Occupational Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Associated with Diesel Motor Operation in an Air-raid Shelter in June 2015, Jinan City, China-An Epidemiological Investigation

Carbon monoxide （CO） is an odorless, colorless gas produced by incomplete combustion of carbonbased compounds. Exposure to CO can cause various adverse health effects ranging from headache and fatigue to coma and death. Thousands of illnesses and deaths have been documented through CO poisoning surveillance systems and accident investigations each year.

Analysis of the Capacity of Wellspring Conservation in Limestone Areas of Jinan

Spring water in the city of Jinan conies from the limestone areas. Understanding the capacity of wellspring conservation is a critical point to resume the perennial spewing of the spring water. The vegetation, soil, and other natural and human aspects related to the conservation are studied by using the methods of geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing (RS), and field investigation. In the end, suggestions for administration and planning as well as countermeasures are put forward.

Dynamic Change Analysis of Urban Green Land in Jinan City Based RS and Geo-information Tupu

The three-period (1995, 1998 and 2003) remote sensing images in Jinan City, China are selected. And the information of green land, construction land, woodland and water body is extracted by using the image processing module of remote-sensing software and computerized interpretation module. Both the change table and transfer matrix table of land use area are analyzed by modeling module of remote-sensing software. Then, the Geo-information Tupu is obtained; and the temporal and spatial variation of land use in Jinan City is monitored and analyzed by Geo-information Tupu and transfer matrix. Result shows that land use structure change of Jinan City in the years 1995-1998 shows a transformation from green land to construction land. Area of green land circulating into construction land reaches 62.27 square kilometers, accounting for 25.84% of the initial green land. In the year 1998, areas of woodland and green land are reduced due to the urban expansion of Jinan City. However, with the enhancement of people's awareness of environmental protection, areas of woodland and green land gradually increase in the year 2003, which are still less than those in the year 1995.

Purchase willingness of new energy vehicles: A case study in Jinan City of China

Speeding up the promotion of new energy vehicles is an important measure to optimize the energy structure,promote energy conservation and emission reduction,and develop the economy sustainability.The research uses a questionnaire survey to analyze the residents’willingness to purchase new energy vehicles in Jinan Gty of China,and utilizes the binomial logistic regression model and Global Moran's I to explain the impact of three factors(including responden ts'personal characteristics and subjective cognition,products,and social environment)on the purchase willingness of new energy vehicles.According to the survey,75.12%of the responden ts consider buying new energy vehicles in the future,but only 11.66%of the respondents know new energy vehicles well.It can be seen that the respondents in Jinan City generally have an insufficient understanding of new energy vehicles.It may lead to a decline in residents’trust in new energy vehicles,which will in turm affect their purchase willingness.Based on the survey,we find that women who live far from the city center enjoy high incomes and have a low-carbon awareness,generally exhibit a higher willingness to purchase new energy vehicles.Spatial distribution of the purchase willingness has certain aggregation characteristics,showing a positive spatial correlation pattern.Purchase willingness has a certain positive diffusion effect in space,and areas with a higher purchase willingness have a positive driving effect on their surrounding regions.Spatial distribution of the purchase willingness can be used as one of the breakthroughs in promoting new energy vehicles.In addition,safety,price,after-sales service,and infrastruicture of new energy vehicles are important determinants of people's purchase willingness.Among the types of subsidies,financial subsidy is most effective on the residents’purchase wilingness.Our research provides an impor tant information for the promotion of new energy vehicles in the region.

Research on the Sustainable Utilization of Water Resources of Jinan City

The study on the sustainable utilization of water resources of Jinan city is a research hotspot in the urban sustainable development field.How to use a scientific and rational evaluation index system to analyze the sustainable utilization of water resources of Jinan city and then guide the development and utilization of water resources becomes particularly important.Based on the theory of sustainable development this study introduces the method,basic steps and evaluation indexes of the assessment of the development and utilization of water resources.By systemic analyzing the exploitation and utilization standards of water resources and economy and society in Jinan city,the evaluation and index system of sustainable utilization of water resources in Jinan city can be constructed and index weight can be confirmed,and then,the standard of sustainable utilization of water resources in different years can be analyzed comparably.Thus,the deficiency of lack of reflection of coordination extent in water resources development standard,society and economy in traditional evaluation method is settled efficiently.The paper takes the sustainable utilization of water resources of Qingdao City in 2008 as the standard to compare and assess the water resources utilization in Jinan City.The paper also collects data of water resources in Jinan City from 2001 to 2007.The result indicates that evaluation method is of feasibility and it is effective to the implementation of sustainable utilization strategy water resources in Jinan City.

Study on Variations in Hydrochemical Characteristics of Spring Water in Jinan and Their Causes

Based on data of hydrochemical components in spring water and karst water in Jinan spring catchment during 1958-2012,according to the theory of groundwater cycle and hydrogeochemistry,variations in hydrochemical features of spring water in Jinan over the past years were analyzed,and the reasons for the variations were discussed to protect the quality of spring water in Jinan and stop the changing trend of the spring water. The results show that there were variations in the hydrochemical characteristics of spring water in Jinan during 1958-2012,which is mainly related to improper protection and man-made pollution.

Study on Temperature Changes in Jinan in Recent 30 Years

[ Objective] The aim was to study temperature changes in Jinan in recent 30 years. [ Method] Using temperature from 1981 to 2010 in six national ground meteorological observation stations in Jinan, and based on linear evaluation method, temperature changes in Jinan in recent 30 years were discussed. [ Result] The mean annual temperature, mean annual highest temperature and mean annual lowest temperature were rising in recent 30 years. Mean annual lowest temperature was increasing and its tendency rate was 0.502 ℃/10 a, followed by mean annual temperature whose tendency rate was 0.288℃/10 a. Mean annual highest temperature increased most slowly and its tendency rate was 0.144 ℃/10 a. The mean annual lowest temperature rose most significantly in Zhangqiu and its tendency rate was 1. 347℃/10 a. This indicated that the rising mean annual temperature in Jinan was due to the mean annual lowest temperature. The contribution of Zhangqiu City to the temperature changes in the entire Jinan was the largest. For single station, mean annual temperature, mean annual highest temperature and mean annual lowest temperature, temperature rising tendency was small and its contribution was the smallest. [ Conclusion] The study provided theoretical basis for the observation, diagnosis, evaluation and decision-making of climate changes in Jinan.

Study on the Current Situation of the Physical Health Promotion Plan Implementation in Jinan＇s Middle School Students

To know well the current situation of the physical health promotion plan implementation in Jinan＇ s middle school students, 240 students and 30 P.E. teachers in Jinan＇ s Shungeng Middle School, Yuying Middle School, Yuxian Middle School, Qixian Middle School, and Shi Liu Li He Middle School were chosen as the research objects. The cognition of these students and teachers on physical health, how to allocate the spare time, how to look upon the relationship between physical exercise and learning, and the physical exercises involved by the students, the grounds for the exercises, the frequency of taking physical exercises, the forms of physical exercises, and the attitude toward physical exercises were investigated and analyzed using questionnaire survey, literature materials, interview, and mathematical statistics research methods. The results showed that most students were very concerned about their own health and willing to build up their body by taking physical exercises and activities, aiming to promote the life and learning quality and physical health; the physical exercise activities involved by the middle school students were various and chosen by students differently. However, some students did not have enough time to take part in physical exercises because of the effect of the factors such as the network. Therefore, the physical health of some students was worrying. The role of school physical education was not fully played. Some schools gave top priority to the enrollment rate, so that P.E. courses were not offered enough, the contents were boring, the class hours of P.E. courses were occupied by literal arts courses, games were limited, and extracurricular team activities were few. Middle school students＇ awareness of physical exercises was not enough; the physical education system from schools was not well- improved; the physical educational plan was unreasonable, so that the students＇ awareness of physical exercises was not cultivated well.

Protection of urban features during urbanization based on the roles of springs in Jinan

Thirty-seven years since reform and opening up, China has sustained rapid economic growth and urbanization. However, there was inadequate protection of natural, historical, and cultural heritage, especially in the past 17 years, which led to the outcome that urban and rural construction lacked features. To rebuild our urban features during urbanization, and avoid destroying them,we should probe into the reason of lacking features and how to protect them. Therefore, taking Jinan City as an example, this paper explored the crisis and its causes of urban characteristics during the period of rapid urbanization based on discussing roles of spring features, including economic effects, social effects, ecological effects and so on. What is more, this paper listed and analyzed those protection measures taken by Jinan. The results showed that spring groups spewed again and kept for 8 years through those measures, which meant that urban characteristics restored. Thus, Jinan City provides successful and significant reference for other cities in restoring urban features during urbanization construction. Also, the author deemed that cities could recollect their urban features as long as they take reasonable measures.

Number concentration and size distributions of submicron particles in Jinan urban area:Characteristics in summer and winter

The aerosol number concentration and size distribution were measured with the newly developed Wide-range Particle Spectrometer in summer and winter of 2006 at the urban site of Jinan City. Here reported the characteristics of fine particles of the different observation seasons. Relative high number concentrations for the particles in the diameter range of 10-500 nm were observed in both seasons. It was found that the dominant number distributed in particle diameter smaller than 100 nm and the percentage over the number concentration of all air particles is much higher than what has been measured in other urban sites over the world. The number mean diameter in summer was much smaller than in winter, strongly suggesting the different origin of ultrafine particles in different seasons. That is, particles in ultrafine mode mainly came from nucleation and new particle formation in summer while from traffic emission in winter. The diurnal variation also supported this point. Number concentration in the diameter range of 10-200 um got their peak values at noontime, well correlated with the mixing ratio of SO2 and the intensity of solar radiation in summer. While in winter, those in the same diameter range showed the main peaks during the traffic hours happened in the morning and evening.

Variability of Pesticide Residues in Vegetables from the Marketplaces in Jinan City

In order to provide technological support for risk estimation of pesticide residues taken from vegetables, the residues of pesticide in vegetables in Jinan City, China, were investigated. Moreover, the variability of pesticide residues in vegetables was explored, and the variability factor was calculated. The level of pesticide residue was studied by statistical method. The variability factor was calculated using the Harrell-Davis method in accordance with principles recommended by the JMPR. In addition, the procedure of evaluation was validated according to the principles laid down by the JMPR （Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues）. The detection rate of pesticide residues in all marketplace samples was less than 20% in Jinan City. The unqualified rate of vegetables was low （0.6%）. The chlorothalonil was found as the pesticide with the highest rate of detection. The vegetables with the highest rate of pesticide residues detected were leafy vegetables. The relationship between variability factor and mean value of concentrations of contaminations was expressed by the formula, v=4.9×Cmean. The pesticide residues in vegetables from Jinan City is low. The evaluated variability factor is larger than that the value recommended by the JMPR, however, less than the default value used for acute intake assessment of pesticide residues in UK in most cases.

Study on Jinan urban construction planning based on the protection of karst landscape

Study on urban construction planning based on karst landscape protection contributes to sustainable development of urban construction in karst area. Jinan is a city famous for karst spring water. Karst landscape plays a decisive role in urban construction. Through hydrogeological analysis, the distribution characteristics of karst mountain, cave, gully and flat dam in Jinan are analyzed. It is revealed that various karst landforms are involved in the spring circulation process to varying degrees. Some karst landforms have been destroyed in the process of urban construction and the karst landscape has been overexploited resulting in the direct or indirect weakening of spring water recharge and infiltration capacity and the decrease of spring water flow. Through the study of the principle of organic combination of karst landscape and urban construction planning, on the basis of protecting the ecological environment of the south, paying attention to the overall protection of the karst geomorphology system and the principle of accessibility of the karst landscape, the development countermeasures guided by urban planning are put forward based on karst landforms protection. On the basis of fully considering the special karst landform conditions in Jinan, the countermeasures are that the ecological control red line of urban construction planning should be set up based on karst mountains and valleys in southern of Jinan City. It is suggested that the bare carbonate rock continuous mountain foot line in the direct recharge area should be taken as the south control red line of urban development and included in the overall planning. The urban landscape is mainly displayed in the main axis based on karst mountains and springs, constructing East-West Axis-characteristic Landscape Belt along the Wufeng Mountain-Langmao Mountain-Hero Mountain-Qianfo Mountain-Long cave-Panlong cave-Jinping Mountain line and North-South Axis Landscape Belt along the Baotu SpringQianfo Mountain line, Baiquan-Panlong cave line, Baimai spring-Dajian Mountain line. Based on the karst river valleys and the river system, the urban spatial pattern is constructed, forming ecological corridor, restoring infiltration function of river. The form of urban construction should be shaped based on karst landform and the river system. The main form is semi-star like radiation type and the combination of central intensive type and zonal type. Based on the whole protection of karst geomorphology system and the scientific molding of karst landscape, the ecological landscape city with the symbiosis of spring and urban can be built.

Observed deformation characteristics of a deep excavation for the spring area in Jinan,China

The observed deflections and internal forces of pile-anchor retaining excavation were studied in spring area in Jinan city of China. Based on field measured data, the ground surface settlement, deflection of retaining piles and wall, internal force analysis of concrete piles, axial anchoring forces, groundwater table, and the deformation of surround building and pipelines were investigated. The results indicates that the combining application of concrete piles, jet grouting columns and anchors support system can effectively control excavation-induced surface ground settlements. The field maximum lateral wall deflections are between 0.o2% and o.19% of the excavation depth due to the competitive site conditions. The bending moment-depth relationship curve is S-type. Groundwater leakage results in the sharp drop in groundwater level, which is part of the reasons for the adjacent building settlement. The axial anchoring forces of the upper layer of anchors increase gradually during the excavation, but those of the lower layer of anchors slightly reduced firstly and then tend to be stable during the excavation procedure. In comparison with the histories of excavation cases, the small lateral wall deflection in this study results from the favorable site condition and the relative rigidity of the retaining structure system.

Epidemiological Characteristics and Spatio-temporal Patterns of Foodborne Diseases in Jinan, Northern China

Foodborne diseases(FBDs) represent a substantial, yet largely preventable, health burden and result in considerable morbidity and mortality in both developed and developing countries[1]. The FBDs Burden Epidemiology Reference Group(FERG)found that the global burden of FBDs is comparable to those of major infectious diseases, such as human immunodeficiency virus infection/acquired immune deficiency syndrome, malaria, and tuberculosis[2].

Fine Particulate Pollution Characteristics in Jinan City

The characteristics of fine particulate pollution(PM10 and PM2.5) were measured at urban and suburban sites in Jinan during the 2008-2009 heating and non-heating seasons.The results showed that PM10 and PM2.5 pollution was quite serious,and PM mass concentration was higher during the heating season than the non-heating season.PM was the highest in the chemical factory and lowest in the development zone.The mass concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 were linearly related,and the mass concentration ratio of PM2.5/PM10 was up to 0.59 in urban areas.PM pollution in Jinan was related to local meteorological factors:PM2.5 mass concentration and humidity were positively correlated,and PM2.5 mass concentration was negatively correlated with both click on the temperature and wind speed,although wind speed varied more.

Detection and Analysis on StaphylococcalEnterotoxins in Raw Cow Milk from DifferentRegions of Jinan, China

[Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the pollution caused by staphylococcal enterotoxins(SE) in raw milk and the safety of dairy products in Jinan, and to provide a scientific basis for food safety risk analysis. [Method] A total of 130 raw milk samples were collected from different regions of Jinan, and detected for Staphylococcus aureus by referring to GB4789.10-2010. Then, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to detect whether the S.aureus strains produced enterotoxins, and the enterotoxin type was identified using colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic test strips. [Result] Fiftyseven of the raw milk samples were polluted by S.aureus, so the detection rate of S.aureus was 43.85%; and 11 of the strains produced enterotoxins. Among the 11 enterotoxin-producing strains, seven produced SEB, only one produced SEC, and the SE type of other three strains was not identified. [Conclusion] Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic test strips can be used in combination to rapidly detect staphylococcal enterotoxins and identify enterotoxin type, although there are some limitations. SEB is the main type of staphylococcal enterotoxin causing pollution in milk of Shandong Province.

Analysis and Countermeasures on Effective Land Use of Rural Residential Area in Jinan, Shandong Province

With the improvement of urbanization and the expansion of urban size, the cultivated land decreases gradually but the demand for urban land increases, thereby resulting in the conflict of land use. Analyzing the status quo of land use of rural residential area, this paper points out that two main problems, namely, the low degree of land use, and the waste of land resources that are prevalent in the rural residential area. Based on the above analysis, the author states that the emphasis on land use will be the plain regions in the future, and adoption of reasonable economic measures will be the new solution to the problems.

Evaluation of Ambient Air Quality and Its Changing Trend in Jinan City during 2013-2020

Based on the automatic monitoring data of ambient air in Jinan City from 2013 to 2020,the changing trend and characteristics of air quality in Jinan City during 2013-2020 were analyzed by using the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation,air quality index(AQI)and ambient air quality comprehensive index methods.The three methods are different in principle,purpose of use,and characterization methods,but the conclusions are consistent.The ambient air quality in Jinan City was improved significantly from 2013 to 2020.The prime pollutants were mainly PM_(2.5)and PM_(10),but the impact on air quality declined,and the impact of O_(3)on air quality increased.The complex pollution characteristics were obvious.Air pollution was the most severe in winter and lighter in summer.

Condom Use in Commercial Sex Workers and Clients Among Incarcerated Sexworkers and STD Clinic Attendees in Jinan, Shandong Province

Background: Commercial sex workers and clients are important core populations in the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and human im-munodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Research on the frequency and determinants of condom use in com-mercial sex workers and their clients is important in increasing condom use and reduction of the STD/HIV.Burden. Objectives: To establish the frequency of and fac-tors related to intention to use condoms and actual condom use in commercial sex contacts and to deter-mine the differences in condom use between sex work-ers and clients.Methods: Incarcerated commercial sex workers (ICSW) and male STD clinic attendees were recruited into a cross-sectional study to obtain data on the fre-quency and factors associated with intention to use condoms and condom use in commercial sexual con-tacts with an interviewer-administered questionnaire.Consistent condom use in ICSWs and never using condoms in male STD clinic attendees were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models.Results: The frequency of reported consistent in-tention to use condoms and reported actual condom use was 62% and 50.6%, respectively among 158 ICSWs. For male STD clinic attendees, the propor-tion of reported consistent intention to use condoms and reported actual condom use was 10% and 20.7%,respectively. The factors positively influencing the consistent intention to use condoms were pregnancy preventing measures and the belief of condom efficacy in the prevention of STD/HIV, whereas the factor as-sociated with actually consistent condom use was preg-nancy-preventing measure in ICSWs. Factors associ-ated with no intention to use condoms were low income,low STD/HIV knowledge level and the frequency of visiting CSW. The latter factor was also associated with never using condoms in male STD clinic attendees. Conclusions: Consistent condom use during com-mercial sex contacts was low, especially in clients.Greater effort is needed in condom promotion program in order to raise the level of condom use in commer-cial sex contacts.

The Combined Effects of High Temperatures and Ozone Pollution on Medical Emergency Calls—Jinan City,Shandong Province,China,2013–2019

What is already known about this topic?Studies have extensively documented the separate and independent effects of extreme temperature and ozone on morbidity and mortality associated with respiratory and circulatory diseases.What is added by this report?The study revealed a significant association between elevated temperature,ozone pollution,and the combined effect of high temperature and ozone pollution with an increased risk of all-cause medical emergency calls(MECs)and MECs specifically related to neurological diseases.What are the implications for public health practice?Interventional measures should be implemented to mitigate exposure to high temperatures and ozone levels.Specifically,during the warm season,it is crucial for relevant authorities to focus on disseminating scientific information regarding the health impacts of elevated temperatures and ozone pollution.Additionally,timely public health advisories should be issued to alert the public effectively.