The Development of China's Intellectual Property Law over the Past Forty Years of Reform and Opening Up

Over the past forty years of reform and opening-up,China has experienced vigorous development of Intellectual Property Law.During this period,it has successively enacted and promulgated a range of basic laws,among which are the Trademark Law of the PRC,the Patent Law of the PRC,the Copyright Law of the PRC and the AntiUnfair Competition Law of the PRC; and many other related laws and regulations,such as the Regulations of the PRC on the Protection of New Varieties of Plants,Regulations on Protection of Integrated Circuit Layout Design and Provisions on the Protection of Geographical Indication Products.In this way,China has gradually established a relatively sound and complete intellectual property law system.Since the beginning of reform and opening-up,China's practice of intellectual property legislation has adhered to its institutional positioning of being subject to its civil law,safeguarding effective market competition and ensuring the implementation of national strategies.It has followed the development rules of relying on scientific & technological progress,targeting economic and social development and adjusting public policies for guiding purposes.Thanks to this,China has formed multiple coordinating mechanisms to settle conflicts of interests between the protection of intellectual property rights(IPR) and the protection of basic human rights,public health,genetic resources,traditional knowledge,etc.In the future development of China's intellectual property law,a trend of codification will emerge,which will primarily "include intellectual property law in the civil code" or "enact an intellectual property code." The modernization of China's Intellectual Property Law will be manifested in the changes of the defining standard of Intellectual Property Rights(IPR)subjects,the utilization patterns of IPR objects and the protection models of intellectual property.This internationalization will center on creating a new order for international IPR protection.

Genetically modified foods in China and the United States:A primer of regulation and intellectual property protection

Food is a basic and personal necessity to human.Safety of food is a prime factor to consider apart from nutrition,quality and cost.Genetically modified(GM)foods first came on the market in 1994.Yet safety,transparency and traceability ofGMfoods are still under hot debate.Nonetheless,the market of GM foods is huge and attractive.Regulatory affairs and intellectual property(IP)are two critical factors affecting the development and commercial success of a food product.This article will take a look at the GM food technology and regulatory framework for GM foods in China and the United States.This article will also discuss the unique patent issues and non-patent IP tools for safeguarding the technology in these two countries.

Intellectual Property Protection in China's First E-Commerce Law

On August31st of2018,the E-commerce Law of the People’s Republic of China was approved by voting at the5th meeting of the13th standing committee of the National People’s Congress and is to take effect on January1st of2019.The new E-commerce Law mentions“intellectual property”12times,stresses protection of intellectual property ine-commerce,defines rights and obligations of the e-commerce platform operators and merchants at the platform,and strengthens protection of e-commerce consumers.

World Intellectual Property Day Message

Making intellectual property your business - the theme for this year's World Intellectual Property Day - highlights the key role of intellectual property both in achieving success for business and in enhancing daily life for us all.

Thoughts on Promoting the Investment and Financing Development of Enterprises'Intellectual Property Rights from the Perspective of Intellectual Property Strategy

With the in-depth implementation of China's intellectual property strategy,the situation of intellectual property protection in China has been further improved,the enthusiasm of the public for entrepreneurship and innovation has been further stimulated,people's awareness of intellectual property rights has been further enhanced,and the value of intellectual property rights has been further recognized by people.As a new economic form,"intellectual property economy"plays an increasingly important role in our socialist market economy.At the same time,China's intellectual property still faces some prominent problems,especially in the field of intellectual property investment and financing,such as difficult valuation,management and liquidation.From the perspective of the implementation of intellectual property strategy and starting from the investment and financing of intellectual property rights of small and medium-sized enterprises,this paper introduces the basic concepts of intellectual property investment and financing,the development status and existing problems of intellectual property investment and financing of small and medium-sized enterprises,and puts forward some suggestions for improving the investment and financing policy of intellectual property rights.

The Formulation and Implementation of China's National Intellectual Property Rights Strategy

At present,science and technology are ad-vancing with each passing day,knowledgeeconomies are rapidly emerging,and economicglobalization is accelerating.Intellectual propertyrights have become a core strategic resource aswell as a key point of competition among worldwideeconomies and enterprises.This has become amajor strategic issue in China's development.Therefore,the formulation and implementation of anational intellectual property rights strategy is im-portant for the future of our state and people,and isnecessary for promoting China's economic and so-cial developments and responding to internationalcompetition.Under the new situation,leaders of theParty and State pay close attention to the develop-ment and implementation of a national intellectualproperty rights strategy,and actively make arrange-

Developing a Uniquely Chinese System of Intellectual Property

On November 30,2020,the Political Bureau of the 19th CPC Central Committee held a collective study session on strengthening protection of intellectual property(IP).President Xi Jinping chaired the session and gave an important speech in which he affirmed China’s historic achievements in,and elaborated on the great significance of,IP protection,discussed the current situation and tasks facing such work,and the Party’s main policies aimed at strengthening IP protection.

Announcement of the China National Intellectual Property Administration on Matters Related to Annuities and Individual Designation Fees of Design Patents

Pursuant to the relevant provisions of the Notice of the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Finance on Issues Concerning the Standards for Annuities and Individual Designation Fees of Design Patents(Fagaijiage[2022]No.465)and the Hague Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Industrial Designs(hereinater referred to as"the Hague Agreement"),the China National Intellectual Property Administration will implement the new standards for annuities and individual designation fees of design patents as of 5 May 2022.The relevant issues are hereby announced as follows.

A redundant subspace weighting procedure for clock ensemble

A redundant-subspace-weighting(RSW)-based approach is proposed to enhance the frequency stability on a time scale of a clock ensemble.In this method,multiple overlapping subspaces are constructed in the clock ensemble,and the weight of each clock in this ensemble is defined by using the spatial covariance matrix.The superimposition average of covariances in different subspaces reduces the correlations between clocks in the same laboratory to some extent.After optimizing the parameters of this weighting procedure,the frequency stabilities of virtual clock ensembles are significantly improved in most cases.

Preparation and Characterization of Cellulose Nanofibril-Waterborne Polyurethane Composite Films

To improve the performance of polyurethane films,small amounts of cellulose nanofibrils(CNF)were physically blended with a waterborne polyurethane(WPU)emulsion,and then CNF/WPU composite films were prepared by cast-coating and drying.The particle size of the emulsions and the chemical structure,micromorphology,thermal stability,mechanical properties,and water resistance of the composite films were characterized using a Malvern laser particle size analyzer,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),thermogravimetric analysis(TGA),an electronic strength machine,water contact angle analysis(WCA),and water absorption tests,respectively.The results showed that at a low CNF content of 0.3 wt%,the particle size of the WPU emulsion and chemical structure of the film did not change significantly.In addition,the tensile strength of the composite film increased by up to 108%compared to the neat WPU film,and the thermal stability and water resistance were slightly improved.The addition of CNF greatly enhanced the tensile strength while maintaining the other original properties of the WPU film,which may greatly improve the service life and tear resistance of commercial coatings in the future.

Degradable Foam Tray Based on High-concentration Dispersed Cellulose Fibers Obtained by a Hot-press Baking Process

Degradable industrial packaging foam trays made from cellulose fibers were fabricated using a hot-press baking process.Bleached softwood pulp fibers with a concentration of 30%were dispersed at a high speed under the action of a dispersant.The effects of the dispersant dosage of the fibers on the porosity,foam density,and static compression characteristics were discussed.Furthermore,the effects of the reinforcing adhesive including polyvinyl alcohol(PVA),and cassava starch on the physical and mechanical properties of the foam trays were studied,as well as the relationship between these properties and the microstructure of the foam trays.The dispersant enhanced the rheological and blistering properties of the fiber dispersion.As the dispersant dosage increased from 2%to 4%,the foam density gradually increased and the compressive strain performance and residual compressive strain of the foam trays decreased.Under the condition of constant dosage of dispersant,increasing the fiber proportion from 67%to 77%improved the porosity and foam density and slightly reduced the static compression performance.In additioton,the static compression resistance of the foamed materials was improved by increasing the PVA dosage since PVA was beneficial for improving the strength of the foam trays.

Research Status and Prospects of Bio-based Materials for Grease Barrier Coatings on Paper Food Packaging

Increased environmental and health concerns over the use of plastic packaging or fluorine-containing coatings,in combination with increased market demand for products with a longer shelf life,make bio-based materials one of the most important research candidates for alternative paper packaging materials for oil resistance.These bio-based materials have excellent oxygen and oil barriers,which are critical for food packaging.Moreover,they are biodegradable,naturally renewable,and safe.In this artical,two main groups of bio-based oil repellents for paper food packaging,including polysaccharide-based biopolymers and protein-based biopolymers,are enumerated,and the advantages and weaknesses of bio-based oil repellents are discussed,and effective solutions are proposed.Finally,research status and prospects on the development of bio-based oil-resistant coatings for the food packaging industry are presented.

AI Inventions: The Best Mode Requirement, Is It up for Redefinition, Minimizing Potential Innovation Bias and Optimizing Visual Aids?

From the author, there are not less than a dozen of rather significant recent publications in scientific editions anticipating some aspects of importance to innovation such as “bigger data”, AI, IP, and frontier technology with a central massive contribution in 2020 on AI, IP, and EI. Nonetheless, the IP associated with AI remains still barely covered in scientific publications. Especially patent discussion tends to be rather a legal matter. Another trilogy, 2013, “Business Strategy-IP Strategy-R&D Strategy: An All-in-One Business Model” proposed by the author, marked the advent, and customized implementation of a new strategy level. After the two trilogies’ volumes, the AI-IP “accessibility” chapter was a logical step brought to the attention of a larger public by the author. The time now to bring to light another chapter, namely the IP eligibility of AI innovation steps in ad hoc inventions. The main objectives of this short, principally illustrated communication, are to: 1) Revise the best mode requirement status, i.e. the best way to enable the reproducibility of claimed matter, reviewing its need for improvement when AI is involved. And proposing a unique sequence of evolution inspired by IP’s current and evolving practices. 2) Give a new dimension to visual aids to help the Best Mode description, demystify AI complexity, and underline frontier traits that may hinder a confident adoption or well-argued rejection. 3) Further illustrations take into account the fact that IoT, AI, and 3D can be simpler than perceived. 4) Finally ATA©, Adjacent Technology Analysis, is timely refreshed in a unique challenging, indeed tumultuous, environment. 5) Bias, such as semantic ones is consistently monitored. 6) Overall leaving space for innovative pleasurable interpretation. The emphasis is on educational, illustrative and demonstrative value.

中国旅游发展笔谈——旅游与社会文化变迁(二)

制订旅行和度假计划往往牵涉到人类的想象能力或对他者的想象。关于异国他乡群体与地方的诱人形象与话语是如此重要, 以至于一旦没有它们, 旅游将变得稀少——如果并非全部没有的话。旅游者往往被鼓励把自己想象成身处天堂般美境之中, 在那里, 地方景观与人群通过被观察、被感知、被想象, 从而被旅游者所消费。然而, 由于想象总是置身于更广泛的社会文化架构中, 目的地市场营销人员根本无法对其完全掌控。因此, 我把想象界定为能够与人们的个体想象互动、并能被用于意义制造与世界塑造的社会传播的代表性组合体.

Train-induced vibration on elevated railway station

Results of in-situ vibration measurement carried out at Tianjin West Elevated Railway Station which has the trains running on the station structure were reported. The main excitation source is the train passing through the station. Vibration measurements were recorded in the vertical direction of the supporting track beam, the platform and the steel truss beam of the waiting hall, as well as in the vertical, longitudinal and transverse directions of the roof arch base of the station. Acceleration time responses were obtained. The maximum value, vibration level and one-third octave band RMS spectra of the measured accelerations were studied. The propagation of vibration in different structural floors was discussed. The influence of train speed, distance to the vibration source and the type of train on the structural vibration were analyzed. Results show that the vibration level increases with the train speed, while it attenuates with the distance to the track. Furthermore, the vibration responses of different structural floors were compared, and it is noted that the vertical vibration of the bottom slab of the platform is most severe and the transverse vibration of the roof arch base is the smallest. The results provide reference on the vibration characteristics and vibration energy distribution of this type of "Train on building frame" system used as an elevated railway station.

Research on seismic performance of shear walls with concrete filled steel tube columns and concealed steel trusses

In order to further improve the seismic performance of RC shear walls, a new composite shear wall with concrete filled steel tube （CFT） columns and concealed steel trusses is proposed. This new shear wall is a double composite shear wall; the first composite being the use of three different force systems, CFT, steel truss and shear wall, and the second the use of two different materials, steel and concrete. Three 1/5 scaled experimental specimens： a traditional RC shear wall, a shear wall with CFT columns, and a shear wall with CFT columns and concealed steel trusses, were tested under cyclic loading and the seismic performance indices of the shear walls were comparatively analyzed. Based on the data from these experiments, a thorough elastic-plastic finite element analysis and parametric analysis of the new shear walls were carried out using ABAQUS software. The finite element results of deformation, stress distribution, and the evolution of cracks in each phase were compared with the experimental results and showed good agreement. A mechanical model was also established for calculating the load-carrying capacity of the new composite shear walls. The results show that this new type of shear wall has improved seismic performance over the other two types of shear wails tested.

由柏木制备纳米孔结构炭材料Ⅰ. 制备与孔结构(英文)

柏木条经过热蒸气处理,成功地制备了纳米孔炭,无需另行活化,比表面积就可达1000m2/g以上。如果在800℃～870℃炭化,柏木炭外表面积可达400m2/g以上,与同样温度在氩气中炭化得到的柏木炭相比,后者微孔面积仅为30m2/g～40m2/g。在900℃以上炭化得到的柏木炭,微孔表面积高达800m2/g以上,外表面积约为150m2/g。柏木炭的孔结构可以通过调节过热蒸气的温度得到控制。

Experimental Study of Heat Transfer Enhancement and Friction Loss Induced by Inserted Rotor-assembled Strand （II） Lubricant Oil 22

纸通过试管描述了热转移和单相的压力落下的试验性的调查，不同装配转子的海滨作为工作液体与润滑剂在 8009000 的雷纳兹数字范围插入了。在实验，修理了山被采用消除入口效果。当它不能显著地影响 Nusselt 数字时，试验性的结果证明固定的山的雇用在 laminar 政体导致了磨擦因素的可见偏爱。为与装配转子的海滨插入的试管的实验证明为有 Nusselt 数字的热转移的显著改进在过渡政体在 laminar 政体和 125%160% 由 200%225% 增加了。同时，磨擦因素在雷纳兹数字的一样的范围以内由 200%300% 不可避免地增加了。不同装配转子的海滨的比较插入了试管，平凡试管证明热转移与一样的铅和装配转子的海滨的铅的减少一起得益于装配转子的海滨的直径的增加，磨擦因素也一样。把线性正常回归方法基于试验性的数据和彻底的 multivariant，平均 Nusselt 数字的关联和磨擦因素被建立。

The Gender Patenting Gap: A Study on the Iberoamerican Countries

Purpose: This work presents a study on the female involvement in patent applications in all 23 Ibero-American countries that are WIPO members, in order to measure gender inequalities in institutional collaborations and technological fields, across time.Design/methodology/approach: The data used in this paper come from EPO Worldwide Patent Statistical Database(PATSTAT). PATSTAT contains bibliographical data relating to more than 100 million patent documents from leading industrialized and developing countries, as well as legal event data from more than 40 patent authorities contained in the EPO worldwide legal event data(INPADOC). The extracted subset is composed of 150,863 patent applications with priority years between 2007 and 2016.Findings: Our observations indicate that even in more dynamic economies such as Portugal and Spain, the participation of women per patent applications does not exceed 30%. Additionally, the distribution of female participation among institutional sectors and technological fields is consistent with previous studies in other regions and indicate a socio-cultural divide.Research limitations: Unisex names were not considered and were counted as gender unknown, and patent applications for which no inventor information was available were discarded, but further effort of data analysis may provide more information about gender inequalities.Practical implications: While patents are imperfect variables of inventive step and therefore should be considered as a variable proxy of innovation, our findings may help to guide the implementation of policies for balancing gender participation in innovative activities, as well as instigating research into the issues causing divisive participation along gender lines.Originality/value: While there is a widespread effort into evaluating and improving the participation of groups recognized as minorities within state-of-the-art activities, research about women participation in the innovation sector is fragmented due to differing regional characteristics: industrial and academic segmentation, socio-economic disparities, and cultural factors. Thus, localized studies present an opportunity of filling the gaps of knowledge on societal participation in innovation activities.