Johns Hopkins循证护理实践模式的研究进展

系统介绍了Johns Hopkins循证护理实践模式,包括3大关键要素,即实践、教育和研究;其核心是证据,分为研究型证据和非研究型证据;以及众多内因和外因。阐述了循证实践的3阶段流程即实践问题、证据生成和证据转化以及国内外应用进展,旨在为我国护理人员开展循证护理实践、教育和研究提供思路和方法指导。另一方面,在实践过程中加强该模式与其他循证护理实践模式的相互比较,并根据我国国情对该模式进行不断地测试和修订,加强该模式理解、应用和实践项目成效报道,并根据不同研究目的和临床情景来发展其概念框架是未来发展方向。

Lesion-based Patterns of Morbidity and Mortality in Hospitalized Adolescents with Congenital Heart Disease

Objective:The objective of this analysis is to describe the characteristics and morbidity during hospitalizations among adolescents with congenital heart disease(AdoCHD)from the Pediatric Health Information System(PHIS)database.Methods:The PHIS database was queried for all AdoCHD admissions aged 12–18 years(1/1/2004–12/31/2013).Major forms of CHD were identified by their International Classification of Diseases,ninth revision codes,further verified based on their secondary diagnosis and/or procedure codes.Patient characteristics,diagnoses,procedures and vital status were assessed.Results:In total,there were 4,267 adolescents admitted to 42 Children’s Hospitals,58.3%were males,24.6%single ventricle(SV)patients,64.1%bi-ventricle(BV),and 11.3%could not be classified.They accounted for 8,512 hospitalizations(41,240 total hospital days),of which 31.6%were intensive care unit(ICU)stays.ICU stay was similar for the SVand BV patients with similar duration of mechanical ventilation between the two groups.Overall,the most common CHD among in-patients was tetralogy of Fallot(TOF,36.4%).Larger proportion of the BVAdoCHD admissions were for elective surgical and electrophysiological procedures.There were 109(2.5%)heart transplantations(1.3%SV vs.0.6%BV)and 120 in-hospital deaths(2.8%)(1.1%SV vs.1.3%BV).Hypoplastic left heart syndrome was the most common diagnosis in transplanted patients(46%)and those who died(28%);TOF(29%)was frequent in 91(2.1%)patients who had cardiac arrests.Conclusions:Different hospitalization patterns exist for BV and SV AdoCHD.Recognizing this risk may encourage directing resources toward optimizing long-term care of CHD patients.

Clinical and socioeconomic determinants of survival in biliary tract adenocarcinomas

BACKGROUND Despite advances in detection and treatments,biliary tract cancers continue to have poor survival outcomes.Currently,there is limited data investigating the significance of socioeconomic status,race/ethnicity,and environmental factors in biliary tract cancer survival.Data from the Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results database for biliary and gallbladder adenocarcinomas were extracted from 1975 to 2016.Socioe-conomic data included smoking,poverty level,education,adjusted household income,and percentage of foreign-born persons and urban population.Survival was calculated with Cox proportional hazards models for death in the 5-year period following diagnosis.RESULTS Our study included 15883 gallbladder,11466 intrahepatic biliary,12869 extrahepatic biliary and 7268 ampulla of Vater adenocarcinoma cases.When analyzing county-specific demographics,patients from counties with higher incomes were associated with higher survival rates[hazard ratio(HR)=0.97,P<0.05].Similarly,counties with a higher percentage of patients with a college level education and counties with a higher urban population had higher 5-year survival rates(HR=0.96,P=0.002 and HR=0.97,P=0.004,respectively).CONCLUSION Worse survival outcomes were observed in lower income counties while higher income and education level were associated with higher 5-year overall survival among gallbladder and biliary malignancies.

Global geoepidemiology of gastrointestinal surgery rates in Crohn’s disease

BACKGROUND Data regarding the worldwide gastrointestinal surgery rates in patients with Crohn’s disease(CD)remains limited.AIM To systematically review the global variation in the rates of surgery in CD.METHODS A comprehensive search analysis was performed using multiple electronic databases from inception through July 1,2020,to identify all full text,randomized controlled trials and cohort studies pertaining to gastrointestinal surgery rates in adult patients with CD.Outcomes included continent based demographic data,CD surgery rates over time,as well as the geoepidemiologic variation in CD surgery rates.Statistical analyses were conducted using R.RESULTS Twenty-three studies spanning four continents were included.The median proportion of persons with CD who underwent gastrointestinal surgery in studies from North America,Europe,Asia,and Oceania were 30%(range:1.7%-62.0%),40%(range:0.6%-74.0%),17%(range:16.0%-43.0%),and 38%respectively.No clear association was found regarding the proportion of patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery over time in North America(R^(2)=0.035)and Europe(R^(2)=0.100).A moderate,negative association was seen regarding the proportion of patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery over time(R^(2)=0.520)in Asia.CONCLUSION There appears to be significant inter-continental variation regarding surgery rates in CD.Homogenous evidencebased guidelines accounting for the geographic differences in managing patients with CD is prudent.Moreover,as a paucity of data on surgery rates in CD exists outside the North American and European continents,future studies,particularly in less studied locales,are warranted.

昆明、洛阳两地献血者人群HBV携带者的HBV基因型分布

目的调查昆明、洛阳两地献血者人群HBV携带者HBV基因型的分布情况。方法采用多对型特异性引物,以套式PCR的方法对两地367份献血者HBsAg筛查阳性样本分型,根据HBV前s1基因和s基因区域内的保守序列设计出10条引物(2条外引物、8条内引物),并将其中8条内引物分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ组,分别扩增A、B、C和D、E、F型HBV基因片段;将第2轮PCR产物做琼脂糖电泳,根据PCR产物片断大小判定基因型;分型结果以s基因直接测序法验证。结果昆明279份样本中成功分型214例,分型成功率76.7%,其中B型69例(32.2%),C型103例(48.1%),B、C混合型41例(19.2%);D型1例(0.5%);洛阳献血者的88份样本中成功分型72例,分型成功率81.8%,其中B型10例(13.9%),C型46例(63.9%),B、C混合型16例(22.2%)。经s基因测序法验证,该分型方法准确可靠。结论昆明、洛阳两地献血者人群中HBV携带者HBV基因型均以C型为主,并有一定比例的B型和B、C混合型,仅在昆明献血者中发现1例D型,未见A、E、F型。

中国部分地区献血者中乙型肝炎病毒的基因型和亚型分布特征

目的研究中国献血者中感染HBV的基因型及亚型的分布特征，分析献血者中HBV基因型、亚型与献血者HBV血清学特征及病毒学特征的关系。方法从2008—2010年5家合作血液中心（血站）HBsAg确证阳性献血者中随机选取245份样本进行研究；通过S区扩增测序结合多对型特异性引物巢式PCR法分析HBV基因型，通过PreS／S区扩增测序或全基因组扩增测序分析HBV基因亚型。用s＇PSS11．0统计软件分析备地HBV基因型、基因亚型的分布，比较献血者中HBV基因型和亚型分布与慢性乙型肝炎患者的区别，分析HBV基因型、基因亚型与人口特征，病毒学特征和血清学特征的关系。结果245份样本中成功确定基因型228例，成功确定基因亚型200例。5地献血者感染中HBV的主要基因型为B型和C型，B型流行率高于C型，未见E．H型；基因亚型依次为B2，c2，D1，A1；在昆明献血者中发现了B基因型的1种新亚型B9；C型和c2亚型中的HBeAg阳性率分别显著高于B型和B2亚型中的HBeAg阳性率。结论我国献血者中感染的HBV的主要基因型为B型和c型，B型高于C型，且具有流行率增高的趋势，c型献血者中HBV复制活性高于B型。c型中的主要亚型为c2，B型中的主要亚型为B2。

从约翰·霍普金斯医院看美国医疗纠纷的防范

从美国约翰·霍普金斯医院（Johns Hopkins Hospital）的管理中发现：建立高质、高效的病人意见建议处理部门，合理的安全措施建议，药物的安全使用，医患共议医疗护理计划，院内感染的预防以及意外摔伤的预防，医院均诚恳邀请病人积极参与，并实施相应的宣教措施。这5大方面的全面实施对医疗纠纷的防范起到了不可忽视的作用。

中国部分地区献血者中乙型肝炎病毒的基因序列变异特征

目的了解我国献血者HBV基因MHR区、PreS区、逆转录酶区及PreC/BCP区序列变异特征;分析HBV序列变异与HBV基因型、亚型、献血者人口地理特征及献血者HBV血清学特征的关系。方法从昆明、洛阳、柳州、绵阳、乌鲁木齐5家血液中心(或中心血站)2008~2010年HBsAg确证阳性献血者标本中,随机抽取245份:用巢式PCR法扩增PreS/S区、S区、PreC/BCP区并双向测序,用ClustalⅩ将测序结果与标准株序列比对分析是否存在重要位点突变;将测序结果翻译成氨基酸后与标准株的氨基酸序列比对分析是否存在S区和逆转录酶编码区突变。用SPSS 11.0统计软件比较序列变异的地理分布、人口特征分布、基因型和亚型分布以及其与献血者HBV病毒学特征和血清学特征的关系。结果献血者HBV基因MHR区突变率为17.1%(39/228),B基因型中MHR区的突变率高于C基因型(23.1%vs 4.0%)。PreS区突变率为14.0%(28/200),包括PreS区缺失以及T31C和T53C突变;PreS区发生缺失者占2.5%(5/200),且所有D基因型标本中均未发现D基因型特有的PreS区33个核苷酸的缺失;C型PreS区突变率高于B型(26.0%vs和5.2%),C2亚型高于B2亚型(42.5%vs 3.8%)。PreC/BCP区突变率为29.8%(68/228),C型中A1762T/G1764A联合突变率高于B型(34.0%vs 4.48%),B型中G1896A突变发生率高于C型(26.9%vs 8.0%),PreC/BCP区变异标本的HBeAg阳性率明显低于无该区突变标本(11.8%vs 26.7%,P<0.05)。逆转录酶区突变率为7.0%(14/200),其突变位点突变位点主要与阿德福韦酯和拉米夫定耐药有关,未发现最典型的YMDD拉米夫定突变。结论我国献血者HBV基因MHR区突变尽管低于其他国家的比例,但在HBV基因各重要区域中的序列变异率仍为最高;献血者HBV基因与肝细胞癌相关的突变主要位于PreC/BCP区,在PreS区的较少;C基因型中PreS区突变率和A1762T/G1764A联合突变率高于B型,B基因型中G1896A突变率高于C型;献血者感染的HBV存在逆转录酶区耐药突变。

前庭疾病国际分类概述

2006年,为了全面启动前庭疾病国际分类(ICVD)的工作,Bárány学会分类委员会(CCBS)召开第一届会议。考虑到ICVD工作历程的复杂性,Bárány学会需要建立一个系统的内部流程以及促进与其它协会达成共识的工作流程,最终,针对前庭疾病临床诊断与研究的关键问题,CCBS开始着手制定ICVD的工作规则和框架(于2015年以前庭疾病国际分类概述英文版一文发表),包括4个层面的内容:(1)症状和体征;(2)综合征;(3)功能障碍和疾病;(4)发病机制。截至目前,CCBS在前庭症状的定义(2009)、前庭性偏头痛(2012)、前庭疾病国际分类概述(2015)、良性阵发性位置性眩晕(2015)、梅尼埃病(2015)、前庭阵发症(2016)、双侧前庭病变(2017)、持续性姿势-感知性头晕(2017)的相关专家共识已经陆续发表。在此背景下,我们此次将CCBS 2015年发表的《前庭疾病国际分类概述》一文进行了翻译(中文版发表版权已获取),以飨读者。希望能够使国内更多的同仁了解CCBS有条不紊的ICVD工作历程,对我们的工作亦有所启示!当然,我们也透过CCBS目前所做的ICVD的相关工作,更加清晰地理解到我们面临的问题及应该如何更好地去开展眩晕/前庭专业的工作!这一点,是非常重要的!

中国5所医院红细胞输注情况病例对照研究

目的调查参加研究的5所医院红细胞输注指征,输血前后血红蛋白（Hb）水平变化以及与红细胞输注相关的其他临床因素,对临床红细胞输注提供科学依据。方法对5家医院的血库信息系统查询2013年全年住院患者中首次红细胞输注病例,并从中随机选择1000例收集相关数据,病例不满1 000例的医院的全部病例纳入研究;将所有数据按照人口统计学特征、并发症、是否手术、红细胞特征以及Hb水平进行区分。根据主要疾病诊断将病例属于6大诊断组的病例分出,选择在同一时间段入院且在相同诊断组的未输血病例为作为对照,进行临床队列研究,对输注前Hb水平及其他红细胞输注相关临床因素进行统计学分析。结果从约5 000例红细胞输注患者中选择出属于6个诊断组的病例1 356例,对照病例1 201例,外科患者（病例数/对照数）包括骨科手术组（312/216）;普外科手术组（367/332）;内科患者包括实体瘤（230/232）;消化道出血（212/221）;心血管疾病（87/77）;血液系统恶性肿瘤（100/101）。Hb水平与手术患者和内科患者的红细胞输注均具有相关性。手术患者中,Hb为（70—90） g/L患者组相对于Hb〉100 g/L患者组,输注红细胞的OR值（95%可信区间）为27. 0（13. 9—52. 7）,内科患者中该OR值为71. 5（37. 8—135. 4）。外科患者红细胞输注只与红细胞输注前Hb水平相关;内科患者中主要诊断、不同医院以及年龄〉75岁等均是进行红细胞输注的独立因素。心血管疾病患者组相对于实体瘤患者组进行红细胞输注的OR值为2. 5（1. 2—4. 9）,血液系统恶性肿瘤患者组与消化道出血患者组相对于实体瘤患者组进行红细胞输注的OR值分别为0. 4（0. 2—0. 6）和0. 5（0. 3—0. 8）。其中46%的血液系统恶性肿瘤患者红细胞输注前的Hb〈60 g/L。结论红细胞输注前Hb水平是与红细胞输注最相关的因素。其他相关临床因素包括年龄、心血管疾病、主要诊断等仅与内科患者的红细胞输注相关,与外科患者红细胞输注无关。比较西方国家红细胞输注标准[输血前Hb：（70—80） g/L]与中国红细胞输注标准（输血前Hb：60 g/L）的临床研究将为科学合理的红细胞输注标准的制定提供依据。

Hepatorenal syndrome

Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a "functional" and reversible form of renal failure that occurs in patients with advanced chronic liver disease. The distinctive hallmark feature of HRS is the intense renal vasoconstriction caused by interactions between systemic and portal hemodynamics. This results in activation of vasoconstrictors and suppression of vasodilators in the renal circulation. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, as well as current and emerging therapies of HRS are discussed in this review.

Management of borderline and locally advanced pancreatic cancer:Where do we stand?

Many patients with pancreas cancer present with locally advanced pancreatic cancer(LAPC).The principle tools used for diagnosis and staging of LAPC include endoscopic ultrasound,axial imaging with computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging,and diagnostic laparoscopy.The definition of resectability has historically been vague,as there is considerable debate and controversy as to the definition of LAPC.For the patient with LAPC,there is some level of involvement of the surrounding vascular structures,which include the superior mesenteric artery,celiac axis,hepatic artery,superior mesenteric vein,or portal vein.When feasible,most surgeons would recommend possible surgical resection for patients with borderline LAPC,with the goal of an R0 resection.For initially unresectable LAPC,neoadjuvant should be strongly considered.Specifically,these patients should be offered neoadjuvant therapy,and the tumor should be assessed for possible response and eventual resection.The efficacy of neoadjuvant therapy with this approach as a bridge to potential curative resection is broad,ranging from 3%-79%.The different modalities of neoadjuvant therapy include sin-gle or multi-agent chemotherapy combined with radiation,chemotherapy alone,and chemotherapy followed by chemotherapy with radiation.This review focuses on patients with LAPC and addresses recent advances and controversies in the field.

Role of transcatheter arterial embolization for massive bleeding from gastroduodenal ulcers

Intractable bleeding from gastric and duodenal ulcers is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Aggressive treatment with early endoscopic hemostasis is essential for a favourable outcome. In as many as 12%-17% of patients,endoscopy is either not available or unsuccessful. Endovascular therapy with selective catheterization of the culprit vessel and injection of embolic material has emerged as an alternative to emergent operative intervention in high-risk patients. There has not been a systematic literature review to assess the role for embolotherapy in the treatment of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding from gastroduo-denal ulcers after failed endoscopic hemostasis. Here,we present an overview of indications,techniques,and clinical outcomes after endovascular embolization of acute peptic-ulcer bleeding. Topics of particular relevance to technical and clinical success are also discussed. Our review shows that transcatheter arterial embolization is a safe alternative to surgery for massive gastroduodenal bleeding that is refractory to endoscopic treatment,can be performed with high technical and clinical success rates,and should be considered the salvage treatment of choice in patients at high surgical risk.

Surgery for colorectal liver metastases: The evolution of determining prognosis

Despite improvements in the multi-modality treatment of colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM), survival after resection remains varied. Determining prognosis after surgical resection has historically been predicated on preoperative clinicopathological factors such as primary tumor stage, carcinoembryonic antigen levels, number of liver metastases, presence of extrahepatic disease, as well as other factors. While scoring systems have been developed by combining certain preoperative fac- tors, these have been inconsistent in accurately deter- mining prognosis. There has been increasing interest in the use of biologic and molecular markers to predict prognosis following CRLM. The role of markers such as KRAS, BRAF, p53, human telomerase reverse transcrip- tase, thymidylate synthase, Ki-67, and hypoxia inducible factor-1α and their correlation with accurately predict- ing survival after surgical resection have been sup- ported by several studies. Furthermore, other elements such as pathological response to chemotherapy and the presence of circulating tumor cells have shown promise in accurately determining prognosis after resection for colorectal liver metastasis.We herein review past, present, and possible future markers of prognosis among colorectal cancer patients with liver metastasis undergo-ing resection with curative intent.

Stem Cell Ophthalmology Treatment Study(SCOTS) for retinal and optic nerve diseases: a case report of improvement in relapsing auto-immune optic neuropathy

We present the results from a patient with relapsing optic neuropathy treated within the Stem Cell Ophthalmology Treatment Study （SCOTS）. SCOTS is an Institutional Review Board ap- proved clinical trial and has become the largest ophthalmology stem cell study registered at the National Institutes of Health to date （www.clinicaltrials.gov Identifier NCT 01920867）. SCOTS utilizes autologous bone marrow-derived stem cells （BMSCs） for treatment of retinal and optic nerve diseases. Pre-treatment and post-treatment comprehensive eye exams of a 54 year old female patient were performed both at the Florida Study Center, USA and at The Eye Center of Columbus, USA. As a consequence of a relapsing optic neuritis, the patient＇s previously normal visual acuity decreased to between 20/350 and 20/400 in the right eye and to 20/70 in the left eye. Significant visual field loss developed bilaterally. The patient underwent a right eye vitrectomy with injection of BMSCs into the optic nerve of the right eyeand retrobulbar, subtenon and in- travitreal injection of BMSCs in the left eye. At 15 months after SCOTS treatment, the patient＇s visual acuity had improved to 20/150 in the right eye and 20/20 in the left eye. Bilateral visual fields improved markedly. Both macular thickness and fast retinal nerve fiber layer thickness were maximally improved at 3 and 6 months after SCOTS treatment. The patient also reduced her mycophenylate dose from 1,500 mg per day to 500 mg per day and required no steroid pulse therapy during the 15-month follow up.

Medical management of ischemic stuttering priapism： a ：ontemporary review of the literature

Priapism is defined as a prolonged and persistent erection of the penis without sexual stimulation. This is a poorly understood disease process with little information on the pathophysiology of this erectile disorder. Complications from this disorder are devastating due to the irreversible erectile damage and resultant erectile dysfunction （ED）. Stuttering priapism, though relatively rare, affects a high prevalence of men with sickle-cell disease （SCD） and presents a challenging problem with guidelines for treatment lacking or resulting in permanent ED. The mechanisms involved in the development of priapism in this cohort are poorly characterized; therefore, medical management of priapism represents a therapeutic challenge to urologists. Additional research is warranted, so we can effectively target treatments for these patients with prevention as the goal. This review gives an introduction to stuttering priapism and its clinical significance, specifically with regards to the patient with SCD. Additionally, the proposed mechanisms behind its pathophysiology and a summary of the current and future targets for medical management are discussed.

Endothelium-specific gene and stem cell-based therapy for erectile dysfunction

Erectile dysfunction （ED） commonly results from endothelial dysfunction of the systemic vasculature. Although phosphodiesterase type 5 （PDE-5） inhibitors are effective at treating most cases of ED, they must be taken routinely and are ineffectual for a meaningful number of men. In recent years gene and stem cell-based therapies targeted at the penile endothelium have been gaining momentum in preclinical studies. These early studies reveal that gene and stem cell-based therapies may be both enduring and efficacious, and may eventually lead to a cure for ED. The following review will highlight our current understanding of endothelial-specific gene and stem cell-based therapies performed to date in a number of experimental animal models.

Role of frailty and sarcopenia in predicting outcomes among patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery

According to the United States census bureau 20% of Americans will be older than 65 years in 2030 and half of them will need an operation- equating to about 36 million older surgical patients. Older adults are prone to complications during gastrointestinal cancer treatment and therefore may need to undergo special pretreatment assessments that incorporate frailty and sarcopenia assessments. A focused, structured literature review on Pub Med and Google Scholar was performed to identify primary research articles, review articles, as well as practice guidelines on frailty and sarcopenia among patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery. The initial search identified 450 articles; after eliminating duplicates, reports that did not include surgical patients, case series, as well as case reports, 42 publications on the impact of frailty and/or sarcopenia on outcome of patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery were included. Frailty is defined as a clinically recognizable state of increased vulnerability to physiologic stressors resulting from aging. Frailty is associated with a decline in physiologic reserve and function across multiple physiologic systems. Sarcopenia is a syndrome characterized by progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength. Unlike cachexia, which is typically associated with weight loss due to chemotherapy or a general malignancy-related cachexia syndrome, sarcopenia relates to muscle mass rather than simply weight. As such, while weight reflects nutritional status, sarcopenia- the loss of muscle mass- is a more accurate and quantitative global marker of frailty. While chronologic age is an important element in assessing a patient's peri-operative risk, physiologic age is a more important determinant of outcomes. Geriatric assessment tools are important components of the preoperative work-up and can help identify patients who suffer from frailty. Such data are important, as frailty and sarcopenia have repeatedly been demonstrated among the strongest predictors of both short- and longterm outcome following complicated surgical procedures such as esophageal, gastric, colorectal, and hepatopancreatico-biliary resections.

不可切除性肝细胞癌经肝动脉化疗栓塞后早期血管和细胞变化的MR监测

目的 前瞻性地评价不可切除陛肝细胞癌病人经动脉化疗栓塞（TACE）后1个月内对比剂增强和扩散加权MRI上的数据的连续性变化。方法 本项符合HIPPA法案的研究经机构审查委员会同意。对24例肝细胞癌病人（男21例，女3例，平均年龄分别为59岁和62岁）在TACE前、TACE后24h以及术后第1、2、3、4周行连续MRI。

Arginine vasopressin as a target in the treatment of acute heart failure

Congestive heart failure(CHF) is one of the most common reasons for hospitalization in the United States. Despite multiple different beneficial medications for the treatment of chronic CHF, there are no therapies with a demonstrated mortality benefit in the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure. In fact, studies of inotropes used in this setting have demonstrated more harm than good. Arginine vasopressin has been shown to be up regulated in CHF. When bound to the V1 a and/or V2 receptors, vasopressin causes vasoconstriction, left ventricular remodeling and free water reabsorption. Recently, two drugs have been approved for use that antagonize these receptors. Studies thus far have indicated that these medications, while effective at aquaresis(free water removal), are safe and not associated with increased morbidity such as renal failure and arrhythmias. Both conivaptan and tolvaptan have been approved for the treatment of euvolemic and hypervolemic hyponatremia. We review the results of these studies in patients with heart failure.