Umami taste components in chicken-spices blends and potential effect of aroma on umami taste intensity

In this study,umami taste intensity(UTI)and umami taste components in chicken breast(CB)and chickenspices blends were characterized using sensory and instrumental analysis.Our main objective was to assess the aroma-umami taste interactions in different food matrices and reconcile the aroma-taste perception to assist future product development.The impact of key aroma,including vegetable-note"2-pentylfuran",meaty"methional",green"hexanal",and spicy-note-estragole and caryophyllene"on UTI was evaluated in monosodium glutamate and chicken extract.We found that spices significantly decreased UTI and umami taste components in CB.Interestingly,the perceptually similar odorants and tastants exhibited the potential to enhance UTI in food matrices.Methional was able to increase the UTI,whereas spicy and green-note components could reduce the UTI significantly.This information would be valuable to food engineers and formulators in aroma selection to control the UTI perceived by consumers,thus,improving the quality and acceptability of the chicken products.

Debaryomyces hansenii supplementation in low fish meal diets promotes growth,modulates microbiota and enhances intestinal condition in juvenile marine fish

Background The development of a sustainable business model with social acceptance,makes necessary to develop new strategies to guarantee the growth,health,and well-being of farmed animals.Debaryomyces hansenii is a yeast species that can be used as a probiotic in aquaculture due to its capacity to i)promote cell proliferation and differen-tiation,ii)have immunostimulatory effects,iii)modulate gut microbiota,and/or iv)enhance the digestive function.To provide inside into the effects of D.hansenii on juveniles of gilthead seabream(Sparus aurata)condition,we inte-grated the evaluation of the main key performance indicators coupled with the integrative analysis of the intestine condition,through histological and microbiota state,and its transcriptomic profiling.Results After 70 days of a nutritional trial in which a diet with low levels of fishmeal(7%)was supplemented with 1.1%of D.hansenii(17.2×10^(5) CFU),an increase of ca.12%in somatic growth was observed together with an improve-ment in feed conversion in fish fed a yeast-supplemented diet.In terms of intestinal condition,this probiotic modu-lated gut microbiota without affecting the intestine cell organization,whereas an increase in the staining intensity of mucins rich in carboxylated and weakly sulphated glycoconjugates coupled with changes in the affinity for certain lectins were noted in goblet cells.Changes in microbiota were characterized by the reduction in abundance of several groups of Proteobacteria,especially those characterized as opportunistic groups.The microarrays-based transcrip-tomic analysis found 232 differential expressed genes in the anterior-mid intestine of S.aurata,that were mostly related to metabolic,antioxidant,immune,and symbiotic processes.Conclusions Dietary administration of D.hansenii enhanced somatic growth and improved feed efficiency param-eters,results that were coupled to an improvement of intestinal condition as histochemical and transcriptomic tools indicated.This probiotic yeast stimulated host-microbiota interactions without altering the intestinal cell organization nor generating dysbiosis,which demonstrated its safety as a feed additive.At the transcriptomic level,D.hansenii pro-moted metabolic pathways,mainly protein-related,sphingolipid,and thymidylate pathways,in addition to enhance antioxidant-related intestinal mechanisms,and to regulate sentinel immune processes,potentiating the defensive capacity meanwhile maintaining the homeostatic status of the intestine.

Almond population genomics and non-additive GWAS reveal new insights into almond dissemination history and candidate genes for nut traits and blooming time

Domestication drastically changed crop genomes,fixing alleles of interest and creating different genetic populations.Genome-wide association studies(GWASs)are a powerful tool to detect these alleles of interest(and so QTLs).In this study,we explored the genetic structure as well as additive and non-additive genotype-phenotype associations in a collection of 243 almond accessions.Our genetic structure analysis strongly supported the subdivision of the accessions into five ancestral groups,all formed by accessions with a common origin.One of these groups was formed exclusively by Spanish accessions,while the rest were mainly formed by accessions from China,Italy,France,and the USA.These results agree with archaeological and historical evidence that separate modern almond dissemination into four phases:Asiatic,Mediterranean,Californian,and southern hemisphere.In total,we found 13 independent QTLs for nut weight,crack-out percentage,double kernels percentage,and blooming time.Of the 13 QTLs found,only one had an additive effect.Through candidate gene analysis,we proposed Prudul26A013473 as a candidate gene responsible for the main QTL found in crack-out percentage,Prudul26A012082 and Prudul26A017782 as candidate genes for the QTLs found in double kernels percentage,and Prudul26A000954 as a candidate gene for the QTL found in blooming time.Our study enhances our knowledge of almond dissemination history and will have a great impact on almond breeding.

The haplotype-resolved T2T reference genome highlights structural variation underlying agronomic traits of melon

Melon(Cucumis melo L.)is an important vegetable crop that has an extensive history of cultivation.However,the genome of wild and semi-wild melon types that can be used for the analysis of agronomic traits is not yet available.Here we report a chromosome-level T2T genome assembly for 821(C.melo ssp.agrestis var.acidulus),a semi-wild melon with two haplotypes of∼373 Mb and∼364 Mb,respectively.Comparative genome analysis discovered a significant number of structural variants(SVs)between melo(C.melo ssp.melo)and agrestis(C.melo ssp.agrestis)genomes,including a copy number variation located in the ToLCNDV resistance locus on chromosome 11.Genome-wide association studies detected a significant signal associated with climacteric ripening and identified one candidate gene CM_ac12g14720.1(CmABA2),encoding a cytoplasmic short chain dehydrogenase/reductase,which controls the biosynthesis of abscisic acid.This study provides valuable genetic resources for future research on melon breeding.

Vigilance behavior of Pyrenean chamois Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica:Effect of sex and position in the herd

The Pyrenean chamois Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica is a mountain-dwelling ungulate with an extensive presence in open areas. Optimal group size results from the trade off between advantages （a reduction in the risk of predation） and disadvantages （competition between members of the herd） of group living. In addition, advantages and disadvantages of group living may vary depending on the position of each individual within the herd. Our objective was to study the effect of central vs. peripheral position in the herd on feeding and vigilance behavior in male and female Pyrenean chamois and to ascertain if a group size effect existed. We used focal animal sampling and recorded social interactions when a focal animal was involved. With males, vigilance rate was higher in the central part of the group than at the periphery, probably due to a higher density of animals in the central part of the herd and a higher probability of being disturbed by conspecifics. With females, vigilance rate did not differ according to position in the herd. Females spent more time feeding than males, and males showed a higher frequency of the vigilance behavior than females. We did not observe a clear relationship between group size and vigilance behavior. The differences in vigilance behavior might be due to social interactions

Bactericera cockerelli(Sulc), a potential threat to China’s potato industry

The potato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli(Hemiptera:Triozidae)has recently emerged as a serious pest of potatoes and other solanaceous crops.It causes direct feeding damage and also vectors Candidatus Liberibacter solanaceaerum(Lso),a pathogen that causes zebra chip disease in potatoes and which potentially costs growers millions of dollars each year.Such producers rely on frequent sprays of pesticides for psyllid control but the results are unsatisfactory and there are negative side effects.The psyllid has spread beyond its native range in southwest US and northern Mexico to Canada,El Salvador,Honduras,Guatemala and Nicaragua via medium to long range dispersal flights perhaps aided by wind currents,and through anthropogenic means.It was accidentally introduced into New Zealand in 2006 and most recently Australia,most likely through the importation of infested plant material.This review summarizes information from studies on the biology,impact and management of B.cockerelli,and highlights the imminent risk of this insect and its associated pathogen invading China,the world’s largest producer of fresh potatoes.Development of risk maps leading to increased surveillance,could prevent or delay an incursion and facilitate early detection or eradication should this occur.Long-term management with Lso-tolerant potato cultivars and psyllid control using the parasitic wasp Tamarixia triozae and other natural enemies should be pursued,rather than depending on synthetic pesticides.

Attention sports fans! The far-reaching contributions of bud sport mutants to horticulture and plant biology

A bud sport is a lateral shoot,inflorescence or single flower/fruit with a visibly different phenotype from the rest of the plant.The new phenotype is often caused by a stable somatic mutation in a single cell that is passed on to its clonal descendants and eventually populates part or all of a meristem.In many cases,a bud sport can be vegetatively propagated,thereby preserving the novel phenotype without sexual reproduction.Bud sports provide new characteristics while retaining the desirable qualities of the parent plant,which is why many bud sports have been developed into popular cultivars.We present an overview of the history of bud sports,the causes and methods of detecting somaclonal variation,and the types of mutant phenotypes that have arisen spontaneously.We focus on examples where the molecular or cytological changes causing the phenotype have been identified.Analysis of these sports has provided valuable insight into developmental processes,gene function and regulation,and in some cases has revealed new information about layer-specific roles of some genes.Examination of the molecular changes causing a phenotype and in some cases reversion back to the original state has contributed to our understanding of the mechanisms that drive genomic evolution.

Relative Bioavailability of DL and L-Methionine in Broilers

Studies on the relative bioavailability (RBV) of DL-Methionine (DL-Met) to L-Methionine (L-Met) have produced variable results. An experiment was conducted to determine the RBV of DL to L-Met. A total of 2268 1-day old male chicken were housed in 54 floor pens (42 bird/pen). There were 9 treatments (6 repetitions) including the basal diet (BD). The BD was deficient in Met content with 0.27, 0.26 and 0.25 in the starter, grower and finisher periods respectively. Four levels of experimental diets for each DL-Met and L-Met were created by supplementing 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.15% and 0.20% of DL- or L-Met to the BD. The feeding program consisted of starter (0-14 d, 21% CP and 2900 kcal ME/kg), grower (15 - 28 d, 20% CP and 3000 kcal ME/kg) and finisher period (29 - 37 d, 18.5% CP and 3050 kcal ME/kg). Chickens and feed were weighed at the end of each age period. Regression coefficients of a common plateau asymptotic regression were used to calculate RBV. Birds responded to gradual increase in Met levels, BW, FCR and ADG were significantly (P 0.05) higher in treatment groups as compared to control. Through the study period (37 d), the RBVs of DL-Met for BW and FCR were 89 and 77 respectively.

Depicting the battle between nectarine and Monilinia laxa:the fruit developmental stage dictates the effectiveness of the host defenses and the pathogen’s infection strategies

Infections by the fungus Monilinia laxa,the main cause of brown rot in Europe,result in considerable losses of stone fruit.Herein,we present a comprehensive transcriptomic approach to unravel strategies deployed by nectarine fruit and M.laxa during their interaction.We used M.laxa-inoculated immature and mature fruit,which was resistant and susceptible to brown rot,respectively,to perform a dual RNA-Seq analysis.In immature fruit,host responses,pathogen biomass,and pathogen transcriptional activity peaked at 14–24 h post inoculation(hpi),at which point M.laxa appeared to switch its transcriptional response to either quiescence or death.Mature fruit experienced an exponential increase in host and pathogen activity beginning at 6 hpi.Functional analyses in both host and pathogen highlighted differences in stage-dependent strategies.For example,in immature fruit,M.laxa unsuccessfully employed carbohydrate-active enzymes(CAZymes)for penetration,which the fruit was able to combat with tightly regulated hormone responses and an oxidative burst that challenged the pathogen’s survival at later time points.In contrast,in mature fruit,M.laxa was more dependent on proteolytic effectors than CAZymes,and was able to invest in filamentous growth early during the interaction.Hormone analyses of mature fruit infected with M.laxa indicated that,while jasmonic acid activity was likely useful for defense,high ethylene activity may have promoted susceptibility through the induction of ripening processes.Lastly,we identified M.laxa genes that were highly induced in both quiescent and active infections and may serve as targets for control of brown rot.

Water,Nitrogen and Plant Density Affect the Response of Leaf Appearance of Direct Seeded Rice to Thermal Time

Field experiments were conducted in the Ebro Delta area （Spain）, from 2007 to 2009 with two rice varieties： Gleva and Tebre. The experimental treatments included a series of seed rates, two different water management systems and two different nitrogen fertilization times. The number of leaves on the main stems and their emergence time were periodically tagged. The results indicated that the final leaf number on the main stems in the two rice varieties was quite stable over a three-year period despite of the differences in their respective growth cycles. Interaction between nitrogen fertilization and water management influenced the final leaf number on the main stems. Plant density also had a significant influence on the rate of leaf appearance by extending the phyllochron and postponing the onset of intraspecific competition after the emergence of the 7th leaf on the main stems. Final leaf number on the main stems was negatively related to plant density. A relationship between leaf appearance and thermal time was established with a strong nonlinear function. In direct-seeded rice, the length of the phyllochron increases exponentially in line with the advance of plant development. A general model, derived from 2-year experimental data, was developed and satisfactorily validated; it had a root mean square error of 0.3 leaf. An exponential model can be used to predict leaf emergence in direct-seeded rice.

High-density mapping suggests cytoplasmic male sterility with two restorer genes in almond×peach progenies

Peach(Prunus persica)and almond(Prunus dulcis)are two sexually compatible species that produce fertile offspring.Almond,a highly polymorphic species,is a potential source of new genes for peach that has a strongly eroded gene pool.Here we describe the genetics of a male sterile phenotype that segregated in two almond(‘Texas’)×peach(‘Earlygold’)progenies:an F2(T×E)and a backcross one(T1E)to the‘Earlygold’parent.High-density maps were developed using a 9k peach SNP chip and 135 simple-sequence repeats.Three highly syntenic and collinear maps were obtained:one for the F2(T×E)and two for the backcross,T1E(for the hybrid)and E(for‘Earlygold’).A major reduction of recombination was observed in the interspecific maps(T×E and T1E)compared to the intraspecific parent(E).The E map also had extensive monomorphic genomic regions suggesting the presence of large DNA fragments identical by descent.Our data for the male sterility character were consistent with the existence of cytoplasmic male sterility,where individuals having the almond cytoplasm required the almond allele in at least one of two independent restorer genes,Rf1 and Rf2,to be fertile.The restorer genes were located in a 3.4 Mbp fragment of linkage group 2(Rf1)and 1.4 Mbp of linkage group 6(Rf2).Both fragments contained several genes coding for pentatricopeptide proteins,demonstrated to be responsible for restoring fertility in other species.The implications of these results for using almond as a source of novel variability in peach are discussed.

Genetic dissection of climacteric fruit ripening in a melon population segregating for ripening behavior

Melon is as an alternative model to understand fruit ripening due to the coexistence of climacteric and non-climacteric varieties within the same species,allowing the study of the processes that regulate this complex trait with genetic approaches.We phenotyped a population of recombinant inbred lines(RILs),obtained by crossing a climacteric(Védrantais,cantalupensis type)and a non-climcteric variety(Piel de Sapo T111,inodorus type),for traits related to climacteric maturation and ethylene production.Individuals in the RIL population exhibited various combinations of phenotypes that differed in the amount of ethylene produced,the early onset of ethylene production,and other phenotypes associated with ripening.We characterized a major QTL on chromosome 8,ETHQV8.1,which is sufficient to activate climacteric ripening,and other minor QTLs that may modulate the climacteric response.The ETHQV8.1 allele was validated by using two reciprocal introgression line populations generated by crossing Védrantais and Piel de Sapo and analyzing the ETHQV8.1 region in each of the genetic backgrounds.A Genome-wide association study(GWAS)using 211 accessions of the ssp.melo further identified two regions on chromosome 8 associated with the production of aromas,one of these regions overlapping with the 154.1 kb interval containing ETHQV8.1.The ETHQV8.1 region contains several candidate genes that may be related to fruit ripening.This work sheds light into the regulation mechanisms of a complex trait such as fruit ripening.

Pedigree analysis of 220 almond genotypes reveals two world mainstream breeding lines based on only three different cultivars

Loss of genetic variability is an increasing challenge in tree breeding programs due to the repeated use of a reduced number of founder genotypes.However,in almond,little is known about the genetic variability in current breeding stocks,although several cases of inbreeding depression have been reported.To gain insights into the genetic structure in modern breeding programs worldwide,marker-verified pedigree data of 220 almond cultivars and breeding selections were analyzed.Inbreeding coefficients,pairwise relatedness,and genetic contribution were calculated for these genotypes.The results reveal two mainstream breeding lines based on three cultivars:“Tuono”,“Cristomorto”,and“Nonpareil”.Descendants from“Tuono”or“Cristomorto”number 76(sharing 34 descendants),while“Nonpareil”has 71 descendants.The mean inbreeding coefficient of the analyzed genotypes was 0.041,with 14 genotypes presenting a high inbreeding coefficient,over 0.250.Breeding programs from France,the USA,and Spain showed inbreeding coefficients of 0.075,0.070,and 0.037,respectively.According to their genetic contribution,modern cultivars from Israel,France,the USA,Spain,and Australia trace back to a maximum of six main founding genotypes.Among the group of 65 genotypes carrying the S f allele for self-compatibility,the mean relatedness coefficient was 0.125,with“Tuono”as the main founding genotype(24.7%of total genetic contribution).The results broaden our understanding about the tendencies followed in almond breeding over the last 50 years and will have a large impact into breeding decision-making process worldwide.Increasing current genetic variability is required in almond breeding programs to assure genetic gain and continuing breeding progress.

Investigation of the transcriptomic and metabolic changes associated with superficial scald physiology impaired by lovastatin and 1-methylcyclopropene in pear fruit(cv.“Blanquilla”)

To elucidate the physiology underlying the development of superficial scald in pears,susceptible“Blanquilla”fruit was treated with different compounds that either promoted(ethylene)or repressed(1-methylcyclopropene and lovastatin)the incidence of this disorder after 4 months of cold storage.Our data show that scald was negligible for the fruit treated with 1-methylcyclopropene or lovastatin,but highly manifested in untreated(78%incidence)or ethylenetreated fruit(97%incidence).The comparison between the fruit metabolomic profile and transcriptome evidenced a distinct reprogramming associated with each treatment.In all treated samples,cold storage led to an activation of a cold-acclimation-resistance mechanism,including the biosynthesis of very-long-chain fatty acids,which was especially evident in 1-methylcyclopropane-treated fruit.Among the treatments applied,only 1-methylcyclopropene inhibited ethylene production,hence supporting the involvement of this hormone in the development of scald.However,a common repression effect on the PPO gene combined with higher sorbitol content was found for both lovastatin and 1-methylcyclopropene-treated samples,suggesting also a non-ethylene-mediated process preventing the development of this disorder.The results presented in this work represent a step forward to better understand the physiological mechanisms governing the etiology of superficial scald in pears.

氧化锌在含有植酸酶的低磷日粮中的作用

在许多国家,给断奶仔猪饲喂药用剂量的氧化锌以提高断奶仔猪的生长性能。而欧盟法规规定饲料中氧化锌的最高添加量不能超过150 mg/kg,从而减少对环境的影响。然而,在欧洲的一些国家氧化锌被用作治疗制剂来防止断奶后两周内的仔猪腹泻。

Establishing the Tolerability to Turkeys of Nonanoic Acid at Practical Levels of Use as a Feed Flavoring

Objective: Nonanoic acid (NA) is one of a series of straight-chain aliphatic alcohols, aldehydes, acids and their derivatives with a well-documented history of use as a synthetic flavoring in human food. As part of a safety evaluation of NA for use as a flavoring in animal feed, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the ability of turkeys to tolerate NA at levels relevant to practical feeding practices. Materials and Methods: A total of 594-day-old BUT Premium turkeys (300 males and 294 females) were allocated at random to 40 floor pens containing either 15 males or 13 to 15 females. Poults were fed one of 4 treatment diets in crumble (0 to 14 days) or pellet (15 to 59 days) form containing 0 (control), 100, 300 or 1000 mg NA/kg complete feed for 59 days. General health and performance were monitored for the duration of the study. At days 57 and 59 of age, blood samples were taken and birds were sacrificed and necropsied for histopathological examination of the digestive tract. Significant differences were considered at P ≤ 0.05 and near-significant trends at P ≤ 0.10. Results: NA had no effect on mortality (Pχ2 = 0.54), average daily feed intake (ADFI) (P = 0.11), average daily gain (ADG) (P = 0.12) or feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P = 0.45) in poults over the 56-day feeding period. No treatment-related effects on blood parameters or tissue pathology were observed. Conclusion: The results of the study support the safety and tolerance of NA to turkeys at dietary levels of up to 1000 mg/kg which will provide a considerable margin of safety compared to anticipated practical conditions of use as a feed flavoring.

Fine mapping and identification of candidate genes for the peach powdery mildew resistance gene Vr3

Powdery mildew is one of the major diseases of peach(Prunus persica),caused by the ascomycete Podosphaera pannosa.Currently,it is controlled through calendar-based fungicide treatments starting at petal fall,but an alternative is to develop resistant peach varieties.Previous studies mapped a resistance gene(Vr3)in interspecific populations between almond(‘Texas’)and peach(‘Earlygold’).To obtain molecular markers highly linked to Vr3 and to reduce the number of candidate genes,we fine-mapped Vr3 to a genomic region of 270 kb with 27 annotated genes.To find evidence supporting one of these positional candidate genes as being responsible of Vr3,we analyzed the polymorphisms of the resequences of both parents and used near-isogenic lines(NILs)for expression analysis of the positional candidate genes in symptomatic or asymptomatic leaves.Genes differentially expressed between resistant and susceptible individuals were annotated as a Disease Resistance Protein RGA2(Prupe2G111700)or an Eceriferum 1 protein involved in epicuticular wax biosynthesis(Prupe2G112800).Only Prupe2G111700 contained a variant predicted to have a disruptive effect on the encoded protein,and was overexpressed in both heterozygous and homozygous individuals containing the Vr3 almond allele,compared with susceptible individuals.This information was also useful to identify and validate molecular markers tightly linked and flanking Vr3.In addition,the NILs used in this work will facilitate the introgression of this gene into peach elite materials,alone or pyramided with other known resistance genes such as peach powdery mildew resistance gene Vr2.

Prunus genetics and applications after de novo genome sequencing:achievements and prospects

Prior to the availability of whole-genome sequences,our understanding of the structural and functional aspects of Prunus tree genomes was limited mostly to molecular genetic mapping of important traits and development of EST resources.With public release of the peach genome and others that followed,significant advances in our knowledge of Prunus genomes and the genetic underpinnings of important traits ensued.In this review,we highlight key achievements in Prunus genetics and breeding driven by the availability of these whole-genome sequences.Within the structural and evolutionary contexts,we summarize:(1)the current status of Prunus whole-genome sequences;(2)preliminary and ongoing work on the sequence structure and diversity of the genomes;(3)the analyses of Prunus genome evolution driven by natural and man-made selection;and(4)provide insight into haploblocking genomes as a means to define genome-scale patterns of evolution that can be leveraged for trait selection in pedigree-based Prunus tree breeding programs worldwide.Functionally,we summarize recent and ongoing work that leverages whole-genome sequences to identify and characterize genes controlling 22 agronomically important Prunus traits.These include phenology,fruit quality,allergens,disease resistance,tree architecture,and self-incompatibility.Translationally,we explore the application of sequence-based marker-assisted breeding technologies and other sequence-guided biotechnological approaches for Prunus crop improvement.Finally,we present the current status of publically available Prunus genomics and genetics data housed mainly in the Genome Database for Rosaceae(GDR)and its updated functionalities for future bioinformatics-based Prunus genetics and genomics inquiry.

Potential Effects of Global Change to Urban Vegetation： Vulnerability and Adaptations

An urban area is a space with high population density which develops new, major and complex structures in comparison to the areas surrounding it. In order to develop these structures and maintain population and its activity, the metabolism of urban areas needs a lot of external sources of energy and nutrients （water, food, materials...）, which produces heat waste, garbage, sewage and pollution which are some of the major problems for urban sites, and the related areas from it. This metabolism promotes major environmental changes in the urban areas, which promote stress on vegetation used in gardening. The main environmental factors that affect vegetation in urban areas are the same that have been defined in literature from long time ago, but now they are acting as the sum of complementary and synergic effects of these classical stresses at the same moment, in the same place, which happen due to the incredibly amount of energy that we place in the systems. This is called global change. Ecophysiological studies can provide objective information to be used as a tool to improve the vegetation management in urban areas from design to process, and consequently avoiding the potential vulnerabilities associated with global change. Present paper tries to show several examples about the plant response, measurement tools and vulnerabilities and adaptations to global change under urban conditions. It can be concluded that the large availability of vegetal material and the great technical development can be highlighted as strong points of gardening and urban landscaping while, as weak points, it could be mentioned the changing taste of consumers, which can force the introduction of new vegetal material with no time for adaptation, Urban gardening and landscaping can be considered to be exposed to global change, but in our opinion it is necessary to carry out more studies to determine the real degree of vulnerability of this activity to this complex kind of stress.

An integrated approach for increasing breeding efficiency in apple and peach in Europe

Despite the availability of whole genome sequences of apple and peach,there has been a considerable gap between genomics and breeding.To bridge the gap,the European Union funded the FruitBreedomics project(March 2011 to August 2015)involving 28 research institutes and private companies.Three complementary approaches were pursued:(i)tool and software development,(ii)deciphering genetic control of main horticultural traits taking into account allelic diversity and(iii)developing plant materials,tools and methodologies for breeders.Decisive breakthroughs were made including the making available of ready-to-go DNA diagnostic tests for Marker Assisted Breeding,development of new,dense SNP arrays in apple and peach,new phenotypic methods for some complex traits,software for gene/QTL discovery on breeding germplasm via Pedigree Based Analysis(PBA).This resulted in the discovery of highly predictive molecular markers for traits of horticultural interest via PBA and via Genome Wide Association Studies(GWAS)on several European genebank collections.FruitBreedomics also developed pre-breeding plant materials in which multiple sources of resistance were pyramided and software that can support breeders in their selection activities.Through FruitBreedomics,significant progresses were made in the field of apple and peach breeding,genetics,genomics and bioinformatics of which advantage will be made by breeders,germplasm curators and scientists.A major part of the data collected during the project has been stored in the FruitBreedomics database and has been made available to the public.This review covers the scientific discoveries made in this major endeavour,and perspective in the apple and peach breeding and genomics in Europe and beyond.