Owing to the close correlation of development of oil and gas reservoir and spatial geological place, the technique of GIS can be introduced into the process of development and management of oil and gas reservoir. But ...Owing to the close correlation of development of oil and gas reservoir and spatial geological place, the technique of GIS can be introduced into the process of development and management of oil and gas reservoir. But development of oil and gas reservoir has its particularity, development and management GIS of oil and gas reservoir should use the other techniques to extend the forms of representation to make up the shortages of GIS in representation. The development and management GIS of oil and gas reservoir will be perfect besides the basic functions of GIS. This paper expatiates how to use other techniques to extend GIS in development and management of oil and gas reservoir mainly from productive dynamic curve of well, layers of map piling up, 3 D geological model and replaying maps, etc. Through extended GIS in development and management of oil and gas reservoir, the forms of representation of geological information are enriched, representations of information are more direct and visual, spatial descriptive ability and forms of representation of GIS are built up and the single information system will be developed into a management and decision making system.展开更多
Market-oriented reforms in the health sector together with fiscal decentralization have ledto low efficiency of resource allocation and utilization, increasing inequality as well asreducing the ability of the poor to ...Market-oriented reforms in the health sector together with fiscal decentralization have ledto low efficiency of resource allocation and utilization, increasing inequality as well asreducing the ability of the poor to access health care services in China. This situationcreates greater health vulnerability for those who are initially at greater risk of disease butnot under the cover of social protection. For the purpose of providing the rural poor withbasic health security, it is necessary to implement targeted programs to offer preventiveservices, to invest in village-level health care services that the poor most frequently need,to strengthen the resources available to the poor and the aged with health relief, and to linkthe community-based health insurance programs with formal insurance services.展开更多
This paper attempts to evaluate the targeting accuracy of anti-poverty programs in ruralChina by analyzing the county data and the unique household data collected from 592nationally designated poor counties. Two issue...This paper attempts to evaluate the targeting accuracy of anti-poverty programs in ruralChina by analyzing the county data and the unique household data collected from 592nationally designated poor counties. Two issues will be investigated: the targeting accuracyof poor county selection in the 2001 designation and the targeting accuracy of povertyalleviation funds allocated for poor counties and households within the counties. We havemodified the Targeting Count Gap and Targeting Count Error, where the results from themodified TCE indicate a fairly considerable improvement in targeting accuracy in the 2001designation. On the provincial level, we found that one-half of the provinces allocate fundsequally among counties no matter how high their income per capita. We did not find evidencethat poor households obtain more funds than other households.展开更多
With the introduction of the household contract responsibility system, the traditionat rurat cooperative medical service has declined rapidly in terms of its coverage, reaching the lowest level at present. The operati...With the introduction of the household contract responsibility system, the traditionat rurat cooperative medical service has declined rapidly in terms of its coverage, reaching the lowest level at present. The operation of the medical service with funds raised by the city government and commercial insurance in Jiangyin has provided a new line of thought. This model has not only better solved the difficult problems of fund raising and service equity in the rural medical insurance, but also helped to alleviate serious problems of adverse selection and moral hazards -widely present in commercial medical insurance. It is also that extending such a model to other regions without regard to local conditions is dangerous.展开更多
Based on literature study and case studies, this paper attempts to establish an indicator system which will facilitate public supervision of government efforts to improve basic health protection for the rural populati...Based on literature study and case studies, this paper attempts to establish an indicator system which will facilitate public supervision of government efforts to improve basic health protection for the rural population, especially the poor. The basic health protection system mainly consists of public health, medical relief and basic health insurance. The level of social and economic development in a region, and the capabilities of the local government,essentially determine the priority order of these three focus areas. For the less-developed regions, where the financial and administrative capabilities of local governments are weak,the most feasible option is to intensify public health and medical relief in order to reduce the vulnerability of farmer families, especially poor families.展开更多
This paper develops life-cycle models for the mair. social security systems: the state-secured system, the welfare state system, the compulsory savings system and the social insurance system. All four life cycles are ...This paper develops life-cycle models for the mair. social security systems: the state-secured system, the welfare state system, the compulsory savings system and the social insurance system. All four life cycles are similarly composed of birth, growing, peak, decline and death stages. China is in the growth stage of the social insurance model and is expected to enter the peak in 30 years or so, by a series of proposed efforts in economic reform and policies.展开更多
文摘Owing to the close correlation of development of oil and gas reservoir and spatial geological place, the technique of GIS can be introduced into the process of development and management of oil and gas reservoir. But development of oil and gas reservoir has its particularity, development and management GIS of oil and gas reservoir should use the other techniques to extend the forms of representation to make up the shortages of GIS in representation. The development and management GIS of oil and gas reservoir will be perfect besides the basic functions of GIS. This paper expatiates how to use other techniques to extend GIS in development and management of oil and gas reservoir mainly from productive dynamic curve of well, layers of map piling up, 3 D geological model and replaying maps, etc. Through extended GIS in development and management of oil and gas reservoir, the forms of representation of geological information are enriched, representations of information are more direct and visual, spatial descriptive ability and forms of representation of GIS are built up and the single information system will be developed into a management and decision making system.
文摘Market-oriented reforms in the health sector together with fiscal decentralization have ledto low efficiency of resource allocation and utilization, increasing inequality as well asreducing the ability of the poor to access health care services in China. This situationcreates greater health vulnerability for those who are initially at greater risk of disease butnot under the cover of social protection. For the purpose of providing the rural poor withbasic health security, it is necessary to implement targeted programs to offer preventiveservices, to invest in village-level health care services that the poor most frequently need,to strengthen the resources available to the poor and the aged with health relief, and to linkthe community-based health insurance programs with formal insurance services.
文摘This paper attempts to evaluate the targeting accuracy of anti-poverty programs in ruralChina by analyzing the county data and the unique household data collected from 592nationally designated poor counties. Two issues will be investigated: the targeting accuracyof poor county selection in the 2001 designation and the targeting accuracy of povertyalleviation funds allocated for poor counties and households within the counties. We havemodified the Targeting Count Gap and Targeting Count Error, where the results from themodified TCE indicate a fairly considerable improvement in targeting accuracy in the 2001designation. On the provincial level, we found that one-half of the provinces allocate fundsequally among counties no matter how high their income per capita. We did not find evidencethat poor households obtain more funds than other households.
文摘With the introduction of the household contract responsibility system, the traditionat rurat cooperative medical service has declined rapidly in terms of its coverage, reaching the lowest level at present. The operation of the medical service with funds raised by the city government and commercial insurance in Jiangyin has provided a new line of thought. This model has not only better solved the difficult problems of fund raising and service equity in the rural medical insurance, but also helped to alleviate serious problems of adverse selection and moral hazards -widely present in commercial medical insurance. It is also that extending such a model to other regions without regard to local conditions is dangerous.
文摘Based on literature study and case studies, this paper attempts to establish an indicator system which will facilitate public supervision of government efforts to improve basic health protection for the rural population, especially the poor. The basic health protection system mainly consists of public health, medical relief and basic health insurance. The level of social and economic development in a region, and the capabilities of the local government,essentially determine the priority order of these three focus areas. For the less-developed regions, where the financial and administrative capabilities of local governments are weak,the most feasible option is to intensify public health and medical relief in order to reduce the vulnerability of farmer families, especially poor families.
文摘This paper develops life-cycle models for the mair. social security systems: the state-secured system, the welfare state system, the compulsory savings system and the social insurance system. All four life cycles are similarly composed of birth, growing, peak, decline and death stages. China is in the growth stage of the social insurance model and is expected to enter the peak in 30 years or so, by a series of proposed efforts in economic reform and policies.
