A New Micropropagation Technology of Tilia amurensis:In VitroMicropropagation of Mature Zygotic Embryos and the Establishment of a PlantRegeneration System

Tilia amurensis is an economically valuable broadleaf tree species in Northeast China.The production of highqualityT.amurensis varieties at commercial scales has been greatly limited by the low germination rates.Thereis thus a pressing need to develop an organogenesis protocol for in vitro propagation of T.amurensis to alleviate ashortage of high-quality T.amurensis seedlings.Here,we established a rapid in vitro propagation system forT.amurensis from mature zygotic embryos and analyzed the effects of plant growth regulators and culture mediain different stages.We found that Woody plant medium(WPM)was the optimal primary culture medium formature zygotic embryos.The highest callus induction percentage(68.76%)and number of axillary buds induced(3.2)were obtained in WPM+0.89μmol/L 6-benzyladenine(6-BA)+0.46μmol/L kinetin(KT)+0.25μmol/Lindole-3-butryic acid(IBA)+1.44μmol/L gibberellin A_(3)(GA_(3)).The multiple shoot bud development achievedthe highest percentage(83.32%)in the Murashige and Skoog(MS)+2.22μmol/L 6-BA+0.25μmol/L IBA+1.44μmol/L GA_(3).The rooting percentage(96.70%)was highest in 1/2 MS medium+1.48μmol/L IBA.Thesurvival percentage of transplanting plantlets was 82.22%in soil:vermiculite:perlite(5:3:1).Our study is the firstto establish an effective organogenesis protocol for T.amurensis using mature zygotic embryos.

Comparison of genetic impact on growth and wood traits between seedlings and clones from the same plus trees of Pinus koraiensis

To evaluate the relationships among clones and open pollinated families from the same plus trees and to select elite breeding materials,growth,and wood characteristics of 33-year-old Pinus korainsis clones and families were measured and analyzed.The results show that growth and wood characters varied significantly.The variation due to clonal effects was higher than that of family effects.The ratio of genetic to phenotypic coefficient of variation of clones in growth and wood traits was above 90%,and the repeatability of these characteristics was more than 0.8,whereas the ratio of genetic to phenotypic coefficient of variation of families was above 90%.The broad-sense heritability of all characteristics exceeded 0.4,and the narrow-sense family heritability of growth traits was less than 0.3.Growth characteristics were positively correlated with each other,but most wood properties were weakly correlated in both clones and families.Fiber length and width were positively correlated between clones and families.Using the membership function method,eleven clones and four families were selected as superior material for improved diameter growth and wood production,and two families from clonal and open-pollinated trees showed consistently better performance.Generally,selection of the best clones is an effective alternative to deployment of families as the repeatability estimates from clonal trees were higher than narrow-sense heritability estimates from open pollinated families.The results provide valuable insight for improving P.koraiensis breeding programs and subsequent genetic improvement.

Study on the physiological indices of Pinus sibirica and Pinus koraiensis seedlings under cold stress

Although Pinus sibirica and Pinus koraiensis are resistant to cold or low temperatures in the cold temperate regions of the northern hemisphere,the former has a stronger cold resistance.Research has been limited to the comparison of physiological responses of the two species to cold stress.In this study,5-year-old seedlings of P.sibirica and P.koraiensis were subjected to six temperature treatments,[20℃(control),0℃,-20℃,-40℃,-60℃,and-80℃],under different stress periods(6,12,24,and 48 h).The results showed that differences in each physiological index were significant between P.sibirica and P.koraiensis,except for the permeability of cell membranes,reactive oxygen species,proline and soluble proteins.An ANOVA test indicated that there were extreme differences among the temperatures for each index,stress time and temperature 9 time for most indices.All indices showed a similar trend for P.sibirica and P.koraiensis with decreasing temperature or the extension of stress time.Soluble sugars and proline increased at 0 to-20℃and then remained unchanged with temperature decline.Other indices showed an increase from 20 to-20℃,stable from-20 to-40℃and a decrease from-40 to-80℃.All the indices increased and then declined along with the prolonged cold stress time,except for the control.From 0 to-40℃,the permeability of cell membranes,relative conductivity,reactive oxygen species and malonaldehyde of P.koraiensis seedlings were higher than in P.sibirica,but superoxide dismutase,peroxidase,catalase activity and soluble sugars,proline,and soluble proteins content emerged as opposite.This study compared the physiological mechanism responses to cold stress between P.sibirica and P.koraiensis to provide the basis for the introduction,distribution,and genetic improvement of these coniferous species.

Research advance of biomass and carbon storage of poplar in China

这篇论文在生物资源生产，生物资源生长模型，生物资源测量，生物资源和森林上总结了研究在中国在的白杨的密度，以及碳存储最近 20 年。白杨生物资源的研究上的存在问题被讨论，为提高白杨的生物资源的一些建议被提出……

Habitat associations of saplings and adults in an old-growth temperate forest in the Changbai mountains, northeastern China

Species-habitat association analysis is useful to detect spatial arrangement of individual plants, to discover rules about the distribution of species and to generate hypotheses about the possible underlying process controlling observed structures. Quantifying methods were used to classify habitats in terms of topographical variables in a mixed temperate broad-leaved Korean pine forest of the Changbai mountains in northeastern China. All of the 625 20 m × 20 m quadrats of the plot could be unambiguously assigned to one of three habitat categories (low-plateau, high-plateau and slope). Torus-translation tests were used to estimate species-habitat associations. Many species are clearly distributed in a biased fashion with respect to habitats. Fifteen (55.6%) out of 27 species showed strong positive or negative association with specific habitats. We compared species-habitat associations at the sapling and adult stages. Adjusted density values indicated few species exhibit extremely strong habitat associations. Only 9 out of 26 species had adjusted densities > 3 in the habitat for which they had strong positive affinity. Few species show the same associations at the small tree and large tree stages. Only 3 out of 22 occurring associations with a specific habitat appeared to have a consistent habitat association at the two stages. These results suggest that species-habitat associations exist in the 25-ha plot of the temperate forest of the Chang- bai mountains. Owing to limitations in our statistical methodology, we partly underestimated associations by ignoring rare species. Regeneration niches can contribute to co-existence, but regeneration niches due to habitat associations play a limited role in species co-existence, since most species show a similar trend in habitat associations at the sapling and adult stages. We should pay more attention to shifts in habitat associations, i.e. niche shifts at different stages of existence.

A review： chemical ecology of Ips typographus （Coleoptera, Scolytidae）

云杉小蠹虫 Ips typographus (L.) 的化学生态学被考察。爆发我。在中央欧洲的 typographus 在化学生态学上触发了广泛的研究。男性们开始主人地点并且生产吸引男性和女性的 semiochemicals。Asuccessful 集体攻击必须首先克服主人树的抵抗。先驱我。在主人地点把主人树的树脂流动用作 kairomones 的 typographusevolved，和到开始的 synthesizedsemiochemicals 除去树脂。如果小小蠹虫人口大批出没于健康的树，集体攻击被主人抵抗阻止。九单音的萜烯白酒在 malehind 勇气被发现，包括 cis-verbenol (cV ) 和被认为是主要聚集 pheromones，和增加 cVand MB 的优美的 Ipsdie-nol (标志) 的一个低比例的 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MB ) 。Verbenone (Vn ) 和 Ipsenol (即) 是反聚集 pheromones，在在 bark 下面调整攻击密度和昆虫密度起重要作用。非主人 volatiles 对讨厌我。typographus，以便甲壳虫不浪费进非主人树无聊的精力。在套住的主人抵抗，外激素混合物和行为，非主人 volatiles，生物鉴定和质量之间的关系被考察。地生物鉴定的结果强调与 specificpheromones 引诱的陷井能被用作一项合理保护措施。

DES Mutagenesis of Antagonistic Streptomyces of Botryosphaeria dothidea and Optimization of Its Fermentation Conditions

[Objective] The paper was to improve the antimicrobial effect of antagonistic Streptomyces on Botryosphaeria dothidea. [Method]Different concentrations of DES were adopted for mutagenic treatment of antagonistic Streptomyces F-58. After fermentation,the mutant strain numbered F-58-06 with genetic stability and good antimicrobial effect was selected among 200 mutant strains; the biological activity of the strain was determined with B. dothidea as the indicator fungus,and the best concentration of DES was 2%. The fermentation conditions of antagonistic substances of Streptomyces strain F-58-06 produced in shake flasks were optimized using the method of single factor and orthogonal experimental design. [Result] The optimal fermentation conditions were carbon source corn flour,nitrogen source KNO_3,initial p H 7,loading volume 30 m L in 250 m L shake flask,inoculation volume 3%,incubation time 132 h. Based on orthogonal experiments,the best cultured medium ratio was corn flour 4%,KNO_30. 5%,Ca CO_30. 2%,Na Cl 0. 35%,Mg SO_4·7H_2O 0. 15%. [Conclusion]After mutation and optimization of culture medium,the antimicrobial activity of Streptomyces F-58 was greatly improved,and the average inhibition zone diameter was 1. 35 times of that of the original strain.

Observations on forest restoration in Jilin, China

这篇论文在吉林省考察各种各样的林地惯例，中国。Theauthors 强调吉林和需要的富有的自然差异在理解本国的种类的潜力满足涉及森林资源利用和生态的恢复的陆地管理机构的需要上集中研究努力。中国的本国的种类保持大潜力，并且值得更多的研究注意，为满足这些需要。介绍并且异国情调的种类测试应该在运作的介绍以前与本国的种类仅仅在严密科学测试下面并且在比较以后被做进林地以便避免讨厌的生态的后果，包括有相异的 invasives 和害虫介绍的潜在的问题。作者也强调需要维持可行(例如，遗传上多样并且 reproductivelyfit ) 种子为本地森林和生态的恢复活动采购以便保护中国的珍贵自然差异并且维持本国的种类的潜力作为未来工作的本国的种类的自然人口。

Selection of elite lines of BpGH3.5-transgenic Betula platyphylla using growth adaptability analysis

White birch(Betula platyphylla)is precious material for pulpwood and widely distributed in 14 provinces of China.Previous study indicated that inhibited expression of a gene encoding an auxin amide synthase,BpGH3.5,in transgenic plants reduced the level of IAA–amino acid conjugation,resulting in more free IAA,thereby better growth of birch.Utilizing transgenic-B pGH3.5 lines to increase wood production in a wide range of environments is the goal for breeders.In three field trials here,we measured tree height,diameter at breast height,and volume of 16 BpGH3.5-transgenic 7-year-old white birch lines(including 12 antisense strand lines and 4 overexpression lines)and a wild-type white birch line from three sites that varied greatly in their environmental conditions.To select elite BpGH3.5-transgenic lines for each target environment,we used an additive main effects and multiplicative interaction model to analyze genotype by environment interaction,growth adaptability and stability.The selection criteria for elite transgenic lines were set as the average volume plus 0.75 times the standard deviation for the tested lines at each test site.Results showed that the effect of line and site for height was highly significant(P<0.01),and the effect of line×site was significant(P<0.05);selected as the elite lines were FG12,FG13 and FG27 at the Maoershan Experimental Forest Farm,FG13 and FG32 at the Shidaohe Forest Farm,and FG3 and FG31 at the Ecological Experiment Forest Farm.These seven high-yield,stable lines can now be tested in production trials or adjacent trial areas with similar environmental conditions,while the high-yield,unstable lines should be tested in production trials in areas deemed suitable for their growth.These results provide guidance on which released transgenic elite lines will grow best in a wide range of conditions.

An Indoor Proliferation Method of DpCPV with Dendrolimus superans

The study explored a DpCPV proliferation method with Dendrolimus superans.When large amounts of DpCPV were obtained,they could be used to prevent and control the 2nd-4th instar larvae of D.superans.

Damage and Control of Blueberry Canker

As the most common and serious disease of blueberry,blueberry canker has caused huge economic losses to the blueberry planting industry.This paper summarized the pathogenic bacteria,symptoms,regularities and prevention methods of blueberry canker.

Variation analyses of controlled pollinated families and parental combining ability of Pinus koraiensis

To evaluate and select elite Pinus koraiensis parent combinations and offspring families,34 full-sib families were evaluated.Variance analysis of tree height,diameter at breast height and volume showed no significant differences among each block,the interaction of block,male and female.The family heritability of all traits were high(>0.9).Phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variance of height,diameter at breast height,and volume showed that the phenotypic coefficient of variation of volume in the same combination was higher than height and diameter at breast height,indicating that volume was the main factor determining excellent single plant selection.The female and male trees with the best general combining ability indicated that the optimal parental hybridization was not necessarily the optimal combination.In addition,the least parents of hybrid offspring performance were always relatively poor and should not be selected as hybrid parents.Additionally,we found there was no significant difference among the effects of female and male parents by random modelling,but there were significant differences by fixed modelling.The most significant effect of female-and male interaction,and the selection of better female or male parents in the test parent group should be efficient as well as the results of significant variation among them by fixed modelling.For the evaluated breeding population of P.koraiensis,the backward selection of excellent parent combinations or forward selection of excellent individuals as progeny should be the major breeding strategies.

Field responses of the Asian larch bark beetle, Ips subelongatus, to potential aggregation pheromone components＂ disparity between two populations in northeastern China

亚洲落叶松的行为的回答吠叫甲壳虫， Ips subelongatus Motsch。到三个潜在的聚集 pheromone 部件， ipsenol (外消旋或[?]-enantiomer), ipsdienol (外消旋或[+]-enantiomer) 和 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol，在东北中国的二个省(内部蒙古和吉林) 用部分或完整的因素的试验性的图案被测试。我们在内部蒙古的地生物鉴定(Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr。种植园) 清楚地证明 ipsenol，外消旋的任何一个或 97%-(?)-enantiomer, 是显著地吸引了两性的唯一的化合物我。subelongatus，当所有其它加重时(单身地或在联合) 是不美的。没有双向或三路的 synergistic 相互作用。然而，在吉林省(L。gmelini [Rupr ] Rupr。种植园) ，测试的所有单个混合物是不活跃的，除了由在 2004 的 97%-(?)-ipsenol 的一项很弱的活动当甲壳虫人口很高时。当 ipsenol 和 ipsdienol (racemates 或 enantiomerically 纯的自然 enantiomers ) 的联合为两性显示出一个重要吸引力时我。subelongatus，显示在这二个主要部件之间的一个双向 synergistic 相互作用，任何东西在陷井上完成的活跃二进制混合没有的到这些的 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol 的增加抓住，建议 ipsenol 和 ipsdienol 是 synergistic 聚集 pheromone 部件我。在吉林省的 subelongatus。看起来在内部蒙古或在吉林省的97%-(?) -ipsenol 和97%-(+) -ipsdienol 的二进制混合的97%-(?) -ipsenol 比他们的相应 racemates 优异，它可能对相对极 enantiomers 的弱禁止的效果或到在 racemate 的活跃自然 enantiomer 的减少的版本率到期。我们的当前的生物鉴定结果建议在聚集 pheromone 反应有一个强壮的地理变化我。在东北中国的 subelongatus。关于 pheromone 生产和反应的未来研究我。从在东北亚洲的不同区域的 subelongatus 将肯定改进我们这只经济地重要的森林害虫昆虫的动态聚集 pheromone 系统的理解。

Evaluation of Ecosystem Services Value of the Zoigê Wetland Nature Reserve by Multiple Criteria

Understanding the value of ecosystem services is useful for the decision making and sustainable management of the wetlands. It would be better to integrate ecological, economic and social factors into ecosystem service valuation. The general value of the Zoigê Wetland Nature Reserve in the southwest China by integrating a social welfare weight, which is determined by a three-level analytic hierarchy process, was calculated. Through analyzing the functions, stakeholders and ecosystem services of the Zoigê Wetland Nature Reserve, the six main services, including substance production, flood control, gas regulation, climate regulation, recreation, and biodiversity conservation,were selected; and a three-level hierarchical structure model was established. The top(goal) level of the model refers to the total ecosystem services value of the Zoigê Wetland Nature Reserve, the middle level(stakeholder level) refers to stakeholders at different scales, and the bottom level(service level) refers to individual services provided by the Zoigê Wetland Nature Reserve. The results indicated that the ecosystem services value of the Zoigê Wetland Nature Reserve was 320.38×10~8yuan RMB in 2011. If including the social welfare, the value increased to 2258.68×10~8yuan RMB. The value of biodiversity conservation accounted for the largest proportion, which were 53% without the social welfare and 75% with it. And without the social welfare, flood control, gas regulation, climate regulation of the Zoigê Wetland Nature Reserve accounted for 26%, 11% and 8% of the total value, while the proportion that substance production and recreation values were of the total value were very small. Meanwhile, with the social weight,flood control, gas regulation, climate regulation, recreation of the Zoigê Wetland Nature Reserve accounted for 10%,13%, 1% and 1% of the total value, then the weight of substance production value was also the smallest.