Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi produces abundant root-specific f lavones(RSFs),which provide various benefits to human health.We have elucidated the complete biosynthetic pathways of baicalein and wogonin.However,the ...Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi produces abundant root-specific f lavones(RSFs),which provide various benefits to human health.We have elucidated the complete biosynthetic pathways of baicalein and wogonin.However,the transcriptional regulation of f lavone biosynthesis in S.baicalensis remains unclear.We show that the SbMYB3 transcription factor functions as a transcriptional activator involved in the biosynthesis of RSFs in S.baicalensis.Yeast one-hybrid and transcriptional activation assays showed that SbMYB3 binds to the promoter of flavone synthase II-2(SbFNSII-2)and enhances its transcription.In S.baicalensis hairy roots,RNAi of SbMYB3 reduced the accumulation of baicalin and wogonoside,and SbMYB3 knockout decreased the biosynthesis of baicalein,baicalin,wogonin,and wogonoside,whereas SbMYB3 overexpression enhanced the contents of baicalein,baicalin,wogonin,and wogonoside.Transcript profiling by qRT–PCR demonstrated that SbMYB3 activates SbFNSII-2 expression directly,thus leading to more abundant accumulation of RSFs.This study provides a potential target for metabolic engineering of RSFs.展开更多
Carotenoids,such asβ-carotene,accumulate in chromoplasts of various fleshy fruits,awarding them with colors,aromas,and nutrients.The Orange(CmOr)gene controlsβ-carotene accumulation in melon fruit by posttranslation...Carotenoids,such asβ-carotene,accumulate in chromoplasts of various fleshy fruits,awarding them with colors,aromas,and nutrients.The Orange(CmOr)gene controlsβ-carotene accumulation in melon fruit by posttranslationally enhancing carotenogenesis and repressingβ-carotene turnover in chromoplasts.Carotenoid isomerase(CRTISO)isomerizes yellow prolycopene into red lycopene,a prerequisite for further metabolism intoβ-carotene.We comparatively analyzed the developing fruit transcriptomes of orange-colored melon and its two isogenic EMS-induced mutants,low-β(Cmor)and yofi(Cmcrtiso).The Cmor mutation in low-βcaused a major transcriptomic change in the mature fruit.In contrast,the Cmcrtiso mutation in yofi significantly changed the transcriptome only in early fruit developmental stages.These findings indicate that melon fruit transcriptome is primarily altered by changes in carotenoid metabolic flux and plastid conversion,but minimally by carotenoid composition in the ripe fruit.Clustering of the differentially expressed genes into functional groups revealed an association between fruit carotenoid metabolic flux with the maintenance of the photosynthetic apparatus in fruit chloroplasts.Moreover,large numbers of thylakoid localized photosynthetic genes were differentially expressed in low-β.CmOR family proteins were found to physically interact with light-harvesting chlorophyll a–b binding proteins,suggesting a new role of CmOR for chloroplast maintenance in melon fruit.This study brings more insights into the cellular and metabolic processes associated with fruit carotenoid accumulation in melon fruit and reveals a new maintenance mechanism of the photosynthetic apparatus for plastid development.展开更多
Blooming seasonality is an important trait in ornamental plants and was selected by humans.Wild roses flower only in spring whereas most cultivated modern roses can flower continuously.This trait is explained by a mut...Blooming seasonality is an important trait in ornamental plants and was selected by humans.Wild roses flower only in spring whereas most cultivated modern roses can flower continuously.This trait is explained by a mutation of a floral repressor gene,RoKSN,a TFL1 homologue.In this work,we studied the origin,the diversity and the selection of the RoKSN gene.We analyzed 270 accessions,including wild and old cultivated Asian and European roses as well as modern roses.By sequencing the RoKSN gene,we proposed that the allele responsible for continuous-flowering,RoKSN copia,originated from Chinese wild roses(Indicae section),with a recent insertion of the copia element.Old cultivated Asian roses with the RoKSN copia allele were introduced in Europe,and the RoKSN copia allele was progressively selected during the 19th and 20th centuries,leading to continuous-flowering modern roses.Furthermore,we detected a new allele,RoKSN A181,leading to a weak reblooming.This allele encodes a functional floral repressor and is responsible for a moderate accumulation of RoKSN transcripts.A transient selection of this RoKSN A181 allele was observed during the 19th century.Our work highlights the selection of different alleles at the RoKSN locus for recurrent blooming in rose.展开更多
Map colinearity of gene order is now accepted as the rule rather than the exception over the Poaceae family which includes all the major cereals and represents 60 millions years of evolution. Some nine different culti...Map colinearity of gene order is now accepted as the rule rather than the exception over the Poaceae family which includes all the major cereals and represents 60 millions years of evolution. Some nine different cultivated crops – rice, foxtail millet, sorghum, sugar cane, maize, wheat, barley, rye, oats, together with some of their wild relatives are now included in the grass consensus map. Others including turf and the forage grasses, ryegrass and fescue will shortly be added. Synteny provides a means by which orphan crops can benefit from the research years spent on the genetics, physiology and biochemistry of the major cereals, particularly rice, wheat and maize. Crossable wild relatives are increasingly sought by breeders as sources of novel alleles for cultivated crops, particularly for wheat and rice. Comparisons of the organization of wild and cultivated genomes are necessary to predict which genes can be easily transferred. Such comparisons also give new insights into evolution, but few have, as yet, been made. Much rests on the degree of colinearity maintained between the larger maize and wheat genomes and the smaller rice genome. Extensive genetic and genomic facilities already exist in rice. If the relationship is precise enough, then genes may be isolated in rice from knowledge of their map position in the larger genomes. Work is underway at JIC to isolate the chromosome pairing inhibitor gene, Ph1 , by this means. Although success has not yet been attained, all the indications are that colinearity between the critical homoeologous regions on chromosome 5B in wheat and chromosome 9 in rice is very precise indeed. The method being used involves inducing a number of small (～100s of kbs) deletions in the large genome target, in this case wheat. The target gene is then localized by identifying areas of minimum overlap, and the relevant region of the rice genome sequenced. Once the entire rice genomic sequence is available this could represent a very rapid way of isolating genes from wheat, barley or maize.展开更多
The similarity in gene order between closely related taxa suggests that genomic information from model systems should facilitate gene isolation and characterization in target crops. If this is the case, a great deal of
Rapid expansion of leaves of early-stage plants in wheat produced by chromosomal control of characteristics related to rapid expansion of the first six leaves of wheat were investigated using a set of single chromosom...Rapid expansion of leaves of early-stage plants in wheat produced by chromosomal control of characteristics related to rapid expansion of the first six leaves of wheat were investigated using a set of single chromosome substitution lines under two different temperature regimes（TRs）.Results from this study indicated that several chromosomes could be responsible for each of the four characteristics studied（including leaf width,leaf length,leaf elongation rate and leaf appearance index） and that different chromosomes may be responsible for the same characteristics at different TRs.Only a small number of substitutions that showed the most significant effects on leaf length were found among those that showed the most significant effects on leaf width,providing further evidence that these two characteristics are likely controlled by different sets of genes.Substitutions 4B,4D,and 5A are among those that were repeatedly detected to having significant effects on different leaf characteristics at the lower-TR and genes residing on these three chromosomes could be homologous.This possibility and its implication are discussed.展开更多
An online survey addressed to members listed in the European Cooperative Programme for Crop Genetic Resources Networks Working Group on Graithe current problems in the management of GL germplasm, to work out the crite...An online survey addressed to members listed in the European Cooperative Programme for Crop Genetic Resources Networks Working Group on Graithe current problems in the management of GL germplasm, to work out the criterian Legumes and Grain Legumes （GL） germplasm managers and breeders was carded out to pinpoint and decisions involved in the implementation of regeneration procedures and to identify strategic areas where further research is required. The survey was divided into three sections： （1） germplasm collection details and current status of the regeneration needs; （2） assessment over the understanding of basic information required to carry out appropriate regeneration procedures such as the breeding systems, the pollination requirements and pollinating agents, the isolation techniques and regeneration facilities; and （3） assessment of different options, in addition to ＂ex situ＂, such as ＂in situ＂ and ＂on farm＂ conservation. Obtaining, collating and analysing different kinds of existing data on mating system of GL species, effective pollination control methods and isolation facilities by species and location is one example of a priority issue. The GL community makes a clear request for greater support for the development of well-designed methodologies of regeneration that maintain the genetic structure of populations and that the optimum regeneration strategy is most likely to be achieved through integrating pollinators with the regeneration procedures. A major concern of the GL community is the lack of empirical scientific information on the most suitable pollinator agents.展开更多
Response to vernalization and photoperiod are the main determinants controlling the time to flowering in temperate cereals. While the individual genes that determine a plant's response to these environmental signa...Response to vernalization and photoperiod are the main determinants controlling the time to flowering in temperate cereals. While the individual genes that determine a plant's response to these environmental signals are well characterized, the combinatorial effect on flowering time of allelic variants for multiple genes remains unresolved. This study investigated the genetic control of flowering-time in a biparental population of spring barley, derived from a wide cross between a late-flowering European and an early-flowering North-American cultivar. While the major flowering time genes are not segregating in the Beka ×Logan cross, large variation in flowering was observed. We identified five QTL, with both parents found to contribute early alleles. The catalog of QTL discovered aligns with several candidate genes affecting flowering time in barley. The combination of particular alleles at HvCEN, HvELF3 and HvFT1 in Logan are responsible for the earliness of this cultivar. Interestingly, earliness for flowering could be further enhanced, with Beka found to contribute three early alleles, including a QTL colocating with a HvFD-like gene, suggesting that there are diverse aspects of the flowering-time pathway that have been manipulated in these two cultivars. Epistatic interactions between flowering-time QTL or candidate genes were observed in field data and confirmed under controlled conditions. The results of this study link photoperiod-dependent flowering-time genes with earliness per se genes into a single model, thus providing a unique framework that can be used by geneticists and breeders to optimize flowering time in barley.展开更多
Plants are amazing chemical factories,and medicinal plants provide a myriad of pharmaceutically active compounds that have been commonly used as traditional medicines for thousands of years.The practice of traditional...Plants are amazing chemical factories,and medicinal plants provide a myriad of pharmaceutically active compounds that have been commonly used as traditional medicines for thousands of years.The practice of traditional medicine in China dates back at least 4,500 years.The Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing("Shen Nong's Herbal Classic"in 770−475 BC)has been considered the oldest list of medicinal plants.Recent rapid economic development has enabled China to invest substantially in science and technology research.In many ethnic groups worldwide,herbal medicines are,in the same way as traditional Chinese medicines,still commonly used today.A wide array of plant-extract health supplements has become increasingly popular in Western societies.Numerous drugs derived from a broad range of plant species have been discoveried,such as taxol and artemisinin and their derivatives.展开更多
Medicinal plants are an excellent source of structurally diverse,bio-active compounds with potential in the fight against cancer.One of the most promising is Scutellaria barbata,prescribed traditionally for the treatm...Medicinal plants are an excellent source of structurally diverse,bio-active compounds with potential in the fight against cancer.One of the most promising is Scutellaria barbata,prescribed traditionally for the treatment of cancers.Scutebarbatine A is the major diterpenoid,produced in specialized large,peltate trichomes on leaves of S.barbata.It induces dose-dependent apoptosis,specifically in cancer cells.The major class of proteins down-regulated are pro-survival proteins,the Inhibitors of Apoptosis(IAPs),and IAP regulating proteins.We propose that scutebarbatine A works by releasing the molecular brakes(the IAPs)on apoptosis in cell death-evading cancer cells.Comparison between the cytotoxicity of methanolic extracts of S.barbata leaves and decoctions(Ban Zhi Lian)prepared traditionally,showed substantially different chemical compositions and differential induction of apoptosis.Analyses suggest polyvalency between the constituents in both extracts,and ways to produce enhanced chemopreventive preparations for the treatment of cancer.展开更多
The spike architecture of wheat plays a crucial role in determining grain number,making it a key trait for optimization in wheat breeding programs.In this study,we used a multi-omic approach to analyze the transcripto...The spike architecture of wheat plays a crucial role in determining grain number,making it a key trait for optimization in wheat breeding programs.In this study,we used a multi-omic approach to analyze the transcriptome and epigenome profiles of the young spike at eight developmental stages,revealing co-ordinated changes in chromatin accessibility and H3K27me3 abundance during the flowering transition.We constructed a core transcriptional regulatory network(TRN)that drives wheat spike formation and experimentally validated a multi-layer regulatorymodule involving TaSPL15,TaAGLG1,and TaFUL2.By integrating the TRN with genome-wide association studies,we identified 227 transcription factors,including 42 with known functions and 185 with unknown functions.Further investigation of 61 novel transcription factors using multiple homozygous mutant lines revealed 36 transcription factors that regulate spike architecture or flowering time,such as TaMYC2-A1,TaMYB30-A1,and TaWRKY37-A1.Of particular interest,TaMYB30-A1,downstream of and repressed by WFzP,was found to regulate fertile spikelet number.Notably,the excellent haplotype of TaMYB30-A1,which contains a C allele at the WFzP binding site,was enriched during wheat breeding improvement in China,leading to improved agronomic traits.Finally,we constructed a free and open access Wheat Spike Multi-Omic Database(http://39.98.48.156:8800/#/).Our study identifies novel and high-confidence regulators and offers an effective strategy for dissecting the genetic basis of wheat spike development,with practical value forwheat breeding.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFC1706200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31870282 and 31700268)+1 种基金the Chenshan Special Fund for Shanghai Landscaping Administration Bureau Program(G182401,G192419,and G212401)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association,Chinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi produces abundant root-specific f lavones(RSFs),which provide various benefits to human health.We have elucidated the complete biosynthetic pathways of baicalein and wogonin.However,the transcriptional regulation of f lavone biosynthesis in S.baicalensis remains unclear.We show that the SbMYB3 transcription factor functions as a transcriptional activator involved in the biosynthesis of RSFs in S.baicalensis.Yeast one-hybrid and transcriptional activation assays showed that SbMYB3 binds to the promoter of flavone synthase II-2(SbFNSII-2)and enhances its transcription.In S.baicalensis hairy roots,RNAi of SbMYB3 reduced the accumulation of baicalin and wogonoside,and SbMYB3 knockout decreased the biosynthesis of baicalein,baicalin,wogonin,and wogonoside,whereas SbMYB3 overexpression enhanced the contents of baicalein,baicalin,wogonin,and wogonoside.Transcript profiling by qRT–PCR demonstrated that SbMYB3 activates SbFNSII-2 expression directly,thus leading to more abundant accumulation of RSFs.This study provides a potential target for metabolic engineering of RSFs.
基金the United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund(grant no.US-4918-16CR)the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative competitive award(grant no.2019-67013-29162)from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture,and the USDA-ARS fund.
文摘Carotenoids,such asβ-carotene,accumulate in chromoplasts of various fleshy fruits,awarding them with colors,aromas,and nutrients.The Orange(CmOr)gene controlsβ-carotene accumulation in melon fruit by posttranslationally enhancing carotenogenesis and repressingβ-carotene turnover in chromoplasts.Carotenoid isomerase(CRTISO)isomerizes yellow prolycopene into red lycopene,a prerequisite for further metabolism intoβ-carotene.We comparatively analyzed the developing fruit transcriptomes of orange-colored melon and its two isogenic EMS-induced mutants,low-β(Cmor)and yofi(Cmcrtiso).The Cmor mutation in low-βcaused a major transcriptomic change in the mature fruit.In contrast,the Cmcrtiso mutation in yofi significantly changed the transcriptome only in early fruit developmental stages.These findings indicate that melon fruit transcriptome is primarily altered by changes in carotenoid metabolic flux and plastid conversion,but minimally by carotenoid composition in the ripe fruit.Clustering of the differentially expressed genes into functional groups revealed an association between fruit carotenoid metabolic flux with the maintenance of the photosynthetic apparatus in fruit chloroplasts.Moreover,large numbers of thylakoid localized photosynthetic genes were differentially expressed in low-β.CmOR family proteins were found to physically interact with light-harvesting chlorophyll a–b binding proteins,suggesting a new role of CmOR for chloroplast maintenance in melon fruit.This study brings more insights into the cellular and metabolic processes associated with fruit carotenoid accumulation in melon fruit and reveals a new maintenance mechanism of the photosynthetic apparatus for plastid development.
文摘Blooming seasonality is an important trait in ornamental plants and was selected by humans.Wild roses flower only in spring whereas most cultivated modern roses can flower continuously.This trait is explained by a mutation of a floral repressor gene,RoKSN,a TFL1 homologue.In this work,we studied the origin,the diversity and the selection of the RoKSN gene.We analyzed 270 accessions,including wild and old cultivated Asian and European roses as well as modern roses.By sequencing the RoKSN gene,we proposed that the allele responsible for continuous-flowering,RoKSN copia,originated from Chinese wild roses(Indicae section),with a recent insertion of the copia element.Old cultivated Asian roses with the RoKSN copia allele were introduced in Europe,and the RoKSN copia allele was progressively selected during the 19th and 20th centuries,leading to continuous-flowering modern roses.Furthermore,we detected a new allele,RoKSN A181,leading to a weak reblooming.This allele encodes a functional floral repressor and is responsible for a moderate accumulation of RoKSN transcripts.A transient selection of this RoKSN A181 allele was observed during the 19th century.Our work highlights the selection of different alleles at the RoKSN locus for recurrent blooming in rose.
文摘Map colinearity of gene order is now accepted as the rule rather than the exception over the Poaceae family which includes all the major cereals and represents 60 millions years of evolution. Some nine different cultivated crops – rice, foxtail millet, sorghum, sugar cane, maize, wheat, barley, rye, oats, together with some of their wild relatives are now included in the grass consensus map. Others including turf and the forage grasses, ryegrass and fescue will shortly be added. Synteny provides a means by which orphan crops can benefit from the research years spent on the genetics, physiology and biochemistry of the major cereals, particularly rice, wheat and maize. Crossable wild relatives are increasingly sought by breeders as sources of novel alleles for cultivated crops, particularly for wheat and rice. Comparisons of the organization of wild and cultivated genomes are necessary to predict which genes can be easily transferred. Such comparisons also give new insights into evolution, but few have, as yet, been made. Much rests on the degree of colinearity maintained between the larger maize and wheat genomes and the smaller rice genome. Extensive genetic and genomic facilities already exist in rice. If the relationship is precise enough, then genes may be isolated in rice from knowledge of their map position in the larger genomes. Work is underway at JIC to isolate the chromosome pairing inhibitor gene, Ph1 , by this means. Although success has not yet been attained, all the indications are that colinearity between the critical homoeologous regions on chromosome 5B in wheat and chromosome 9 in rice is very precise indeed. The method being used involves inducing a number of small (～100s of kbs) deletions in the large genome target, in this case wheat. The target gene is then localized by identifying areas of minimum overlap, and the relevant region of the rice genome sequenced. Once the entire rice genomic sequence is available this could represent a very rapid way of isolating genes from wheat, barley or maize.
文摘The similarity in gene order between closely related taxa suggests that genomic information from model systems should facilitate gene isolation and characterization in target crops. If this is the case, a great deal of
基金supported by the National Food Sup-plies Fertility Scientific Scheme Foundation,China(2006B-AD02A08)Hebei Province’s Natural Scientific Foundation,China (C2008000341)
文摘Rapid expansion of leaves of early-stage plants in wheat produced by chromosomal control of characteristics related to rapid expansion of the first six leaves of wheat were investigated using a set of single chromosome substitution lines under two different temperature regimes（TRs）.Results from this study indicated that several chromosomes could be responsible for each of the four characteristics studied（including leaf width,leaf length,leaf elongation rate and leaf appearance index） and that different chromosomes may be responsible for the same characteristics at different TRs.Only a small number of substitutions that showed the most significant effects on leaf length were found among those that showed the most significant effects on leaf width,providing further evidence that these two characteristics are likely controlled by different sets of genes.Substitutions 4B,4D,and 5A are among those that were repeatedly detected to having significant effects on different leaf characteristics at the lower-TR and genes residing on these three chromosomes could be homologous.This possibility and its implication are discussed.
文摘An online survey addressed to members listed in the European Cooperative Programme for Crop Genetic Resources Networks Working Group on Graithe current problems in the management of GL germplasm, to work out the criterian Legumes and Grain Legumes （GL） germplasm managers and breeders was carded out to pinpoint and decisions involved in the implementation of regeneration procedures and to identify strategic areas where further research is required. The survey was divided into three sections： （1） germplasm collection details and current status of the regeneration needs; （2） assessment over the understanding of basic information required to carry out appropriate regeneration procedures such as the breeding systems, the pollination requirements and pollinating agents, the isolation techniques and regeneration facilities; and （3） assessment of different options, in addition to ＂ex situ＂, such as ＂in situ＂ and ＂on farm＂ conservation. Obtaining, collating and analysing different kinds of existing data on mating system of GL species, effective pollination control methods and isolation facilities by species and location is one example of a priority issue. The GL community makes a clear request for greater support for the development of well-designed methodologies of regeneration that maintain the genetic structure of populations and that the optimum regeneration strategy is most likely to be achieved through integrating pollinators with the regeneration procedures. A major concern of the GL community is the lack of empirical scientific information on the most suitable pollinator agents.
基金supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness(grant numbers AGL2010-21929 and AGL2013-48756-R)the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness,the Agencia Estatal de Investigación,and the European Regional Development Fund(grant number AGL2016–80967-R)Government of Aragon(Research Group A08_20R)。
文摘Response to vernalization and photoperiod are the main determinants controlling the time to flowering in temperate cereals. While the individual genes that determine a plant's response to these environmental signals are well characterized, the combinatorial effect on flowering time of allelic variants for multiple genes remains unresolved. This study investigated the genetic control of flowering-time in a biparental population of spring barley, derived from a wide cross between a late-flowering European and an early-flowering North-American cultivar. While the major flowering time genes are not segregating in the Beka ×Logan cross, large variation in flowering was observed. We identified five QTL, with both parents found to contribute early alleles. The catalog of QTL discovered aligns with several candidate genes affecting flowering time in barley. The combination of particular alleles at HvCEN, HvELF3 and HvFT1 in Logan are responsible for the earliness of this cultivar. Interestingly, earliness for flowering could be further enhanced, with Beka found to contribute three early alleles, including a QTL colocating with a HvFD-like gene, suggesting that there are diverse aspects of the flowering-time pathway that have been manipulated in these two cultivars. Epistatic interactions between flowering-time QTL or candidate genes were observed in field data and confirmed under controlled conditions. The results of this study link photoperiod-dependent flowering-time genes with earliness per se genes into a single model, thus providing a unique framework that can be used by geneticists and breeders to optimize flowering time in barley.
文摘Plants are amazing chemical factories,and medicinal plants provide a myriad of pharmaceutically active compounds that have been commonly used as traditional medicines for thousands of years.The practice of traditional medicine in China dates back at least 4,500 years.The Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing("Shen Nong's Herbal Classic"in 770−475 BC)has been considered the oldest list of medicinal plants.Recent rapid economic development has enabled China to invest substantially in science and technology research.In many ethnic groups worldwide,herbal medicines are,in the same way as traditional Chinese medicines,still commonly used today.A wide array of plant-extract health supplements has become increasingly popular in Western societies.Numerous drugs derived from a broad range of plant species have been discoveried,such as taxol and artemisinin and their derivatives.
基金the Royal Society for a Newton Advanced Fellowship awarded to ECT(NAF\R2\192001)CEPAMS Funding(Project CPM19)for support of a collaboration project'Scutellaria Anticancer Metabolites'for E.C.T.,C.M.,M-J.R.H.,J.F.and Q.Z.C.M.,M.T.,E.B.,M.R.,G.S.,L.H..and J.L.were also supported by the Institute Strategic Programme‘Molecules from Nature’(BB/P012523/1)+4 种基金the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council.MZ was supported by a CSC visiting scholarship and by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province,China(LY21H280009)We thank CAS for the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB27020204)International Partnership Program of CAS(153D31KYSB20160074)we gratefully acknowledge the Ministry of Science and Technology for Foreign Expert Project 2019(G20190113016)the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality for Shanghai Talent Recruitment Program 2018 and funds from National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics and Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology to ECT for support of this project.
文摘Medicinal plants are an excellent source of structurally diverse,bio-active compounds with potential in the fight against cancer.One of the most promising is Scutellaria barbata,prescribed traditionally for the treatment of cancers.Scutebarbatine A is the major diterpenoid,produced in specialized large,peltate trichomes on leaves of S.barbata.It induces dose-dependent apoptosis,specifically in cancer cells.The major class of proteins down-regulated are pro-survival proteins,the Inhibitors of Apoptosis(IAPs),and IAP regulating proteins.We propose that scutebarbatine A works by releasing the molecular brakes(the IAPs)on apoptosis in cell death-evading cancer cells.Comparison between the cytotoxicity of methanolic extracts of S.barbata leaves and decoctions(Ban Zhi Lian)prepared traditionally,showed substantially different chemical compositions and differential induction of apoptosis.Analyses suggest polyvalency between the constituents in both extracts,and ways to produce enhanced chemopreventive preparations for the treatment of cancer.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31921005)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA24010204)+1 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1201500)the Major Basic Research Program of Shandong Natural Science Foundation of China(ZR2019ZD15).
文摘The spike architecture of wheat plays a crucial role in determining grain number,making it a key trait for optimization in wheat breeding programs.In this study,we used a multi-omic approach to analyze the transcriptome and epigenome profiles of the young spike at eight developmental stages,revealing co-ordinated changes in chromatin accessibility and H3K27me3 abundance during the flowering transition.We constructed a core transcriptional regulatory network(TRN)that drives wheat spike formation and experimentally validated a multi-layer regulatorymodule involving TaSPL15,TaAGLG1,and TaFUL2.By integrating the TRN with genome-wide association studies,we identified 227 transcription factors,including 42 with known functions and 185 with unknown functions.Further investigation of 61 novel transcription factors using multiple homozygous mutant lines revealed 36 transcription factors that regulate spike architecture or flowering time,such as TaMYC2-A1,TaMYB30-A1,and TaWRKY37-A1.Of particular interest,TaMYB30-A1,downstream of and repressed by WFzP,was found to regulate fertile spikelet number.Notably,the excellent haplotype of TaMYB30-A1,which contains a C allele at the WFzP binding site,was enriched during wheat breeding improvement in China,leading to improved agronomic traits.Finally,we constructed a free and open access Wheat Spike Multi-Omic Database(http://39.98.48.156:8800/#/).Our study identifies novel and high-confidence regulators and offers an effective strategy for dissecting the genetic basis of wheat spike development,with practical value forwheat breeding.
