Effects of Heat Stress during Seed Filling Stage on Brassica napus Seed Oil Accumulation and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Characteristics

As global temperature rise,the threat of heat stress to rapeseed production is becoming more obvious.Exploring the response characteristics of two important biological pathways,oil accumulation and photosynthesis,to heat stress during B.napus seed filling is helpful in the genetic improvement of heat-tolerant rapeseed.The effects of heat stress on seed oil accumulation and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of 29 B.napus germplasms with different oil content and environmental sensitivity,including 6 rapeseed varieties which exhibited environmentsensitive/insensitive and with high,medium or low oil content,were tested by whole plant heat stress or the in vitro silique culture system.Both assay exhibited similar trend on oil content of the rapeseed germplasms.The heat effect on the chlorophyll fluorescence kinetic parameters F_(v)/F_(m),ETR and Y(Ⅱ)were also consistent.Heat stress significantly decreased oil content,although there was abundant genetic variation on heat tolerance among the genotypes.Correlation analysis showed that the decrease rate of F_(v)/F_(m) of silique heat-stressed B.napus developing seed was positive correlative to the decrease rate of mature seed oil content of the whole plant heat-stressed rapeseed(R=0.9214,P-value<0.01).Overall,the results indicated that heat stress inhibited oil accumulation and photosynthesis in B.napus developing seed.The decrease rate of chlorophyll fluorescence parameter F_(v)/F_(m) of heat-stressed developing seed could be used as the index of heat tolerant rapeseed identification.Further,two heat insensitive rapeseed varieties with high oil content were identified.

Abiotic Stresses and Phytohormones Regulate Expression of FAD2 Gene in Arabidopsis thaliana

Modification of unsaturated fatty acid （FA） levels has been found to accompany multiple abiotic stress acclimations in many plants. Delta 12 fatty acid desaturase （FAD2） plays a critical role in the synthesis of polyunsaturated FAs in plant cells by converting oleic acid （18：1） to linoleic acid （18：2）. To better understand the relationship between polyunsaturated FAs metabolism and stress adaptation, the expression of FAD2 gene and changes in the FA compositions under various abiotic stresses and phytohormone treatments in Arabidopsis thaliana was investigated in this study. A 1 423-bp promoter of the FAD2 gene was cloned and characterized from Arabidopsis. Several putative hormone- and stress- inducible cis-elements were identified in the cloned promoter, which include salt- and pathogen-inducible GT-1 motifs, low-temperature-responsive MYC element, dehydration-responsive MYB element, and GA signaling related WRKY71OS element. To investigate the fine regulation of FAD2 gene, a recombinant FAD2 promoter-GUS construct was introduced into Arabidopsis plants. Histochemical study showed that the promoter was ubiquitously active and responsive not only to exogenous phytohormones including ABA, 24-eBL, and SA but also to darkness, temperature, salt, and sucrose stresses in Arabidopsis seedlings. Consistent with the expression change, treatments with exogenous 24-eBL, ABA, SA, and NaCl resulted in reduction in polyunsaturated FAs in Arabidopsis seedlings. These findings suggest that the FAD2 gene with a wide variety of putative response elements in its promoter is responsive to multiple phytohormones and abiotic stresses and therefore may play an important role in stress responses of Arabidopsis during plant growth and seed development.

Detection,Occurrence,and Survey of Rice Stripe and BlackStreaked Dwarf Diseases in Zhejiang Province,China

The major viral diseases that occur on rice plants in Zhejiang Province, eastern China, are stripe and rice black-streaked dwarf diseases. Rice stripe disease is only caused by rice stripe tenuivirus （RSV）, while rice black-streaked dwarf disease can be caused by rice black-streaked dwarf fijivirus （RBSDV） and/or southem rice black-streaked dwarf fijivirus （SRBSDV）. Here we review the characterization of these viruses, methods for their detection, and extensive surveys showing their occurrence and spread in the province.

Characterization and Proteomic Analysis of Novel Rice Lesion Mimic Mutant with Enhanced Disease Resistance

Lesion mmic mutants(LMMs)are plants that spontaneously form lesions without pathogeninfection or external stimulus and exhibit resistance to pathogens.Here,a rice LMM was created by ethylmethane sulfonate mutagenesis,named as hpil(hydrogen peroxide induced lesion).Diaminobenzidineand trypan blue staining showed that large amounts of H_(2)O_(2) were produced and cell death was occurredat and around the parts of lesion mimic in the rice leaves.The phenotype of hpil is controlled by a singlerecessive gene,localized at a 2 Mb interval on chromosome 2.The data suggested that hpil is a novelLMM with enhanced bacterial and fungal disease resistance,and multiple pathogenesis-related proteins(PRs)were up-regulated.The proteomes of leaves at three positions(different degrees of lesion mimicseverity)were characterized in hpil compared with its wild type plant.Differentially expressed proteinswere detected by two dimensional difference gel electrophoresis and 274 proteins were identified byMALDITOF/TOFTM.These proteins were related to metabolic process,cellular process and response tostimulus,with mostly down-regulated in hpil leaves.Many of these proteins were related to the Calvincycle,photosynthetic electron transport chain,glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and phosphonates pathways.Some resistance-related proteins including 14-3-3 proteins,OsPR10 and antioxidases such asperoxidase,superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase were up-regulated in leaves with lesionmimic.These results provide the foundation for cloning of the target gene and shed light on themechanism involved in autaimmunity of rice.

The Genetic and Biochemical Mechanisms Underlying Cereal Seed Dormancy

The crop seeds have been a staple food for humans,and seed yield is important for sustaining agriculture development and enhancing human adaptability to food risks.The phenomenon of pre-harvest sprouting(PHS),caused by seed dormancy deficiency,and the phenomenon of low seedling emergence caused by seed deep dormancy,will lead to a reduction in agricultural production.Therefore,it is particularly important to understand the regulation mechanisms of seed dormancy.There are many studies on the regulation of seed dormancy in rice,but there are few studies on the regulation of seed dormancy in other crops,and the research on its mechanism is not thorough enough.In this paper,we comprehensively summarize the regulation mechanisms of cereal seed dormancy,including rice,barley and wheat,discussing the integral mechanism of seed dormancy.This information should provide new insights for developing versatile cultivated lines to improve crop yield and economic benefits.

TCD5 Enhances the Photosynthesis Capacity,Increases the Panicle Number and the Yield in Rice

Improvement of photosynthetic efficiency is a major approach to increase crop yield potential.Previously,we cloned a gene encoding the chloroplast-located putative monooxygenase TCD5,which is essential in plastid development under low temperature in rice(Oryza sativa L.).In this study,the effects of TCD5 on the photosynthesis and the yields were investigated in rice.Two sets of genetic materials with three levels of TCD5 expression,including tcd5 mutant or TCD5 RNAi transgenic lines and TCD5 over-expression transgenic lines in Jiahua1 and Nipponbare backgrounds,were used in the field trails of multi-locations and multi-years.TCD5 positively affected the panicle number and the yield at dosage.Compared with the wild-types,the panicle numbers were 12.4%-14.6%less in tcd5 mutant and 8.3%-38.6%less in TCD5 RNAi lines,but 26.2%-61.8%more in TCD5 over-expression lines.The grain yields per plant were 9.1%-18.4%less in tcd5 mutant and 14.3%-56.7%less in TCD5 RNAi lines,but 6.9%-56.5%more in TCD5 over-expression lines.The measurements of net photosynthetic rate indicated that mutation or knock down of TCD5 decreased the net photosynthetic rate by 10.4%and 15.6%,respectively,while increasing it by 8.9%and 8.7%in the TCD5 over-expression lines in Jiahua1 and Nipponbare backgrounds,respectively.Accordingly,the measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters showed that the electron transport rate and quantum yield decreased in tcd5 mutant or TCD5 RNAi lines but increased in TCD5 overexpression lines,both in Jiahua1 and Nipponbare backgrounds.IP-MS screening revealed that TCD5 interacts with 29 chloroplast proteins involved in chlorophyll synthesis,photo-reactions of the photosynthesis,carbon assimilation and metabolism,energy metabolism,redox balance,protein synthesis and transportation.Two TCD5 interacted proteins,D1 and FBA were effective targets for improving photosynthesis.These results suggest a potentially new strategy for increasing rice yield by enhancing photosynthesis.

Production of Transgenic Tall Fescue Plants with Enhanced Stress Tolerances by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Transformation

In order to improve stress tolerances of turf-type tall fescue （Festuca arundinacea Schreb.）, Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105 carrying plasmid pCMD containing stress tolerance-related CBF1 gene from Arabidopsis thaliana was used to transform mature seeds-derived embryogenic calli of four cultivars. A total of 112 transgenic plants were regenerated from 32 independent lines and verified by histochemical detection of GUS activity, PCR assay and Southern hybridization analysis. The transformation frequency ranged from 0.92 to 2.87% with apparent differences among the cultivars. Stress tolerances of transgenic plants were enhanced, which was shown by the facts that transgenic plants had distinct growth superiority and significantly higher survival rate than non-transformed ones under high salinity and high osmosis stresses, and that relative electronic conductivity of in vitro leaves treated with low and high temoeratures, dehvdration and high salinity stresses was 25-30% lower in transgenic plants than in control plants.In addition,it was observed that growth of transgenic plants was inhibited due to constitutive overexpression of CBF1 gene under normal environmental conditions.

Complete Genomic Sequence of a Chinese Isolate of Duck Hepatitis Virus

The complete genomic sequence of Duck hepatitis virus 1(DHV-1) ZJ-V isolate was sequenced and determined to be 7 691 nucleotides(nt) in length with a 5'-terminal un-translated region(UTR) of 626 nt and a 3'-terminal UTR of 315 nt(not including the poly(A) tail).One large open reading frame(ORF) was found within the genome(nt 627 to 7 373) coding for a polypeptide of 2 249 amino acids.Our data also showed that the poly(A) tail of DHV-1 has at least 22 A's.Sequence comparison revealed significant homology(from 91.9% to 95.7%) between the protein sequences of the ZJ-V isolate and those of 21 reference isolates.Although DHV-1 has been classified as an unassigned virus in the Picornaviridae family,its genome showed some unique characteristics.DHV-1 contains 3 copies of the 2A gene and only 1 copy of the 3B gene,and its 3'-NCR is longer than those of other picornaviruses.Phylogenetic analysis to do sequence homology based on the VP1 protein sequences showed that the ZJ-V isolate shares high sequence homology with the reported DHV-1 isolates(from 92.9% to 99.2%),indicating that DHV-1 is genetically stable.

Screening of Rice Genes Interacting with p5b of Rice BlackStreaked Dwarf Virus

Rice black-streaked dwarf virus （RBSDV） is a recognized member of the genus Fijivirus, family Reoviridae. Its genome has ten double-stranded RNA （dsRNA） segments （$1-$10）, in which the fifth genome segment （$5） contains two open reading frames （ORFs） with a partially overlapping region. The second ORF of RBSDV S5 encodes a viral nonstructural protein named p5b with unknown function. To reveal the function of p5b, its gene was ligated into the bait plasmid pGBKT7 and an expression library containing rice cDNAs was constructed using plasmid pGADT7 for yeast two-hybrid assay. The bait protein p5b was detected in yeast by western blot, and the result of an auto-activation test showed that p5b could not autonomously activate the expression of reporter genes in yeast. Then the bait protein p5b was used for screening the cDNA expression libraries of rice. Gene fragments of some pivotal enzymes involved in photosynthesis, respiration and other important metabolic processes, were identified to interact with p5b in yeast, suggesting that these interactions may play roles in symptom development in infected plants.

The OsBZR1-OsSPX1/2 module fine-tunes the growth-immunity trade-off in adaptation to phosphate availability in rice

The growth-promoting hormones brassinosteroids(BRs)and their key signaling component BZR1 play a vital role in balancing normal growth and defense reactions.Here,we discovered that BRs and OsBZR1 up-regulated sakuranetin accumulation and conferred basal defense against Magnaporthe oryzae infection under normal conditions.Resource shortages,including phosphate(Pi)deficiency,potentially disrupt this growth-defense balance.OsSPX1 and OsSPX2 have been reported to sense Pi concentration and interact with the Pi signal mediator OsPHR2,thus regulating Pi starvation responses.In this study,we discovered that OsSPX1/2 interacts with OsBZR1 in both Pi-sufficient and Pi-deficient conditions,inhibit-ing BR-responsive genes.When Pi is sufficient,OsSPX1/2 is captured by OsPHR2,enabling most of OsBzR1 to promote plant growth and maintain basal resistance.In response to Pi starvation,more OsSPX1/2 is released from OsPHR2 to inhibit OsBZR1 activity,resulting in slower growth.Collectively,our study reveals that the OsBZR1-SPX1/2 module balances the plant growth-immunity trade-off in responsetoPiavailability.He Y.,Zhao Y.,Hu J.,Wang L.,Li L.,Zhang X.,Zhou Z.,Chen L.,Wang H.,Wang J.,and Hong G.(2024).The OsBZR1-OsSPX1/2 module fine-tunes the growth-immunity trade-off in adaptation to phosphate availability in esponse to Pi availability.

Counteraction of ABA-Mediated Inhibition of Seed Germination and Seedling Establishment by ABA Signaling Terminator in Arabidopsis

Seed germination and seedling establishment are important for the reproductive success of plants,but seeds and seedlings typically encounter constantly changing environmental conditions.By inhibiting seed germination and post-germinative growth through the PYR1/PYL/RCAR ABA receptors and PP2C co-receptors,the phytohormone abscisic acid(ABA)prevents premature germination and seedling growth under unfavorable conditions.However,little is known about how the ABA-mediated inhibition of seed germination and seedling establishment is thwarted.Here,we report that ABA Signaling Terminator(ABT),a WD40 protein,efficiently switches off ABA signaling and is critical for seed germination and seedling establishment.ABT is induced by ABA in a PYR1/PYL/RCAR-PP2C-dependent manner.Overexpression of ABT promotes seed germination and seedling greening in the presence of ABA,whereas knockout of ABT has the opposite effect.We found that ABT interacts with the PYR1/PYL/RCAR and PP2C proteins,interferes with the interaction between PYR1/PYL4 and ABI1/ABI2,and hampers the inhibition of ABI1/ABI2 by ABA-bound PYR1/PYL4,thereby terminating ABA signaling.Taken together,our results reveal a core mechanism of ABA signaling termination that is critical for seed germination and seedling establishment in Arabidopsis.

Chinese wheat mosaic virus: A long-term threat to wheat in China

In China, a soil-borne virus causing a disease of winter wheat and associated with Polymyxa graminis, has been reported for many years and is now recognized as a new species, Chinese wheat mosaic virus(CWMV). Since the determination of its genomic sequence, more progress has been made in understanding its genomic structure and functions. Molecular and serological methods have been developed to help survey the distribution of the virus and to provide the basic information needed for disease forecasting and control. At present, the best countermeasure is cultivation of resistant wheat varieties. In addition, development and application of some auxiliary countermeasures, such as rotation of non-host crops, delayed seed-sowing, reasonable application of nitrogen fertilizer, and treatment of imported seeds with fungicides before sowing, may be helpful for controlling the disease. The viral distribution and damage, virion properties, genome organization and spontaneous mutation, temperature sensitivity, and disease management options are here reviewed and/or discussed to help in developing more cost-effective countermeasures to control the disease in the future.

Genomic organization and sequence dynamics of the AvrPiz-t locus in Magnaporthe oryzae

Plants utilize multiple layers of defense mechanisms to fight against the invasion of diverse pathogens.The R gene mediates resistance,in most cases,dependent on the co-existence of its cognate pathogen-derived avirulence (Avr) gene.The rice blast R gene Piz-t corresponds in gene-for-gene fashion to the Magnaporthe oryzae Avr gene AvrPiz-t.In this study,we determined and compared the genomic sequences surrounding the AvrPiz-t gene in both avirulent and virulent isolates,designating as AvrPiz-t-ZB15 and avrPiz-t-70-15 regions,respectively.The sequence of the AvrPiz-t-ZB15 region is 120966 bp whereas avrPiz-t-70-15 is 146292 bp in length.The extreme sequence similarity and good synteny in gene order and content along with the absence of two predicted genes in the avrPiz-t-70-15 region were observed in the predicted protein-coding regions in the AvrPiz-t locus.Nevertheless,frequent presence/absence and highly dynamic organization of transposable elements (TEs) were identified,representing the major variation of the AvrPiz-t locus between different isolates.Moreover,TEs constitute 27.3% and 43.2% of the genomic contents of the AvrPiz-t-ZB15 and avrPiz-t-70-15 regions,respectively,indicating that TEs contribute largely to the organization and evolution of AvrPiz-t locus.The findings of this study suggest that M.oryzae could benefit in an evolutionary sense from the presence of active TEs in genes conferring avirulence and provide an ability to rapidly change and thus to overcome host R genes.

Construction and Application of Efficient Ac-Ds Transposon Tagging Vectors in Rice

Transposons are effective mutagens alternative to T-DNA for the generation of insertional mutants in many plant species including those whose transformation is inefficient. The current strategies of transposon tagging are usually slow and labor-intensive and yield low frequency of tagged lines. We have constructed a series of transposon tagging vectors based on three approaches： （i） AcTPase controlled by glucocorticoid binding domain/VP16 acidic activation domain/Gal4 DNA-binding domain （GVG） chemical-inducible expression system; （ii） deletion of AcTPase via Cre-lox site-specific recombination that was initially triggered by Ds excision; and （iii） suppression of early transposition events in transformed rice callus through a dual-functional hygromycin resistance gene in a novel Ds element （HPT-Ds）, We tested these vectors in transgenic rice and characterized the transposition events. Our results showed that these vectors are useful resources for functional genomics of rice and other crop plants. The vectors are freely available for the community,

BnWRI1 coordinates fatty acid biosynthesis and photosynthesis pathways during oil accumulation in rapeseed

Photosynthesis in“green”seeds, such as rapeseed, soybean, and Arabidopsis, plays a substantial role in the improved efficiency of oil accumulation. However, the molecular mecha-nism underpinning the coordinated expression of fatty acid （FA） biosynthesis-and photosynthesis-related genes in such develop-ing seeds remains to be elucidated. Here, we found that seed-specific overexpression of BnWRI1, a WRI1 homolog from rapeseed （Brassica napus cv. ZGY2）, results in enhanced chlorophyl content in developing seeds and increased oil content and seed mass in matured seeds. BnWRI1 was co-expressed with BnBCCP and BnCAB, two marker genes of FA biosynthesis and photosynthesis during seed development, respectively. Over-expression of BnWRI1 increased expression of both marker genes. Further, the nuclear-localized BnWRI1 protein was found to act as a transcription activator. It could bind to the GT1-element and/or GCC-box, which are widespread in the upstream regions of genes involved in FA biosynthesis and photosynthesis pathways. Accordingly, BnWRI1 could interact with promoters of BCCP2 and LHB1B2 in vivo. These results suggested that BnWRI1 may coordinate FA biosynthesis and photosynthesis pathways in developing seeds via directly stimulating expression of GT1-element and/or GCC-box containing genes.

OsGLU3, a Putative Membrane-Bound Endo-1, 4-Beta-Glucanase, Is Required for Root Cell Elongation and Division in Rice （Oryza sativa L.）

Plant roots move through the soil by elongation. This is vital to their ability to anchor the plant and acquire water and minerals from the soil. In order to identify new genes involved in root elongation in rice, we screened an ethyl methane sulfonate （EMS）-mutagenized rice library, and isolated a short root mutant, Osglu3-1. The map-based cloning results showed that the mutant was due to a point mutation in OsGLU3, which encodes a putative membrane-bound endo- 1,4-13-glucanase. Osglu3-1 displayed less crystalline cellulose content in its root cell wall, shorter root cell length, and a slightly smaller root meristem as visualized by restricted expression of OsCYCBI, I：GUS. Exogenous application of glu- cose can suppress both the lower root cell wall cellulose content and short root phenotypes of Osglu3-1. Consistently, OsGLU3 is ubiquitously expressed in various tissues with strong expression in root tip, lateral root, and crown root pri- modia. The fully functional OsGLU3-GFP was detected in plasma membrane, and FM4-64-1abeled compartments in the root meristem and elongation zones. We also found that phosphate starvation, an environmental stress, altered cell wall cel- lulose content to modulate root elongation in a OsGLU3-dependant way.

WRKY33-mediated indolic glucosinolate metabolic pathway confers resistance against Alternaria brassicicola in Arabidopsis and Brassica crops

The tryptophan(Trp)-derived plant secondary metabolites,including camalexin,4-hydroxyindole-3-carbonylnitrile,and indolic glucosinolate(IGS),show broad-spectrum antifungal activity.However,the distinct regulations of these metabolic pathways among different plant species in response to fungus infection are rarely studied.In this study,our results revealed that WRKY33 directly regulates IGS biosynthesis,notably the production of 4-methoxyindole-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate(4MI3G),conferring resistance to Alternaria brassicicola,an important pathogen which causes black spot in Brassica crops.WRKY33 directly activates the expression of CYP81F2,IGMT1,and IGMT2 to drive sidechain modification of indole-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate(I3G)to 4MI3G,in both Arabidopsis and Chinese kale(Brassica oleracea var.alboglabra Bailey).However,Chinese kale showed a more severe symptom than Arabidopsis when infected by Alternaria brassicicola.Comparative analyses of the origin and evolution of Trp metabolism indicate that the loss of camalexin biosynthesis in Brassica crops during evolution might attenuate the resistance of crops to Alternaria brassicicola.As a result,the IGS metabolic pathway mediated by WRKY33 becomes essential for Chinese kale to deter Alternaria brassicicola.Our results highlight the differential regulation of Trp-derived camalexin and IGS biosynthetic pathways in plant immunity between Arabidopsis and Brassica crops.

Identification of molecular markers linked to rice bacterial blight resistance genes from Oryza meyeriana

Y73 is a progeny of asymmetric somatic hybridization between Oryza sativa cv.Dalixiang and the wild rice species Oryza meyeriana.Inoculation with a range of strains of Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae showed that Y73 had inherited a high level of resistance to rice bacterial blight(BB)from its wild parent.An F2 population of 7125 individuals was constructed from the cross between Y73 and a BB-susceptible cultivar IR24.After testing 615 SSR and STS markers covering the 12 rice chromosomes,186 markers were selected that showed polymorphism between Y73 and IR24.Molecular markers linked to the BB resistance genes in Y73 were scanned using the F2 population and the polymorphic markers.The SSR marker RM128 on chromosome 1,the STS marker R03D159 on chromosome 3 and the STS marker R05D104 on chromosome 5 were found to be linked to the rice BB resistance genes in Y73.

Dynamic UAV Phenotyping for Rice Disease Resistance Analysis Based on Multisource Data

Bacterial blight poses a threat to rice production and food security,which can be controlled through large-scale breeding efforts toward resistant cultivars.Unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)remote sensing provides an alternative means for the infield phenotype evaluation of crop disease resistance to relatively time-consuming and laborious traditional methods.However,the quality of data acquired by UAV can be affected by several factors such as weather,crop growth period,and geographical location,which can limit their utility for the detection of crop disease and resistant phenotypes.Therefore,a more effective use of UAV data for crop disease phenotype analysis is required.In this paper,we used time series UAV remote sensing data together with accumulated temperature data to train the rice bacterial blight severity evaluation model.The best results obtained with the predictive model showed an R_(p)^(2) of 0.86 with an RMSE_(p) of 0.65.Moreover,model updating strategy was used to explore the scalability of the established model in different geographical locations.Twenty percent of transferred data for model training was useful for the evaluation of disease severity over different sites.In addition,the method for phenotypic analysis of rice disease we built here was combined with quantitative trait loci(QTL)analysis to identify resistance QTL in genetic populations at different growth stages.Three new QTLs were identified,and QTLs identified at different growth stages were inconsistent.QTL analysis combined with UAV high-throughput phenotyping provides new ideas for accelerating disease resistance breeding.

TSC1 enables plastid development under dark conditions, contributing to rice adaptation to transplantation shock

Since its domestication from wild rice thousands of years ago, rice has been cultivated largely through transplantation. During transplantation from the nursery to the paddy field, rice seedlings experience transplantation shock which affects their physiology and production.However, the mechanisms underlying transplantation shock and rice adaptation to this shock are largely unknown. Here,we isolated a transplant-sensitive chloroplast-deficient（tsc_1）rice mutant that produces albino leaves after transplantation.Blocking light from reaching the juvenile leaves and leaf primordia caused chloroplast deficiencies in transplanted tsc_1 seedlings. TSC_1 encodes a noncanonical adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette（ABC） transporter homologous to At NAP_（14） and is of cyanobacterial origin. We demonstrate that TSC_1 controls plastid development in rice under dark conditions, and functions independently of light signaling.However, light rescued the tsc_1 mutant phenotype in a spectrum-independent manner. TSC_1 was upregulated following transplantation, and modulated the iron and copper levels, thereby regulating prolamellar body formation during the early P_4 stage of leaf development. Therefore, TSC_1 is indispensable for plastid development in the absence of light,and contributes to adaptation to transplantation shock.Our study provides insight into the regulation of plastid development and establishes a framework for improving recovery from transplantation shock in rice.