Structural insights on anti-biofilm mechanism of heated slightly acidic electrolyzed water technology against multi-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm on food contact surface

Slightly acidic electrolyzed water(SAEW)has proven to be an efficient and novel sanitizer in food and agriculture field.This study assessed the efficacy of SAEW(30 mg/L)at 40℃on the inactivation of foodbome pathogens and detachment of multi-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)biofilm.Furthermore.the underlying mechanism of MRS A biofilm under heated SAEW at 40℃treatment on metabolic profiles was investigated.The results showed that the heated SAEW at 40℃significantly effectively against foodbome pathogens of 1.96-7.56(lg(CFU/g))reduction in pork,chicken,spinach,and lettuce.The heated SAEW at 40℃treatment significantly reduced MRS A biofilm cells by 2.41(lg(CFU/cm^(2))).The synergistic effect of SAEW treatment showed intense anti-biofilm activity in decreasing cell density and impairing biofilm cell membranes.Global metabolic response of MRSA biofilms,treated by SAEW at 40℃,revealed the alterations of intracellular metabolites,including amino acids,organic acid,fatty acid,and lipid.Moreover,signaling pathways involved in amino acid metabolism,energy metabolism,nucleotide synthesis,carbohydrate metabolites,and lipid biosynthesis were functionally disrupted by the SAEW at 40℃treatment.As per our knowledge,this is the first research to uncover the potential mechanism of heated SAEW treatment against MRSA biofilm on food contact surface.

Effectiveness of sensory integration therapy in children,focusing on Korean children:A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Sensory integration intervention is highly related to the child's effective interaction with the environment and the child's development.Currently,various sensory integration interventions are being applied,but research methodological problems are arising due to unsystematic protocols.This study aims to present the optimal intervention protocol by presenting scientific standards for sensory integration intervention through meta-analysis.AIM To prove the effectiveness of sensory integration therapy,examine the latest trend of sensory integration studies in Korea,and provide clinical evidence for sensory integration therapies.METHODS The database of Korean search engines,including RISS,KISS,and DBpia,was used to search for related literature published from 2001 to October 2020.The keywords,“Children”,“Sensory integration”,“Integrated sensory”,“Sensorymotor”,and“Sensory stimulation”were used in this search.Then,a meta-analysis was conducted on 24 selected studiesRISS,KISS,and DBpia,was used to search for related literature published from 2001 to October 2020.The keywords,“Children”,“Sensory integration”,“Integrated sensory”,“Sensorymotor”,and“Sensory stimulation”were used in this search.Then,a meta-analysis was conducted on 24 selected studies.RESULTS Sensory integration intervention has been proven effective in children with cerebral palsy,autism spectrum disorder,attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder,developmental disorder,and intellectual disability in relation to the diagnosis of children.Regarding sensory integration therapies,1:1 individual treatment with a therapist or a therapy session lasting for 40 min was most effective.In terms of dependent variables,sensory integration therapy effectively promoted social skills,adaptive behavior,sensory processing,and gross motor and fine motor skills.CONCLUSION The results of this study may be used as therapeutic evidence for sensory integration intervention in the clinical field of occupational therapy for children,and can help to present standards for sensory integration intervention protocols.

Catalpa bignonioides extract improves exercise performance through regulation of growth and metabolism in skeletal muscles

Objective:To evaluate the effects of Catalpa bignonioides fruit extract on the promotion of muscle growth and muscular capacity in vitro and in vivo.Methods:Cell viability was measured using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay.Cell proliferation was assessed using a 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine(BrdU)assay kit.Western blot analysis was performed to determine the protein expressions of related factors.The effects of Catalpa bignonioides extract were investigated in mice using the treadmill exhaustion test and whole-limb grip strength assay.Chemical composition analysis was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).Results:Catalpa bignonioides extract increased the proliferation of C2C12 mouse myoblasts by activating the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.It also induced metabolic changes,increasing the number of mitochondria and glucose metabolism by phosphorylating adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase.In an in vivo study,the extract-treated mice showed improved motor abilities,such as muscular endurance and grip strength.Additionally,HPLC analysis showed that vanillic acid may be the main component of the Catalpa bignonioides extract that enhanced muscle strength.Conclusions:Catalpa bignonioides improves exercise performance through regulation of growth and metabolism in skeletal muscles,suggesting its potential as an effective natural agent for improving muscular strength.

Superconducting joints using reacted multifilament MgB_(2)wires:A technology toward cryogen-free MRI magnets

The development of superconducting joining technology for reacted magnesium diboride(MgB_(2))conductors remains a critical challenge for the advancement of cryogen-free MgB_(2)-based magnets for magnetic resonance imaging(MRI).Herein,the fabrication of superconducting joints using reacted carbon-doped multifilament MgB_(2)wires for MRI magnets is reported.To achieve successful superconducting joints,the powder-in-mold method was employed,which involved tuning the filament protection mechanism,the powder compaction pressure,and the heat treatment condition.The fabricated joints demonstrated clear superconducting-to-normal transitions in self-field,with effective magnetic field screening up to 0.5 T at 20 K.To evaluate the interface between one of the MgB_(2)filaments and the MgB_(2)bulk within the joint,serial sectioning was conducted for the first time in this type of superconducting joint.The serial sectioning revealed space formation at the interface,potentially caused by the volume shrinkage associated with the MgB_(2)formation or the combined effect of the volume shrinkage and the different thermal expansion coefficients of the MgB_(2)bulk,the filament,the mold,and the sealing material.These findings are expected to be pivotal in developing MgB_(2)superconducting joining technology for MRI magnet applications through interface engineering.

A New Method for Diagnosis of Leukemia Utilizing a Hybrid DL-ML Approach for Binary and Multi-Class Classification on a Limited-Sized Database

Infection of leukemia in humans causes many complications in its later stages.It impairs bone marrow’s ability to produce blood.Morphological diagnosis of human blood cells is a well-known and well-proven technique for diagnosis in this case.The binary classification is employed to distinguish between normal and leukemiainfected cells.In addition,various subtypes of leukemia require different treatments.These sub-classes must also be detected to obtain an accurate diagnosis of the type of leukemia.This entails using multi-class classification to determine the leukemia subtype.This is usually done using a microscopic examination of these blood cells.Due to the requirement of a trained pathologist,the decision process is critical,which leads to the development of an automated software framework for diagnosis.Researchers utilized state-of-the-art machine learning approaches,such as Support Vector Machine(SVM),Random Forest(RF),Na飗e Bayes,K-Nearest Neighbor(KNN),and others,to provide limited accuracies of classification.More advanced deep-learning methods are also utilized.Due to constrained dataset sizes,these approaches result in over-fitting,reducing their outstanding performances.This study introduces a deep learning-machine learning combined approach for leukemia diagnosis.It uses deep transfer learning frameworks to extract and classify features using state-of-the-artmachine learning classifiers.The transfer learning frameworks such as VGGNet,Xception,InceptionResV2,Densenet,and ResNet are employed as feature extractors.The extracted features are given to RF and XGBoost classifiers for the binary and multi-class classification of leukemia cells.For the experimentation,a very popular ALL-IDB dataset is used,approaching a maximum accuracy of 100%.A private real images dataset with three subclasses of leukemia images,including Acute Myloid Leukemia(AML),Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia(CLL),and Chronic Myloid Leukemia(CML),is also employed to generalize the system.This dataset achieves an impressive multi-class classification accuracy of 97.08%.The proposed approach is robust and generalized by a standardized dataset and the real image dataset with a limited sample size(520 images).Hence,this method can be explored further for leukemia diagnosis having a limited number of dataset samples.

Evaluation of deep learning algorithms for national scale landslide susceptibility mapping of Iran

The identification of landslide-prone areas is an essential step in landslide hazard assessment and mitigation of landslide-related losses.In this study,we applied two novel deep learning algorithms,the recurrent neural network(RNN)and convolutional neural network(CNN),for national-scale landslide susceptibility mapping of Iran.We prepared a dataset comprising 4069 historical landslide locations and 11 conditioning factors(altitude,slope degree,profile curvature,distance to river,aspect,plan curvature,distance to road,distance to fault,rainfall,geology and land-sue)to construct a geospatial database and divided the data into the training and the testing dataset.We then developed RNN and CNN algorithms to generate landslide susceptibility maps of Iran using the training dataset.We calculated the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve and used the area under the curve(AUC)for the quantitative evaluation of the landslide susceptibility maps using the testing dataset.Better performance in both the training and testing phases was provided by the RNN algorithm(AUC=0.88)than by the CNN algorithm(AUC=0.85).Finally,we calculated areas of susceptibility for each province and found that 6%and 14%of the land area of Iran is very highly and highly susceptible to future landslide events,respectively,with the highest susceptibility in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province(33.8%).About 31%of cities of Iran are located in areas with high and very high landslide susceptibility.The results of the present study will be useful for the development of landslide hazard mitigation strategies.

The contribution of gender and age on early and late mortality following ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction： results from the Korean Acute Myocardial Infarction National Registry with Registries

用朝鲜数据的以前的研究已经更高报导了的 BackgroundAlthough 在女人死亡评价，在预后的这些性差别是否张贴圣片断举起，是不太清楚的心肌的梗塞(STEMI ) ，很长时间依赖者。这研究的目的是在病人与早、迟了的死亡检验性年龄相互作用， STEMI 在朝鲜全国性的 registry.MethodsThis 注册了未来的从 17,021 个 STEMI 病人根据性和年龄学习成层的结果。我们比较了在里面医院，早(30 天) 并且迟了(12 个月) 在性到之间的死亡在 multivariable models.ResultsIn 检验性年龄相互作用更年轻的女人(< 60 年) ，在里面医院[5.8% 对 2.5% ， P < 0.001；unadjusted 机会比率(或) ：2.41， 95% 信心间隔(CI ) ：1.59-3.66 ] ，早(6.2% 对 2.6% ， P < 0.001；unadjusted 或：2.4， 95% CI：2.12-2.72 ) 并且迟了的死亡(7.0% 对 3.1% ， P > 0.001；unadjusted 或：2.33， 95% CI：2.08-2.61 ) 与男人相比是显著地更高的。然而在为耐心的特征的调整以后， Killip 班 3 ，症状到流血的汽球时间和专业，并且在里面医院流血全面早、迟了的死亡不再与在任何年龄 groups.ConclusionsAmong 的性有关有 STEMI 的一张朝鲜人口，在更年轻的女人的更高早、迟了的死亡可以被差的耐心的特征解释，更高的 Killip 班 3 ，更长的症状到汽球时间和流血的更经常的专业。基于性年龄差别，因此，更精确、好攻击的预防策略集中了于风险因素减小，教育和更集中的管理因为更年轻的女人应该被执行。

A Study on the Application of National Competency Standards(NCS)to 4-year Universities in South Korea—Focused on the Case of K-Univ.-

In South Korea,the vocational education and training institutions,such as the vocational colleges,the vocational high schools,and the vocational training institutions is applying the National Competency Standards(NCS).NCS is function as a key link in development of the human resource development(HRD),linking work,education and training,and qualifications by analyzing and presenting systematically the job demands of the industrial field.The 4-year universities that focus generally on the theoretical studies do not yet have applied NCS in South Korea.However,in the case of 4-year universities,the importance of professional education is emphasized by being derived and independed from more precise the individual science through the advancement of science and technology,and the division of social functions.Therefore,it is desirable to apply NCS to improve the practical expertise of 4-year university students.For this purpose,this study aims to compare the curriculum of national K-University and the NCS contents,and to find out how to apply it to the curriculum of 4-year universities in order to bring about the functions and the characteristics of education and training.

Visualization for Explanation of Deep Learning-Based Defect Detection Model Using Class Activation Map

Recently,convolutional neural network(CNN)-based visual inspec-tion has been developed to detect defects on building surfaces automatically.The CNN model demonstrates remarkable accuracy in image data analysis;however,the predicted results have uncertainty in providing accurate informa-tion to users because of the“black box”problem in the deep learning model.Therefore,this study proposes a visual explanation method to overcome the uncertainty limitation of CNN-based defect identification.The visual repre-sentative gradient-weights class activation mapping(Grad-CAM)method is adopted to provide visually explainable information.A visualizing evaluation index is proposed to quantitatively analyze visual representations;this index reflects a rough estimate of the concordance rate between the visualized heat map and intended defects.In addition,an ablation study,adopting three-branch combinations with the VGG16,is implemented to identify perfor-mance variations by visualizing predicted results.Experiments reveal that the proposed model,combined with hybrid pooling,batch normalization,and multi-attention modules,achieves the best performance with an accuracy of 97.77%,corresponding to an improvement of 2.49%compared with the baseline model.Consequently,this study demonstrates that reliable results from an automatic defect classification model can be provided to an inspector through the visual representation of the predicted results using CNN models.

Understanding cell-extracellular matrix interactions for topology-guided tissue regeneration

Tissues are made up of cells and the extracellular matrix(ECM)which surrounds them.These cells and tissues are actively adaptable to enduring significant stress that occurs in daily life.This astonishing mechanical stress develops due to the interaction between the live cells and the non-living ECM.Cells in the matrix microenvironment can sense the signals and forces produced and initiate a signaling cascade that plays a crucial role in the body’s normal functioning and influences various properties of the native cells,including growth,proliferation,and differentiation.However,the matrix’s characteristic features also impact the repair and regeneration of the damaged tissues.The current study reviewed how the cell-ECM interaction regulates cellular behavior and physicochemical properties.Herein,we have described the response of cells to mechanical stresses,the importance of substrate stiffness and geometry in tissue regeneration,and the development of scaffolds to mimic the nature of native ECM in 3D for tissue engineering applications has also been discussed.Finally,the study summarizes the conclusions and promising prospects based on the cell-ECM interplay.

Effects of dietary supplementation of bacteriophage cocktail on health status of weanling pigs in a non-sanitary environment

Background The study evaluated the effects of bacteriophage cocktail(BP)and ZnO administered during weaning time for piglets exposed to a non-sanitary environment.The bacteriophages were designed to eliminate Escherichia coli(K88,K99 and F41),Salmonella(typhimurium and enteritidis),and Clostridium perfreingens(types A and C).Forty 21-day-old crossbreed piglets were assigned to four treatments,including the PC(sanitary environment),NC(nonsanitary environment),BP(NC plus 108 pfu/kg BP),and ZO(NC plus 2,500 mg/kg ZnO).Piglets in the NC,BP and ZO were kept in a non-sanitary environment for 14 d,which was contaminated with the feces of infected pigs.Results Pigs in the BP and ZO treatments had a higher final body weight compared with the NC.The NC treatment showed the highest concentration of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin(IL)-1β,IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-αin the plasma.The administration of BP and ZO showed lower myeloperoxidase concentrations compared with the NC.The NC treatment showed a lower concentration of superoxide dismutase in serum compared with the PC.Among the treatments in non-sanitary environment,the NC treatment showed a higher concentration of malondialdehyde compared with the ZO.The PC treatment showed a lower concentration of butyric acid in the feces compared with the BP treatment.Among non-sanitary treatments,the villus height in the duodenum was greater in the BP and ZO compared with the NC.The lower abundance of Proteobacteria phylum was observed in the BP and PC treatments compared with the NC.The highest relative abundance of Eubacterium was recorded in the BP treatment.The abundance of Megasphaera and Schwartzia was higher in the NC pigs compared with the BP piglets.The abundance of Desulfovibrio was lower in the supplemented treatments(BP and ZO)compared with non-supplemented(NC and PC).The abundance of Cellulosilyticum genera was higher in the BP and ZO treatments rather than in the NC.The piglets in the NC treatment had the highest abundance of Escherichia-Shigella,followed by the PC and ZO treatments.Conclusion In conclusion,these results suggest that the supplementation of bacteriophage cocktail could effectively control Proteobacteria phylum,Clostridium spp.and coliforms population and mitigated the adverse influences of weaning stress in piglets.

Evaluation of Pre-Emergence and Post-Emergence Herbicides for Weed Management in Miscanthus sacchariflorus and Miscanthus sinensis

Miscanthus,is a promising bioenergy crop,considered superior to other bioenergy crops because of its higher water and nutrient use efficiency,cold tolerance,and higher production of biomass.Broadleaf weeds and grass weeds,cause major problems in the Miscanthus field.A field experiment was conducted in 2018 and 2019,to assess the effects of pre-emergence(alachlor and napropamide)and post-emergence herbicides(nicosulfuron,dicamba,bentazon,and glufosinate ammonium)on broadleaf and grass weeds in M.sinensis and M.sacchariflorus fields.The weed control efficiency and phytotoxicity of pre-and post-emergence herbicides were evaluated at 30 days after treatment(DAT)and compared to those of the control plots.The results showed wide variations in the susceptibility of the weed species to the treated herbicides.Treatment with nicosulfuron 40 g.a.i.ha^(-1) provided the most effective overall weed control(with 10%visual injury),without affecting the height and biomass of neither Miscanthus species in the field.Post-emergence herbicides such as glufosinate ammonium 400 g.a.i.ha^(-1) and dicamba 482 g.a.i.ha^(-1) were effective and inhibited the growth and density of the majority of weeds to a 100%;however,they showed significant phytotoxicity(toxicity scale of 1-10)to both species of Miscanthus.The application of glufosinate ammonium caused severe injuries to the foliar region(90%visual injury)of both Miscanthus sps.Comparatively,M.sinensis showed a slightly higher tolerance to the herbicides nicosulfuron,bentazon and napropamide with 10%visual injury at the recommended dose than M.sacchariflorus.The present study clearly showed that infestation of broadleaf and grass weeds in Miscanthus fields can cause significant damage to the growth and biomass of Miscanthus and applying pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicides effectively controls the high infestation of these weeds.

Atypical case of bow hunter’s syndrome linked to aberrantly coursing vertebral artery: A case report

BACKGROUND In bow hunter’s syndrome(BHS),also known as rotational vertebral artery(VA)syndrome,there is dynamic/rotational compression of the VA producing verte-brobasilar insufficiency.Most occurrences involve atlantoaxial rather than mid-cervical VA compromise,the latter being rarely reported.Herein,we detail successful VA decompression at mid-cervical spine,given a departure from its usual course.CASE SUMMARY The patient,a 45-year-old man,presented to our hospital with occipital headache and vertigo.Computed tomography angiography showed anomalous C4 entry of right VA,with compression upon head rotation to that side.Thyroid cartilage and anterior tubercle of C5 transverse process were visibly at fault.We opted for sur-gery,using an anterior cervical approach to remove the anterior tubercle.Patient recovery was uneventful and brought resolution of all preoperative symptoms.CONCLUSION BHS is an important consideration where aberrant coursing of VA and neurologic symptoms coexist.

Exercise therapy for sarcopenia and diabetes

Aging is characterized by the gradual deterioration of function at the molecular,cellular,tissue,and organism levels in humans.The typical diseases caused by changes in body composition,as well as functional decline in the human body’s organs due to aging include sarcopenia and metabolic disorders.The accumulation of dysfunctional agingβcells with age can cause decreased glucose tolerance and diabetes.Muscle decline has a multifactorial origin,involving lifestyle habits,disease triggers,and age-dependent biological changes.The reduced function ofβcells in elderly people lowers insulin sensitivity,which affects protein synthesis and interferes with muscle synthesis.The functional decrease and aggravation of disease in elderly people with less regular exercise or physical activity causes imbalances in food intake and a continuous,vicious cycle.In contrast,resistance exercise increases the function ofβcells and protein synthesis in elderly people.In this review,we discuss regular physical activities or exercises to prevent and improve health,which is sarcopenia as decreased muscle mass and metabolic disorders as diabetes in the elderly.

Meta-analysis on the effectiveness of parent education for children with disabilities

BACKGROUND Parents of children with disabilities often have difficulty understanding their child’s behavior and are unable to do it appropriately because they do not know what to do.The more we properly understand children with disabilities,the more positive the importance of parent education becomes in various aspects.AIM To demonstrate the effectiveness of parent education for children with disabilities in various aspects and present it as evidence that can be used clinically.METHODS For a meta-analysis on the effectiveness of parent education for children with disabilities,literature was collected from 2002 to 2022 using PubMed,Embase,Web of Science,Directory of Open Access Journals,and Europe PMC.Search terms were“disabled children,”“disabled children,”“parent education,”“parent training,”and“parent coaching.”The final searched literature included a total of 11 articles.To calculate the effect size,the mean,standard deviation,and sample size of the experimental and control groups were analyzed,and a meta-analysis was performed using RevMan version 5.4.1.To analyze statistical heterogeneity,a chi-square test was performed to evaluate the significance of Q statistics to indicate statistical heterogeneity.RESULTS The final literature totaled 11 articles,and a total of 4 items were analyzed.There were 5 studies on parental depression,the heterogeneity was 98%,and the effect size for parental depression was 0.35[confidence interval(CI:0.30-0.40)],indicating a small but statistically significant effect size.There were 4 studies on parenting attitude,the heterogeneity was 100%,the effect size on parenting attitude was 0.41(CI:0.37-0.46),which was a medium effect size,and the P value showed a statistically significant score.Additionally,face-to-face parent education was found to have a larger effect size than non-face-to-face education.Regarding parent education methods,face-to-face parent education had a medium effect size[0.57(CI:0.52-0.61)],while non-face-to-face parent education had a small effect size[0.23(CI:0.18-0.28)].CONCLUSION Parental education has shown high effectiveness in child development,and it has proven to be even more effective when face-to-face parenting education is conducted.Accordingly,more effective and objective data was presented.Based on this study,it is believed that parent education research applying various diagnostic groups should continue to be conducted.

Sulfur-doped hard carbon hybrid anodes with dual lithium-ion/metal storage bifunctionality for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries

Bifunctional hybrid anodes(BHAs),which are both a high-performance active host material for lithium-ion storage as well as a guiding agent for homogeneous lithium metal nucleation and growth,exhibit significant potential as anodes for next-generation high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).In this study,sulfur-doped hard carbon nanosphere assemblies(S-HCNAs)were prepared through a hydrothermal treatment of a liquid organic precursor,followed by high-temperature thermal annealing with elemental sulfur for application as BHAs for LIBs.In a carbonate-based electrolyte containing fluoroethylene carbonate additive,the S-HCNAs showed high lithium-ion storage capacities in sloping as well as plateau voltage sections,good rate capabilities,and stable cyclabilities.In addition,high average Coulombic efficiencies(CEs)of~96.9%were achieved for dual lithium-ion and lithium metal storage cycles.In the LIB full-cell tests with typical NCM811 cathodes,the S-HCNA-based BHAs containing~400 mA h g^(−1) of excess lithium led to high energy and power densities of~500Wh kg^(−1) and~1695Wkg^(−1),respectively,and a stable cycling performance with~100%CEs was achieved.

Analysis of the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation for patients with chronic mental illness:A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND People suffering from chronic mental illness are sensitive to stressful stimuli,lack coping skills,and have low self-esteem due to problems such as social situations.They also experience depression,isolation,fear,and frustration.Due to cognitive dysfunction,people suffering from chronic mental illness have inadequate cognitive processes that lead to distorted thinking.AIM To confirm the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation therapy in improving cognitive function and alleviating behavioral and psychological symptoms in patients with chronic mental illness,and to identify the cognitive function that had the main effect.METHODS The quality of the studies was evaluated using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews criteria,and data published from 2011 to December 2022 were searched using PubMed,Cochrane,RISS,KISS,and DBpia.The keywords used in the search were“mental illness,”“cognitive rehabilitation,”“cognition,”and“mental.”A meta-analysis was conducted on the 12 selected papers.RESULTS The level of evidence for the 12 documents was that of a randomized experimental study.Intervention types in cognitive rehabilitation can be divided into cognitive behavior,cognitive training,cognitive rehabilitation,and computerized cognitive programs.Most of the studies were on schizophrenia,and the measurement areas were cognitive functions(e.g.,concentration,memory,and executive function)as well as depression,sociability,and quality of life.As a result of the meta-analysis of each variable,the effect size for cognitive rehabilitation treatment was in the following order:Sociability,memory,concentration,executive function,quality of life,and depression.Particularly,sociability and memory exhibited significant effects.CONCLUSION Cognitive rehabilitation aids cognitive function and sociability in patients with chronic mental illness and can be used as evidence for cognitive rehabilitation in mental health and occupational therapy.

Standardization of apple cancellation test for neglect patients in Korea:An observational study

BACKGROUND Neglect can be divided into two types using apple cancellation test(apple test):Egocentric neglect(EN)and allocentric neglect(AN).However,in South Korea,apple test results and decision criteria are still largely dependent on tests by foreign countries.AIM To establish a new South Korea standard and improve the accuracy of neglect assessment,the apple experiment was standardized in this study.METHODS This study was conducted on 223 healthy subjects for a total of 7 mo from August 2021 to February 2022.Standardization was carried out using the original apple test developed by Bickerton in 2011.In scoring for the apple test,total omission error refers to the number of missed targets(full apple)in the entire test sheet(left,middle,and right area).The score for EN is the difference between the correct number of right area and the correct number of left area(excluding the middle area).For AN,the score is difference between the number of left opening apples and number of right opening apples(including the middle area).Linear regression analysis was used for standardization using the general characteristics of subjects and the results of the apple test.RESULTS The cut-off score,which is the standard value indicating the pathological condition by combining the results of all subjects,is as follows:Total omission error(5),error for EN(2),and error for AN(2).Also,differences in cut-off score according to age were found.CONCLUSION This study will be helpful in facilitating a more accurate differential diagnosis of neglect.

Time usage analysis and satisfaction comparison by occupational area according to the sex of single-parent families

BACKGROUND Single-parent families are burdened with dual roles as parents amidst economic poverty due to the lack of a spouse.Single parents also face the complications of time poverty.AIM To examine the time use of single-parent families by dividing their time into occupational area and explore the differences in time deficiency and life satisfaction.METHODS In this study,the time usage in the‘2019 time of life survey’data of the National Statistical Office is classified based on the fourth edition of the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework,and the time use and satisfaction of single-parent families classified according to sex.In the‘2019 time of life survey’of the National Statistical Office,the subjects who selected single-parent families in the‘single parent-parent-grandchild households’item were first selected.The data of 404 parents from single-parent families were selected next.The time usage,time deficiency,and life satisfaction were analyzed by occupational area.RESULTS The subjects spent the most time resting and sleeping,followed by engaging in instrumental activities of daily living(IADLs),work,and health management.As a result of comparing the subjects by sex,it was found that the male subjects spent more time on work than the female subjects,and the female subjects spent more time on IADLs,education and social participation.As a result of comparing time deficiency and life satisfaction,the male subjects felt that they lacked time compared to the female subjects.There was no significant difference in life satisfaction.By examining whether single-parent families'time use by occupa tional area affected the time deficiency,it was found that male's working time make them feel they have less time,while female's leisure time makes them feel they have more time.CONCLUSION This study made it possible to determine the characteristics of single-parent households’time use and sex differences.Furthermore,it is expected to be used as basic data for measures to solve not only time poverty,but also economic poverty in single-parent families.