The Influence of Feeding Regimen on the Composition of the Fat Pads in the Bovine Digital Cushion

The effect of an intensive/extensive feeding regimen on lipid content and fatty acid composition of the bovine digital cushion was investigated in 32 beef cattle of both genders, divided in 2 groups (16 per intensive/extensive feeding). The beef cattle were calves of different suckler cow husbandries. After the separation from their mothers at the age of 10 months, they were differently fed for 5 months. The animals were slaughtered at the age of 15 months with a mean body weight of 450 kg. The macroscopic claw examination of all beef cattle was made at two defined claws at the beginning of the trial and after slaughter. For applicatory reasons, the fat pads of the claws could only be prepared after slaughter. Samples from fat pads at defined locations of the digital cushion were analysed for lipid content and fatty acid composition determination. Additionally, samples from the digital cushions and few samples of subcutaneous tissue of 9 dairy cows served as comparison. These slaughterhouse cows were mainly fed with hay and grass;further data however were not available. The digital fat pads and the subcutaneous fat of both groups showed obvious differences in the fat content and the fatty acid composition. The fat pads of the intensive fed animals contained fewer lipids and more omega-6-fatty acids. The extensive fed animals had distinctly more omega-3-fatty acids. In the subcutaneous fat of the intensive fed animals, more omega-6-fatty could be found and more omega-3-fatty acids in the extensive fed animals. These results indicate that the feeding can influence the lipid content and the fatty acid composition. The macroscopic hoof horn quality grade of the intensive fed group was better than the extensive fed group. The digital pads of the dairy cows contained more lipids, more monounsaturated fatty acids and less omega-6-fatty acids.

Unveiling how vitrification affects the porcine blastocyst: clues from a transcriptomic study

Background:Currently,there is a high demand for efficient pig embryo cryopreservation procedures in the porcine industry as well as for genetic diversity preservation and research purposes.To date,vitrification(VIT)is the most efficient method for pig embryo cryopreservation.Despite a high number of embryos survives in vitro after vitrification/warming procedures,the in vivo embryo survival rates after embryo transfer are variable among laboratories.So far,most studies have focused on cryoprotective agents and devices,while the VIT effects on porcine embryonic gene expression remained unclear.The few studies performed were based on vitrified/warmed embryos that were cultured in vitro(IVC)to allow them to re–expand.Thus,the specific alterations of VIT,IVC,and the cumulative effect of both remained unknown.To unveil the VIT-specific embryonic alterations,gene expression in VIT versus(vs.)IVC embryos was analyzed.Additionally,changes derived from both VIT and IVC vs.control embryos(CO)were analyzed to confirm the VIT embryonic alterations.Three groups of in vivo embryos at the blastocyst stage were analyzed by RNA–sequencing:(1)VIT embryos(vitrified/warmed and cultured in vitro),(2)IVC embryos and(3)CO embryos.Results:RNA–sequencing revealed three clearly different mRNA profiles for VIT,IVC and CO embryos.Comparative analysis of mRNA profiles between VIT and IVC identified 321,differentially expressed genes(DEG)(FDR<0.006).In VIT vs.CO and IVC vs.CO,1901 and 1519 DEG were found,respectively,with an overlap of 1045 genes.VIT-specific functional alterations were associated to response to osmotic stress,response to hormones,and developmental growth.While alterations in response to hypoxia and mitophagy were related to the sum of VIT and IVC effects.Conclusions:Our findings revealed new insights into the VIT procedure-specific alterations of embryonic gene expression by first comparing differences in VIT vs.IVC embryos and second by an integrative transcriptome analysis including in vivo control embryos.The identified VIT alterations might reflect the transcriptional signature of the embryo cryodamage but also the embryo healing process overcoming the VIT impacts.Selected validated genes were pointed as potential biomarkers that may help to improve vitrification.