Exosomes are small vesicles secreted by all cell types in the brain and play a role in cell-cell communication through the transfer of cargo or encapsulation.Exosomes in the brain have considerable impact on neuronal ...Exosomes are small vesicles secreted by all cell types in the brain and play a role in cell-cell communication through the transfer of cargo or encapsulation.Exosomes in the brain have considerable impact on neuronal development,activation,and regeneration.In addition,exosomes are reported to be involved in the onset and propagation of various neurodegenerative diseases.In this review,we discuss the content of exosomes derived from major cell types in the brain,and their function under physiological and pathological conditions.展开更多
Aging is characterized by a progressive deterioration of physiological integrity,leading to impaired functional ability and ultimately increased susceptibility to death.It is a major risk factor for chronic human dise...Aging is characterized by a progressive deterioration of physiological integrity,leading to impaired functional ability and ultimately increased susceptibility to death.It is a major risk factor for chronic human diseases,including cardiovascular disease,diabetes,neurological degeneration,and cancer.Therefore,the growing emphasis on “healthy aging” raises a series of important questions in life and social sciences.In recent years,there has been unprecedented progress in aging research,particularly the discovery that the rate of aging is at least partly controlled by evolutionarily conserved genetic pathways and biological processes.In an attempt to bring full-fledged understanding to both the aging process and age-associated diseases,we review the descriptive,conceptual,and interventive aspects of the landscape of aging composed of a number of layers at the cellular,tissue,organ,organ system,and organismal levels.展开更多
Dear Editor,Cardiovascular diseases(CVDs)are the leading cause of death world-wide.Thus,diagnosing and treating CVD remains at the forefront for clinicians while identifying targetable disease mechanisms in preclinica...Dear Editor,Cardiovascular diseases(CVDs)are the leading cause of death world-wide.Thus,diagnosing and treating CVD remains at the forefront for clinicians while identifying targetable disease mechanisms in preclinical models are focus areas for researchers and drug developers(Cai et al.,2022a).The polymorphic protein apolipoprotein E(APOE),central to lipid transport and metabolism,is well-recognized for the role of its isoforms as important predictors for human cardiovascular disorders and neurodegenerative diseases(Tudorache et al.,2017).Plasma APOE is generated primarily from liver hepatocytes,accounting for around 75%of the APOE production from the whole body(Getz and Reardon,2009),and plays important functional roles in monocytes/macrophages,adipocytes,and the central nervous system(Kockx et al.,2018).However,despite the fact that APOE is widely expressed in different mammalian cells,studies on the functional roles of APOE mostly focus on its extracellular secreted form,and the specific effects of APOE,particularly intracellular form in cell types closely related to human cardiovascular diseases are therefore still poorly understood.展开更多
Background and purpose Although inflammation has been proposed to be a candidate risk factor for cerebral small vessel disease(CSVD),previous findings remain largely inconclusive and vary according to disease status a...Background and purpose Although inflammation has been proposed to be a candidate risk factor for cerebral small vessel disease(CSVD),previous findings remain largely inconclusive and vary according to disease status and study designs.The present study aimed to investigate possible associations between inflammatory biomarkers and MRI markers of CSVD.Methods A group of 15 serum inflammatory biomarkers representing a variety of those putatively involved in the inflammatory cascade was grouped and assessed in a cross-sectional study involving 960 stroke-free subjects.The biomarker panel was grouped as follows:systemic inflammation(high-sensitivity C reactive protein(hsCRP),interleukin 6 and tumour necrosis factorα),endothelial-related inflammation(E-selectin,P-selectin,intercellular adhesion molecule 1,vascular cell adhesion molecule 1(VCAM-1),CD40 ligand,lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2,chitinase-3-like 1 protein and total homocysteine(tHCY))and media-related inflammation(matrix metalloproteinases 2,3 and 9,and osteopontin).The association(s)between different inflammatory groups and white matter hyperintensity(WMH),lacunes,cerebral microbleeds(CMBs),enlarged perivascular space(PVS)and the number of deep medullary veins(DMVs)were investigated.Results High levels of serum endothelial-related inflammatory biomarkers were associated with both increased WMH volume(R^(2)=0.435,p=0.015)and the presence of lacunes(R^(2)=0.254,p=0.027).Backward stepwise elimination of individual inflammatory biomarkers for endothelial-related biomarkers revealed that VCAM-1 was significant for WMH(β=0.063,p=0.005)and tHCY was significant for lacunes(β=0.069,p<0.001).There was no association between any group of inflammatory biomarkers and CMBs or PVS.Systemic inflammatory biomarkers were associated with fewer DMVs(R^(2)=0.032,p=0.006),and backward stepwise elimination of individual systemic-related inflammatory biomarkers revealed that hsCRP(β=−0.162,p=0.007)was significant.Conclusion WMH and lacunes were associated with endothelial-related inflammatory biomarkers,and fewer DMVs were associated with systemic inflammation,thus suggesting different underlying inflammatory processes and mechanisms.展开更多
Epigenetic mechanisms,including DNA methylation,histone modification,and non-coding RNAs(ncRNAs),have been widely implicated in synaptic plasticity,memory formation,and memory consolidation.Dysregulation in epigenetic...Epigenetic mechanisms,including DNA methylation,histone modification,and non-coding RNAs(ncRNAs),have been widely implicated in synaptic plasticity,memory formation,and memory consolidation.Dysregulation in epigenetic mechanisms has been reported in aged brains as well as age-related diseases,such as Alzheimer’s disease(AD).The reversible nature of epigenetic changes and their role in regulating gene expression in response to environmental stimuli make them exciting targets for therapy.Here,we will briefly discuss epigenetic changes in aged and AD brains,epigenetic biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis,as well as HDAC-based treatment regimes.展开更多
The mechanisms underlying learning and memory have been a longstanding focus of neuroscience research.In recent decades,there has been a substantial increase in the investigation and understanding of the intricate mol...The mechanisms underlying learning and memory have been a longstanding focus of neuroscience research.In recent decades,there has been a substantial increase in the investigation and understanding of the intricate molecular processes involved in learning and memory.Epigenetic mechanisms,which encompass dynamic and reversible modifications at various levels of cellular regulation.展开更多
基金This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31871082,91849101,81601221)The Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB39000000)+3 种基金Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences of CAS(QYZDB-SSW-SMC035)the Innovative Program of Development Foundation of Hefei Center for Physical Science and Technology(2018CXFX005)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2019M662178)The Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization(SKLTOF20150101)。
文摘Exosomes are small vesicles secreted by all cell types in the brain and play a role in cell-cell communication through the transfer of cargo or encapsulation.Exosomes in the brain have considerable impact on neuronal development,activation,and regeneration.In addition,exosomes are reported to be involved in the onset and propagation of various neurodegenerative diseases.In this review,we discuss the content of exosomes derived from major cell types in the brain,and their function under physiological and pathological conditions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31871380,32000500,32070730,32170756,32170804,81330008,81671377,81725010,81725010,81872874,81921006,81922027,81971312,81991512,82030041,82103167,82122024,82125009,82125011,82130044,91749126,91949101,91949207,92049302)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFA0506400,2018YFA0800200,2018YFA0800700,2018YFA0900200,2018YFC2000100,2018YFC2000400,2018YFE-0203700,20192ACB70002,2019YFA0802202,2020YFA0113400,2020YFA0803401,2020YFA0804000,2020YFC2002800,2020YFC-2002900,2021ZD0202401)+11 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA16010100,XDA16010603,XDA16020400,XDB29020000,XDB39000000,XDB39000000,XDB39030300)the China Association for Science and Technology(2021QNRC001)the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission(Z200022)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(21JC1406400)the Key Programs of the Jiangxi ProvinceChina(20192ACB70002)the“Shu Guang”Project supported by the Shanghai Municipal Education Commission and Shanghai Education Development Foundation(19SG18)the Shanghai Sailing Program(22YF1434300)the Research Project of Joint Laboratory of University of Science and Technology of China and Anhui Mental Health Center(2019LH03)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(WK2070210004)the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by China Association for Science and Technology(YESS20210002)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences(2022083)。
文摘Aging is characterized by a progressive deterioration of physiological integrity,leading to impaired functional ability and ultimately increased susceptibility to death.It is a major risk factor for chronic human diseases,including cardiovascular disease,diabetes,neurological degeneration,and cancer.Therefore,the growing emphasis on “healthy aging” raises a series of important questions in life and social sciences.In recent years,there has been unprecedented progress in aging research,particularly the discovery that the rate of aging is at least partly controlled by evolutionarily conserved genetic pathways and biological processes.In an attempt to bring full-fledged understanding to both the aging process and age-associated diseases,we review the descriptive,conceptual,and interventive aspects of the landscape of aging composed of a number of layers at the cellular,tissue,organ,organ system,and organismal levels.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(nos.2020YFA0804000,2022YFA1103700,2020YFA0112200,2021YFF1201005,2022YFA1103800,the STI2030-Major Projects-2021ZD0202400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(nos.81921006,82125011,92149301,92168201,91949209,92049304,92049116,32121001,82192863,82122024,82071588,32000500,82271600,32100937)+7 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(no.XDA16000000)the Program of the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(no.Z190019)CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research(nos.YSBR-076,YSBR-012)The Pilot Project for Public Welfare Development and Reform of Beijing-affliated Medical Research Institutes(no.11000022T000000461062)Youth Innovation Promotion Association of CAS(nos.E1CAZW0401,2022083)Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(nos.YESS20200012,YESS20210002)the Informatization Plan of Chinese Academy of Sciences(nos.CAS-WX2021SF-0301,CAS-WX2022SDC-XK14,CASWx2021SF-0101)the Tencent Foundation(no.2021-1045).
文摘Dear Editor,Cardiovascular diseases(CVDs)are the leading cause of death world-wide.Thus,diagnosing and treating CVD remains at the forefront for clinicians while identifying targetable disease mechanisms in preclinical models are focus areas for researchers and drug developers(Cai et al.,2022a).The polymorphic protein apolipoprotein E(APOE),central to lipid transport and metabolism,is well-recognized for the role of its isoforms as important predictors for human cardiovascular disorders and neurodegenerative diseases(Tudorache et al.,2017).Plasma APOE is generated primarily from liver hepatocytes,accounting for around 75%of the APOE production from the whole body(Getz and Reardon,2009),and plays important functional roles in monocytes/macrophages,adipocytes,and the central nervous system(Kockx et al.,2018).However,despite the fact that APOE is widely expressed in different mammalian cells,studies on the functional roles of APOE mostly focus on its extracellular secreted form,and the specific effects of APOE,particularly intracellular form in cell types closely related to human cardiovascular diseases are therefore still poorly understood.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(grant number:2016YFC0901004)National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number:81971138)+1 种基金the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(grant number:2017-I2M 3-008)the Strategic Priority Research Program,‘Biological Basis of Aging and Therapeutic Strategies'of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(grant number:XDB39040300).
文摘Background and purpose Although inflammation has been proposed to be a candidate risk factor for cerebral small vessel disease(CSVD),previous findings remain largely inconclusive and vary according to disease status and study designs.The present study aimed to investigate possible associations between inflammatory biomarkers and MRI markers of CSVD.Methods A group of 15 serum inflammatory biomarkers representing a variety of those putatively involved in the inflammatory cascade was grouped and assessed in a cross-sectional study involving 960 stroke-free subjects.The biomarker panel was grouped as follows:systemic inflammation(high-sensitivity C reactive protein(hsCRP),interleukin 6 and tumour necrosis factorα),endothelial-related inflammation(E-selectin,P-selectin,intercellular adhesion molecule 1,vascular cell adhesion molecule 1(VCAM-1),CD40 ligand,lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2,chitinase-3-like 1 protein and total homocysteine(tHCY))and media-related inflammation(matrix metalloproteinases 2,3 and 9,and osteopontin).The association(s)between different inflammatory groups and white matter hyperintensity(WMH),lacunes,cerebral microbleeds(CMBs),enlarged perivascular space(PVS)and the number of deep medullary veins(DMVs)were investigated.Results High levels of serum endothelial-related inflammatory biomarkers were associated with both increased WMH volume(R^(2)=0.435,p=0.015)and the presence of lacunes(R^(2)=0.254,p=0.027).Backward stepwise elimination of individual inflammatory biomarkers for endothelial-related biomarkers revealed that VCAM-1 was significant for WMH(β=0.063,p=0.005)and tHCY was significant for lacunes(β=0.069,p<0.001).There was no association between any group of inflammatory biomarkers and CMBs or PVS.Systemic inflammatory biomarkers were associated with fewer DMVs(R^(2)=0.032,p=0.006),and backward stepwise elimination of individual systemic-related inflammatory biomarkers revealed that hsCRP(β=−0.162,p=0.007)was significant.Conclusion WMH and lacunes were associated with endothelial-related inflammatory biomarkers,and fewer DMVs were associated with systemic inflammation,thus suggesting different underlying inflammatory processes and mechanisms.
基金supported by the National Key Plan for Scientific Research and Development of China(2020YFA0509304 and 2021YFA0805300)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB39000000)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82030034,32121002,and 81971123)CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(2021-I2M-C&T-B-012)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(YD9110002027)the Guangzhou Key Research Program on Brain Science(202007030008)。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82125009,31871082,91849101,32121002,82071185,32100794,and 92149303)the National Key R&D Program of China(2020YFA0509300 and 2021YFA0804900)+3 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB39000000)CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research(YSBR-013)the Collaborative Innovation Program of Hefei Science Center,CAS(2022HSC-CIP003)the Research Funds of Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM(QYZD20220003)。
文摘Epigenetic mechanisms,including DNA methylation,histone modification,and non-coding RNAs(ncRNAs),have been widely implicated in synaptic plasticity,memory formation,and memory consolidation.Dysregulation in epigenetic mechanisms has been reported in aged brains as well as age-related diseases,such as Alzheimer’s disease(AD).The reversible nature of epigenetic changes and their role in regulating gene expression in response to environmental stimuli make them exciting targets for therapy.Here,we will briefly discuss epigenetic changes in aged and AD brains,epigenetic biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis,as well as HDAC-based treatment regimes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82125009,31871082,91849101,32121002,82071185,32100794,and 92149303)the National Key R&D Program of China(2020YFA0509300 and 2021YFA0804900)+5 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB39000000)CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research(YSBR-013)the Collaborative Innovation Program of Hefei Science Center,CAS(2022HSC-CIP003)the Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2008085QC117)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(YD2070002011 and WK2070000168)the Institute of Health and Medicine,Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center(QYZD20220003)。
文摘The mechanisms underlying learning and memory have been a longstanding focus of neuroscience research.In recent decades,there has been a substantial increase in the investigation and understanding of the intricate molecular processes involved in learning and memory.Epigenetic mechanisms,which encompass dynamic and reversible modifications at various levels of cellular regulation.