Background: Stroke has the greatest disabling impact of any chronic disease. Psychological changes including emotional, behavioural and cognitive changes can be common after stroke. Recently more attention has been gi...Background: Stroke has the greatest disabling impact of any chronic disease. Psychological changes including emotional, behavioural and cognitive changes can be common after stroke. Recently more attention has been given to these concerns. Content: This paper considers the nature of these problems, how they can be identified and the evidence for effective interventions. Conclusions: Research is needed into instruments to better identify anxiety after stroke and into treatments for emotional and behavioural changes. Further work is also needed to establish the best means for identifying cognitive deficits after stroke, particularly executive and memory problems, and into the optimal means of ameliorating these deficits.展开更多
Objective: To [1] investigate self-esteem during pregnancy after previous infertility and [2] establish the relationship among self-esteem, anxiety during pregnancy, and parenting self-efficacy. Design: Limited prospe...Objective: To [1] investigate self-esteem during pregnancy after previous infertility and [2] establish the relationship among self-esteem, anxiety during pregnancy, and parenting self-efficacy. Design: Limited prospective study. Setting: A regional infertility clinic and antenatal clinic. Patient(s): Seventy women who had conceived through assisted reproductive technology and 111 women who had conceived naturally. Intervention(s): Measures of self-esteem, anxiety, and parenting self-efficacy. Main Outcome Measure(s): Self-esteem, anxiety, and parenting self-efficacy. Result(s): Women who had conceived through IVF treatment did not differ in terms of self-esteem during pregnancy from those who had conceived naturally. All of the women in the present study displayed levels of self-esteem that were within the normal range. Self-esteem increased as pregnancy progressed. Self-esteem was negatively correlated with anxiety during pregnancy. As self-esteem increased, anxiety decreased. Self-esteem at the start of pregnancy (18 weeks) and anxiety in the early stages of parenthood (6 weeks postpartum) predicted parenting self-efficacy. Conclusion(s): Self-esteem in the early stages of pregnancy, for both women who conceived through IVF and women who conceived naturally, is related to self-reported levels of parenting efficacy. Coaching and mentoring through antenatal clinics in the early stages of pregnancy should be tailored to incorporate advice regarding self-esteem in addition to management of pregnancy and psychological well-being.展开更多
文摘Background: Stroke has the greatest disabling impact of any chronic disease. Psychological changes including emotional, behavioural and cognitive changes can be common after stroke. Recently more attention has been given to these concerns. Content: This paper considers the nature of these problems, how they can be identified and the evidence for effective interventions. Conclusions: Research is needed into instruments to better identify anxiety after stroke and into treatments for emotional and behavioural changes. Further work is also needed to establish the best means for identifying cognitive deficits after stroke, particularly executive and memory problems, and into the optimal means of ameliorating these deficits.
文摘Objective: To [1] investigate self-esteem during pregnancy after previous infertility and [2] establish the relationship among self-esteem, anxiety during pregnancy, and parenting self-efficacy. Design: Limited prospective study. Setting: A regional infertility clinic and antenatal clinic. Patient(s): Seventy women who had conceived through assisted reproductive technology and 111 women who had conceived naturally. Intervention(s): Measures of self-esteem, anxiety, and parenting self-efficacy. Main Outcome Measure(s): Self-esteem, anxiety, and parenting self-efficacy. Result(s): Women who had conceived through IVF treatment did not differ in terms of self-esteem during pregnancy from those who had conceived naturally. All of the women in the present study displayed levels of self-esteem that were within the normal range. Self-esteem increased as pregnancy progressed. Self-esteem was negatively correlated with anxiety during pregnancy. As self-esteem increased, anxiety decreased. Self-esteem at the start of pregnancy (18 weeks) and anxiety in the early stages of parenthood (6 weeks postpartum) predicted parenting self-efficacy. Conclusion(s): Self-esteem in the early stages of pregnancy, for both women who conceived through IVF and women who conceived naturally, is related to self-reported levels of parenting efficacy. Coaching and mentoring through antenatal clinics in the early stages of pregnancy should be tailored to incorporate advice regarding self-esteem in addition to management of pregnancy and psychological well-being.
