A Weighted Spatially Constrained Finite Mixture Model for Image Segmentation

Spatially Constrained Mixture Model(SCMM)is an image segmentation model that works over the framework of maximum a-posteriori and Markov Random Field(MAP-MRF).It developed its own maximization step to be used within this framework.This research has proposed an improvement in the SCMM’s maximization step for segmenting simulated brain Magnetic Resonance Images(MRIs).The improved model is named as the Weighted Spatially Constrained Finite Mixture Model(WSCFMM).To compare the performance of SCMM and WSCFMM,simulated T1-Weighted normal MRIs were segmented.A region of interest(ROI)was extracted from segmented images.The similarity level between the extracted ROI and the ground truth(GT)was found by using the Jaccard and Dice similarity measuring method.According to the Jaccard similarity measuring method,WSCFMM showed an overall improvement of 4.72%,whereas the Dice similarity measuring method provided an overall improvement of 2.65%against the SCMM.Besides,WSCFMM signicantly stabilized and reduced the execution time by showing an improvement of 83.71%.The study concludes that WSCFMM is a stable model and performs better as compared to the SCMM in noisy and noise-free environments.

Creation of Super Long Transversely Polarized Optical Needle Using Azimuthally Polarized Multi Gaussian Beam

The intensity distribution in the focal region of a high-NA lens for the incident azimuthally polarized multi Gaussian beam transmitted through a multi belt spiral phase hologram is studied on the basis of the vector diffraction theory. Here we report a new method used to generate a needle of transversely polarized light beam with sub diffraction beam size of 0.366A that propagates without divergence over a long distance of about 22A in free space. We also expect that such a light needle of transversely polarized beam may find its applications in utilizing optical materials or instruments responsive to the transversal field only.

Creation of Multiple Subwavelength Focal Spot Segments Using Phase Modulated Radially Polarized Multi Gaussian Beam

Based on the vector diffraction theory, the effect of complex phase filters on intensity distribution of a radially polarized multi Gaussian beam in the focal region of high NA lens is theoretically investigated. It is observed that a properly designed multi belt complex phase filter can generate subwavelength novel focal patterns including splitting of focal spots and generation of multiple focal spot segments such as eight, six and four focal spots along the optical axis are obtained. We expect that such an investigation is useful for optical manipulation and material processing, multiple high refractive index particle trapping technologies.

Wavelet Decomposition Impacts on Traditional Forecasting Time Series Models

This investigative study is focused on the impact of wavelet on traditional forecasting time-series models,which significantly shows the usage of wavelet algorithms.Wavelet Decomposition(WD)algorithm has been combined with various traditional forecasting time-series models,such as Least Square Support Vector Machine(LSSVM),Artificial Neural Network(ANN)and Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines(MARS)and their effects are examined in terms of the statistical estimations.The WD has been used as a mathematical application in traditional forecast modelling to collect periodically measured parameters,which has yielded tremendous constructive outcomes.Further,it is observed that the wavelet combined models are classy compared to the various time series models in terms of performance basis.Therefore,combining wavelet forecasting models has yielded much better results.

Learning the English Language the Fun Way Through Virtual Learning Environment： A Proposal

Learning is a difficult concept to define, let alone gauge. While the students are learning, their learning is far from ideal or from what the lecturers had intended. Ramsden＇s findings suggest that there are different levels of learning and that the majority of students are not attaining the level that lecturer＇s judge to be of value. Learning the English language can be fun through the use of a Virtual Learning Environment （VLE）. Obviously, the trend nowadays is the application of modern technology. Students can now get learning applications on their mobile phones, IPhones, IPads, and ITouch to widen their vocabulary and to increase their knowledge in the four skills such as, Reading, Writing, Listening, and Speaking. The accessibility of learning materials from the library can now be made available anywhere and anytime for students and teachers. This paper seeks to answer the following questions： （I） What is VLE？ （2） What are the purposes of establishing VLE in a university？ （3） How will the contents make student learning possible？ （4） What will its impact on student learning be？ The author believes that learning ＂how to learn＂ （metacognition） can be improved and enhanced for the students. The VLE serves as a supplementary learning tool in attaining such a goal.

Tight Focusing Properties of Phase Modulated Radially Polarized Laguerre Bessel Gaussian Beam

We propose a new approach for generating a multiple focal spot segment of subwavelength size, by tight focusing of a phase modulated radially polarized Laguerre Bessel Gaussian beam. The focusing properties are investigated theoretically by .vector diffraction theory. We observe that the focal segment with multiple focal structures is separated with different axial distances and a super long dark channel can be generated by properly tuning the phase of the incident radially polarized Laguerre Bessel Gaussian beam. We presume that such multiple focal patterns and high intense beam may find applications in atom optics, optical manipulations and multiple optical trapping.

Nickel Antimony Sulphide Thin Films for Solar Cell Application: Study of Optical Constants

Chemical bath deposition technique has been used to deposit Ni-doped Sb2S3 thin films onto glass substrate. Doping was carried out by adding 1, 3 and 5 wt% of Ni. Bath temperature was kept as 10℃ and films were annealed at 250℃ under vacuum. Polycrystalline nature of films with an orthorhombic phase was analyzed by X-ray diffraction technique. Scanning electron microscopy was used for morphological study which shows that grains are spherical. Optical measurements using transmittance data indicated that films have a direct band gap of 1.00 - 2.60 eV with an absorption coefficient of ~104 cm-1 in visible range. The average value of electrical conductivity was calculated as 1.66, 1.11 and 1.06 (Ω·cm)-1 for as-deposited films and 1.90, 2.08 and 1.15 (Ω·cm)-1 for annealed films while refractive indices were found as 2.18 - 3.38 and 1.91 - 3.74 respectively. The obtained films can be used for solar cell applications due to their good absorbing properties like higher absorption coefficient and refractive index values.

Micro-fabrication of ceramics:Additive manufacturing and conventional technologies

Ceramic materials are increasingly used in micro-electro-mechanical systems(MEMS)as they offer many advantages such as high-temperature resistance,high wear resistance,low density,and favourable mechanical and chemical properties at elevated temperature.However,with the emerging of additive manufacturing,the use of ceramics for functional and structural MEMS raises new opportunities and challenges.This paper provides an extensive review of the manufacturing processes used for ceramic-based MEMS,including additive and conventional manufacturing technologies.The review covers the micro-fabrication techniques of ceramics with the focus on their operating principles,main features,and processed materials.Challenges that need to be addressed in applying additive technologies in MEMS include ceramic printing on wafers,post-processing at the micro-level,resolution,and quality control.The paper also sheds light on the new possibilities of ceramic additive micro-fabrication and their potential applications,which indicates a promising future.