识到在世界的另外的部分有贡献，它不一起对我们众所周知。从说的阿拉伯语的贡献世界分开因为有周期的简短参考，出现在脑海。我们提供我们希望将有至少一位中国外科医生，将为我们提供在对在西方的世界外面设法脉管的损伤的重要历史的贡献上分享他们的观点的利益的观点，并且，特别地，英语说文学。再次，我们用说的阿拉伯语鼓励我们的同事向我们提供他们发展的观点和脉管的损伤的管理的世界。

脉搏血氧饱和度波形在清醒、自主呼吸、低血容量志愿者中的变化

背景本研究的主要目的是探讨脉搏血氧饱和度波形的改变能否提示中心血容量的进行性减少，同时评价出血患者脉搏血氧饱和度波形的改变能否较其他标准生命体征更早预测血容量的丢失。方法在18例健康受试者采用下体负压（10werbodynegativepressure，LBNP）方法逐渐减少中心血容量，收集受试者手指、前额以及耳朵感受器部位的脉搏血氧饱和度资料。同时采用心阻抗血流图记录每搏量的变化。此研究是在一个实验室内进行，未采取任何干预措施。计算每一个脉搏波形的脉冲幅度、宽度以及曲线下面积（areaunderthecurve，AUC）。根据脉搏血氧饱和度波形特征的变化与LBNP期间血容量改变之间的关系计算合并相关系数。结果耳朵和前额部位的脉搏血氧饱和度波形的脉冲幅度、宽度及曲线下面积的下降与LBNP时每搏量的逐渐减少呈明显相关（每一项R。I〉0．59）。而脉搏血氧饱和度波形的改变先于动脉血压的明显下降。前额部位的脉搏血氧饱和度波形特征与每搏量相关性最好（R。：0．97）。中心血容量恢复脉搏血氧饱和度波形也回到基线。结论在自主呼吸患者出现心血管系统失代偿前，分析脉搏血氧饱和度波形可以诊断性发现临床上严重的低血容量。