Crustal and Mantle Sources at Various Settings of Phanerozoic Geodynamic Development Expressed in Volcanism and Metallogeny of Eurasian Active Margin

Phanerozoic geodynamic development of the Tethys ocean revealed at Eurasian active margin is manifested in pre-and post-collision stages.The Phanerozoic crust was already divided into sialic and basaltic crusts and rigid upper mantle.The precious and nonferrous metals were redistributed between them.In the sialic crust,precious metals are concentrated: Au,Ag and Pb,in basaltic crust—zinc,the copper mainly rests in the mantle.Phanerozoic plate-tectonics was manifested in the following settings: island arc,inter/backarc and oceanic.Island arc setting correlates with steady-state subduction and controlled by calc-alkaline volcanism.At this stage,the sialic,basaltic crust and mantle material participate in volcanism,whereas the subducted slab plunged in mantle,the metallogenic indicators are Au,Pb,Zn and Cu.The stage of inter/backarc is related to steepening of subducting slab,because mantle diapir incursion provokes the rifting.At the initial stage and at stage of slackening rifting,when the sialic crust is not yet spread out from zone of volcanic activity,mineralization was represented by subalkaline trachydacites,shoshonite and alkali basaltic volcanism(volcanological indicators)and Au and Pb are participated with Zn and Cu in mineralization.The strengthening of steepening with mantle diapir incursion on higher level rifting spread out the sialic crust,volcanism on this stage is tholeiitic and mineralization is represented by zinc-copper-pyrite VMS(Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide)ores.The minor ocean setting is controlled by the most intensive spreading provoked by incursion mantle diapir at highest level,and spread out the basaltic crust as well,and volcanism belongs to ophiolites with dunite-peridotite magmatic activity.The mineralization was represented by copper-pyrite ores and single metallogenic indicator is the copper.The convergence of Eurasian and Afro-Arabian continents and closing of Tethys Ocean resulted in transferring the pre-collision stage in post-collision,characterized by trace elements Sb,W,Mo,Hg,as geochemical and metallogenic indicator of the postcollision setting.

Unrelaxed State in Epitaxial Heterostructures Based on Lead Selenide

The work deals with the epitaxial PbSe layers grown on the KCl substrates by the method of “hot-wall” molecular epitaxy over the range of layer thicknesses of 20 - 2000 nm. Special emphasis is put on the values of elastic deformations that could be generated and frozen in epitaxial layers with the aim of influencing their energy spectra and optical properties. The maximum deformation at layers tension made up 57% of the initial mismatch between the layer and the substrate (ε = Δa/a = 0.015). In such a solid-state structure effective “negative” pressure is realized, which is justified by increase in the tangential lattice constant and the forbidden gap width. This width correlates with the tangential lattice constant (deformation) and corresponds to certain values of definite frequencies of direct electron transitions across the forbidden gap.

Geodynamic Development of Eurasian Active Margin during Closing of Thetys Ocean, Depending on the Scale of Mantle-Crustal Sources Influence at Pre- and Post-collision Settings, Controlled by Geological and Geochemical Indicators

Phanerozoic geodynamic evolution development of Tethys Ocean,its collision and closing,revealed at the Eurasian active margin in pre-and post-collision stages during convergence of Afro-Arabian and Eurasian continents.Subduction of oceanic slab under continental margin revealed in steady state subduction and steepening of subducting slab provoked the incursion of mantle diapir.The steady state subduction is related with island arc setting whereas steepening provoked incursion of mantle diaper interarc-backarc and minor ocean settings.They are controlled by geological indicators—volcagenic,petrochemical,geochemical,tectonic and metallogenic.Each of them is determined by scale of mantle-crustal influence,controlled by intensity and level of mantle diapir incursion in the crust rising from interarc-backarc to minor oceanic setting.The island arc setting is characterized by blocking,which as others by extension of rifting(interarc-backarc)caused spreading out from zone of volcanic activity and mineralization sialic crusts,whereas minor ocean setting caused by spreading out from zone of volcanic activity and mineralization sialic and basaltic crusts.So mantle crustal influence rising from island arc to minor ocean settings controlled type of volcanism and mineralization in pre-collision development.At the closing of ocean occurred the precollision setting which is transferred in post-collision revealed in orogenesis.It is divided in two stages.The first initial stage occurred in penetration hot fluids from the mantle in sialic crust smelted from in granitoid melt and leached the gold and trace melts Sb,W,Mg and Hg from sialic crust.The latter are geochemical indicators of post-collision setting.The second final stage revealed in shoshonite-basalt volcanism activity occurred with penetrated mantle material into deep volcanic chambers and characterized with increasing of mantle influence than initial stage of post-collision activity.

Relation of Tethys Ocean Subduction, Collision and Closure with Regional Metamorphism, Volcanism and Mineralization Exemplified on the Eurasian Active Margin

The geodynamic development of Eurasian active margin is related to subduction,collision and closure of Tethys Ocean.It is divided on pre-collision and post-collision stages.The pre-collision development controlled by subduction,whereas post-collision related by orogenesis,granodiorite magmatism gold base and trace metals(Sb,W,Mo and Hg)metallogeny.The mentioned trace metals association is the geochemical indicator of first stage of post-collision development.The second stage revealed in andesite basalt,shoshonite,olivine basalt and tholeiite volcanic activity.Pre-collision stage is controlled by steady state subduction related with metamorphism and calc-alkaline volcanic activity in subaqual and island conditions of island arc setting.It is lately with steepening of subducting slab and incursion of mantle diapir transferred in interarc-backarc and minor ocean setting with shoshonite-trachyandesite and alkali olivine basalt and tholeiite volcanism and later with ophiolite volcanism,dunite-peridotite magmatism and Cu-pyrite mineralization of minor ocean setting.The pre-collision stage is developed temporally and spacially along dipping of subducted slab in the island arc setting transferring in the backarc-interarc and minor ocean settings.The similar transferring occurs laterally to dipping of slab and ascending succession.The alternation of settings shown the cycling along dipping spatial and temporal alternation of island arc,backarc and minor ocean settings.Laterally to dipping alternation is only spatial,whereas in ascending succession cycling is only temporal,localized spacially.The pre-collision development occurs in subaqual condition,whereas related to orogenesis post-collision development is mainly subaerial.

The Electrolytic Dissociation of Aryl Derivatives of Succinic Acid

In this work, an analysis of the regularities of the electrolytic dissociation of aryl derivatives of the succinic acid (phenylsuccinic, benzylsuccinic, dibenzylsuccinic and phenyl-2-benzylsuccinic acids) in their dilute (0.0001 - 0.01 mol.dm-3) solutions was carried out with the aid of a new method of determination of the dissociation parameters of weak multibasic organic acids with the “overlapping equilibria” effect previously described by authors. Values of the usual and “partial” degrees of dissociation, the concentrations of all anions, hydrogen ions and undissociated acid molecules, the activity coefficients of all charged dissociation products were calculated. Together with the accurate equations, the simple empirical equations for fast approximate determination of the various dissociation parameters were also suggested.

Geodynamic Development of Eurasian Active Margin at Pre-collision Subduction and at Post-collision Closing of Tethys Ocean

Geodynamic development of Eurasian Active Margin is related to Phanerozoic collision and closure of Tethys Ocean coincided with northvergent movement and stressing of Afro-Arabian continent at the Eurasian margin.The collision coincided with subduction oceanic Slab under margin of continent at pre-collision stage revealed in formation of island arc,inter-arc backarc and minor ocean settings at pre-collision stage.After closure of ocean the subduction is terminated and pre-collision stage transferred in post-collision and orogenesis,caused by stressing Afro-Arabian continent at the Eurasian.Character of subduction determined the settings of pre-collision stage.The island arc setting is related with steady state subduction,interarc-backarc and minor ocean settings are controlled by steepening of subducting slab which caused invasion of mantle diapir extension and spreading the crust revealed in rifting in interarc-backarc and intensive spreading in minor ocean setting,whereas at island arc setting the mantle invasion and spreading did not occur.So,scale of mantle material participation in various settings determined character of volcanism and tectonics.The island arcs are characterized by calc-alkaline rhyo-dacite-andesite-basalt volcanism blocking tectonics,revealed in island uplifting and gold-base metal mineralization.The interarc-backarc settings revealed in tholeiite-olivine basaltic volcanism,rifting and Zn-Cu mineralization the minor ocean setting controlled by ophiolite volcanism ultimatic dunite-peridotite-magmatism and the most intensive spreading of lithosphere and copper-pyrite mineralization confirmed by volcano-petrogenic,metallogenic and tectonic indications and geochemical cryteria.Therefore,type of volcanism,magmatism and mineralization at precollision development are controlled by scale and influence of crustal-mantle participation.The post-collision stage of geodynamic development also is characterized by various scales of crustal mantle influence.Our studied region consists of pre-and post-collision stages,located in Iran,Caucasus,Turkey and Balcan-Carpathian is parth of the Eurasian active margin.At post-collision,as at pre-collision stages the volcanic-magmatic activity,tectonics and mineralization are depended on the crustial-mantle scale of influence and are controlled by volcano-petrogenic,metallogenic,as well as,tectonical and geochemical indicators.

U–Pb LA-ICP-MS geochronology of polygenetic zircons from Beshta and Kamenistaya intrusions(the Greater Caucasus)

The Beshta-Kamenistaya intrusions are located in the Main Range structural zone of the Greater Caucasus.They are composed of tonalitic gneisses that genetically resemble granites of the tholeiitic series of the ophiolitic complexes.The Beshta-Kamenistaya orthogneisses and associated rocks of the nappes differ markedly from those of the Main Range zone.All of them were overthrust to the Main Range zone during the Bretonian orogeny.The age of their protolith and the metamorphism are still not defined.Using the zircon U-Pb LA-ICP-MS dating two age populations of zircons have been distinguished in the rocks of the Beshta-Kamenistaya intrusions.The age of the main population of zircons from orthogneisses is 426-300 Ma.Several age groups can be distinguished in this population.The main group yielded a Concordia age of386.9±1.4 Ma.There are also smaller peaks at 409-405,375-373,and 351 Ma.The oldest ages(426-395 Ma)were detected in the core parts of the complex crystals.We assume that the crystallization of the parental for orthogneisses rocks(tonalities)took place at 410-395 Ma,whereas the Concordia age of 386.9±1.4 Ma and a peak at 375-373 Ma correspond to the metamorphic event.The whole metamorphic cycle,including progressive and regressive stages,occurred between 395 and 370 Ma.Zircons,dated in the Beshta-Kamenistaya intrusion at350 Ma and younger,correspond to the Late Variscan orogeny.Zircons dated 3102-2769 Ma represent xenocrysts captured by the melts during their formation from the ancient rocks in the crystalline basement.

The “Overlapping Equilibria” Effect in the Processes of the Electrolytic Dissociation of Weak Multibasic Organic Acids

The “overlapping equilibria” effect observed in the processes of electrolytic dissociation of many weak multibasic organic acids determines the character of these processes. In this communication, the degree of “overlapping equilibria” in case of weak dibasic organic acids is quantitatively characterized by the values of “partial” degree of dissociation for second step and ratio of the concentrations of dianion and monoanion. It has been shown that these dissociation parameters are directly connected with the values of the second dissociation constant. It has been also shown that the contribution of third dissociation step in the “overlapping equilibria” effect is especially appreciable in case of penta and hexabasic weak organic acids causing the double “overlapping” phenomenon.

Technology Assisted English Language

This article is about computer/software assisted English language learning. The aim of this article is to provide an overview on what new technologies are in the world in this direction and what kind of benefits it could have if implemented in Georgia. It will argue that incorporating existing and creating new technologies in English language teaching is of crucial importance for developing English language teaching and learning. Firstly, this article will discuss the process of learning a language, where the importance of some aspects/activities will be highlighted. Secondly, the way new technologies support/make it easier to happen in the classroom environment, will be analyzed. This part will also show technologies that concenrate on aiding teaching another language, that could be useful for English language teaching as well. Thirdly, the benefits of bringing these new technologies, that this article will talk about, to Georgian classrooms, will be discussed.

Numerical Modeling of Dust Propagation in the Atmosphere of a City with Complex Terrain. The Case of Background Eastern Light Air

Micro-scale processes of dust distribution in the city of Tbilisi with very complex topography are modeled using a 3D regional model of atmospheric processes and numerical integration of the transport-diffusion equation of the impurity. The Terrain-following coordinate system is used to take into account the influence of a very complex relief on the process of atmospheric pollution. Modeling is carried out using horizontal grid steps of 300 m and 400 m along latitude and longitude, respectively. Cases of the stationary background eastern light air are considered. In the model, motor transport is considered as a nonstationary source of pollution from which dust is emitted into the atmosphere. Modeling of dust micro-scale diffusion process showed that the city air pollution depends on the spatial distribution of the main sources of city pollution, i.e. on vehicle traffic intensity, as well as on the spatial distribution of highways, and micro-orography of city and relief of the surrounding territories. It is shown that the dust pollution level in the surface layer of the atmosphere is minimal at 6 a.m. Ground-level concentration rapidly grows with the increase of vehicle traffic intensity and at 12 a.m. reaches maximum allowable concentration (MAC = 0.5 mg/m3) in the vicinity of central city mains. From 12 a.m. to 9 p.m. maximum dust concentration values are within the limits of 0.9 - 1.2 MAC. In the mentioned time interval formation of the high pollution zones, the slow growth of their areas and the value of ground-level concentrations take place. These zones are located in both central and peripheral parts of the city. Their disposition and area sizes depend on the spatial distribution of local wind-generated under the action of complex terrain, as well as on the processes of turbulent and advective dust transfer. From 9 p.m. to 24 p.m. reduction of dust pollution and ground-level concentration takes place. After midnight the city dust pollution process continues quasi-periodically.

Impact of Anthropogenic Factor on Karst Landscape (Zemo Imereti Structural Plateau Case Study), Georgia, Caucasus

The Zemo Imereti (Chiatura) Structural Plateau covers the easternmost part of the western Georgia limestone belt and is the only region of the platform karst in the entire Caucasus. Zemo Imereti Plateau’s complex structural studies revealed that the karst landscape has been completely transformed due to human strong economic activities, mainly related to the manganese unplanned, predatory extraction. The ore mining process completely destroyed the soil and vegetation cover thus creating “anthropo-badlands”. Due to manganese open-cast mining, the layers located over limestones are almost totally removed and heavy rains stipulate intense washout of substances from loose rocks. Intense washout of manganese extracted from mines and high contamination of river water streams take place directly in the river beds. Karst sinkholes and wells are common in the plateau, which are often used as waste fills-storages by the local population. Contaminated underground karst waters flowing into the above mentioned landforms are directly related to the karst springs used by the population and occasionally cause their turbidity and contamination, which is also confirmed by our indicator tests. As a laboratory study of the samples showed, mineralization of underground karst waters in the study area is 1.5 - 3 times higher than similar values in neighboring karst areas, which should be explained by the widespread of manganese open pits in the feeding basins of underground karst waters. According to the materials obtained from our surveys and calculations carried out, karst (chemical) denudation (surface 64.2 - 190.6 m3/km2/year, underground 1.5 - 117.0 m3/km2/year) has been increased in the study area than in other karst regions of Georgia, which is also related to technologic factors.

The Prognosis of Delayed Reactions in Rats Using Markov Chains Method

The original modified method of the direct delayed reaction has been used for the evaluation of food-obtaining strategy across spatial learning tasks in T-maze alternation. The optimal behavioral algorithms for each experimental day have been identified so that the animals obtain maximum possible food amount with minimal number of mistakes. Markov chain method has been used for the prognosis of rat’s behavioral strategy during the spatial learning task. The learning and decision-making represent the probabilistic transition process where the animal choice at each step (state) depends on the learning experience from previous step (state).

On Some Bending Problems of Prismatic Shell with the Thickness Vanishing at Infinity

The present work is devoted to the bending problems of prismatic shell with the thickness vanishing at infinity as an exponential function. The bending equation in the zero approximation of Vekua＇s hierarchical models is considered. The problem is reduced to the Dirichlet boundary value problem for elliptic type partial differential equations on half-plane. The solution of the problem under consideration is constructed in the integral form.

Current Carriers Scattering in InP-InAs Solid Solutions

Electrical parameters of n-type InPxAs1-x solid solution crystals have been investigated in the range of 4.2-300 K. Theoretical calculations of current carriers mobility have been carried out and they are in good agreement with experimental results. The contribution of current carriers scattering main mechanisms has been determined. Comparison of experimental and theoretical data has shown minor contribution of disorder scattering associated with the disordered arrangement of atoms in InPxAs1-x solid solutions. Contribution of the disorder scattering increases with increasing of InP composition in solid solutions system at fixed temperatures and weakens with lowering of temperature and never dominates. A maximal share of the ＂alloy＂ scattering observed in experimental samples of lnPxAs1-x solid solutions differs from the similar scattering in SiGe alloys. It does not exceed - 20% of total scattering at 300 K and - 10% at lower temperature. A relative small contribution of disorder scattering is important for the devices designed on the base of InPxAs1-x system.

Characteristics and predictive biomarkers of drug resistant epilepsy -- study in Georgia

Aim: The authors conducted a case-control study to estimate predictive factors for timely identification of patients at higher risk for developing drug resistant epilepsy. Methods:The retrospective case-control study was conducted among people diagnosed as having drug resistant epilepsy (cases) and their controls, identified as having drug-responsive seizures. All participants were admitted to the tertiary Epilepsy Center at the Institute of Neurology and Neuropsychology (Tbilisi, Georgia) during 2011. The data on demographic features and disease characteristics were analyzed. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent risk factors for development of intractable epilepsy. Results:A total 334 patients were identified;84 (34%) met the criteria for drug resistant epilepsy. One hundred and sixty-four age- and gender-matched controls with drug-responsive epilepsy were identified. Relative to the control group, the drug resistant seizure group had increased frequency of perinatal pathology (24% vs. 12%), febrile seizures (22% vs. 12%), seizure frequency at disease manifestation (62% vs. 19%), occurrence of convulsive seizures (84%vs. 70%), electroencephalo-graph (EEG) epileptiform discharges (94% vs. 77%), polytherapy (90% vs. 12%), multilobar lesions (30% vs. 16%), hippocampal sclerosis (18% vs. 5%), and malformations of cortical development (8% vs. 2%). Multivariate analysis indicated four factors with independent predictive value for development of intractable epilepsy: frequency of seizure, polymorphism of seizure, polytherapy, and epileptiform EEG abnormalities.The presence of all four factors in combination resulted in a 98% of probability of developing drug resistant epilepsy. Conclusion:Several factors appear to have prognostic value in identifying the risk for drug resistant epilepsy. These factors may prove useful in non-specialized health care settings for timely identification of individuals with elevated risk for drug resistant epilepsy. However, retrospective design and possible recall bias must be considered when interpreting or extrapolating these results.

Georgian Literature before the Weltliteratur

The history of Georgian writing starts much earlier than when Goethe introduced the term"Weltliteratur."It starts from the era of Christianity from the 4th century.Due to the fast spread of Christianity in the Early Medieval period,Georgia was already included in the European net of Christian writing.All branches of Christian spiritual literature were presented.Georgian culture and literature naturally were developing in the frame of the Western European tradition.The period of the 11th-12th centuries was a Golden Era for Georgia,and the heyday of fame for Georgian culture and literature as well.Precisely during this period,"The Knight in the Panther's Skin"was created by Shota Rustaveli.Apart from its aesthetic,philosophical,and worldview depth,it is a first text in Georgian literature as well as in European literature which reflects the clashing of two huge universes in Georgian culturethe West and the East.The Western principles are revealed in the Christian worldview of the text,in the way of thinking of the author and in its genre;however,the 12th century is already a period of strengthening of the influence of Eastern culture and literature in the European part of the Caucasus,and Rustaveli regards with obvious favor the Oriental poetic motifs.Unfortunately,at this stage of European literary history,Georgian literature was separated from the Western European literary process due to tragic political events.As for literature,it was a period of almost three centuries of silence.After the fall of Constantinople,Georgian literature had to move closer to the Eastern area as an historically offered alternative.From the 17th century,the process of the returning of Georgian political and cultural life back within the European frame had been started.Genuine Georgian writers were able to tie Georgian literature to the cultural models of European Classicism and the Enlightenment.