Mother’s Nutritional Knowledge and Practice towards Children under Two Years of Age and Its Impact on Their Health in Abuzaid Albuluk Pediatric Specialized Hospital in 2023

Background: Nutritional knowledge and practise is an important measure to improve dietary habits and food choices. The daily food should contain balanced nutrition as needed to support optimal growth, avoid deficiency diseases and prevent the diseases which might interfere with the children health. Materials & Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional non-interventional hospital-based study was carried out among 122 mothers and 122 children by using a non-probability convenience sampling technique in the period of 15 March to 15 April 2023, and using interviews with structural questionnaires, the data was analyzed using SPSS version 26. Results: We found that most of the children had moderate health, while most of the mothers had moderate nutritional knowledge and practise towards their children, also we found that the relationship between mothers’ knowledge and practise and child health was significant (P Conclusion: Mothers’ knowledge and practise among children was moderate and children had moderate health. Wrong beliefs and cultural taboos play major roles in decreasing knowledge and practise.

Frequency of Hypocalcaemia after Thyroid Surgery in the Omdurman Military Hospital in 2018

Background: Hypocalcaemia is a serious complication that may follows thyroid surgeries. So, the purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of postoperative hypocalcaemia after thyroid surgery in Omdurman military hospital (Jan.-July 2018). Materials & Methods: In this retrospective facility based cross sectional study, 124 files were reviewed, the recorded data were age, sex, residence, diagnosis, type of surgery & postoperative calcium level, data were collected by a designed pretested checklist, data were analyzed by SPSS version 20 by using frequencies & cross tabulations, for postoperative hypocalcaemia. Results: Majority of the patients were between 21 - 41 years 49.2%, majority of them were females 83.9%. 97.6% of them underwent total thyroidectomy, 25% of the patients developed postoperative hypocalcaemia, also we found that there was no relation between sex, type of thyroid surgery & development of postoperative hypocalcaemia (P > 0.001). Conclusion: Our research showed that 25% of the patients who underwent thyroid surgery developed postoperative hypocalcaemia.

Management of Rhabdomyolysis and Acute Renal Failure Following Strenuous Exercise in Young Adult: A Case Report

Introduction: Rhabdomyolysis is severe and life threating condition in which skeletal muscles are damaged by dissolution of striped muscles. Acute kidney injury (AKI) has been widely reported (13% - 50%) as a complication of Rhabdomyolysis in which the main pathophysiological mechanisms are intra-renal vasoconstriction, intraluminal cast formation (Tamm-Horsefall) and direct myoglobin toxicity. In this report we are going to describe the management of Acute Kidney Injury due to Rhabdomyolysis that is not responding to vigorous rehydration. Objective: Reporting about acute renal failure induced by Rhabdomyolysis due to Excessive Exercise and dehydration in young patient. Case Report: A 20 years male came to the outpatient clinic complaining of sever lower limb pain, back pain and vomiting. He was anuric and hypertensive (BP = 150/90 mmHg) with serum creatinine and urea levels of 15.72 mg/dl and 235 mg/dl, respectively. The diagnosis was based on the laboratory finding of creatine kinase = 3127 IU/l. The patient, then, has been referred to the emergency department. The Management plan was based on two arms: Emergency Management with Urgent Hemodialysis for AKI and high fluid replacement therapy. Patient started to recover after three hemodialysis sessions but the peak of recovery was noted after starting manual fluid replacement therapy with a target urine output of greater than 2 ml/kg, a urine pH of greater than 6. Manual fluid replacement therapy consisted of loop diuretics, intravenous fluids and intravenous sodium bicarbonate 1.26%. Full recovery was noted after one month of hospital admission with inpatient care and regular follow-up. A follow-up after one month has been set to assess the patient progression and monitor his kidney functions. Relevance and Impact: Home messages and lessons are;Firstly, young adults are vulnerable to Rhabdomyolysis, second, the diagnosis of Rhabdomyolysis can be made on the clinical bases but a confirmatory laboratory test of Creatine Kinase is mandatory, and lastly’ acute kidney injury needs to be treated urgently. Also, reducing the risk of infection is one of the management objectives to achieve recovery.

Miller Fisher Syndrome Induced by Chemotherapy in Known Case of Acute Lymphocytic Leukaemia: A Case Report

Introduction: Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) is an acute-onset autoimmune-mediated neuropathy. Guillain-Barre Syndrome can be divided into three subtypes: acute inflammatory demyelinating poly-radiculo-neuropathy (AIDP), acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN), and acute motor sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN). About 20% of patients with GBS develop respiratory failure and require mechanical ventilation. We are presenting a variant of GBS (Miller Fisher Syndrome, or MFS), which has been confirmed by nerve conduction studies along with the triad of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and areflexia. The objective of this study is to present a rare case of chemotherapy-induced GBS. Important clinic findings: A 25-year-old gentleman with acute lymphocytic leukemia on active chemotherapy treatment presented with lower limb weakness. This weakness started after his fifth chemotherapy session. After the sixth chemotherapy, he developed complete paralysis of the left lower limb. Later, he developed right lower limb paralysis. He was also complaining of eye dryness and incomplete closure of both eyes. While inpatient, he developed upper-limb weakness. His chemotherapy consisted of MESNA, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, cyorabine, and methotrexate. He had ptosis and ophthalmoplegia in the left abducent and right oculomotor regions. He had bilateral facial nerve palsy. He was hypotonic with power grade 3 in the upper limbs and grade 0 in the lower limbs with areflexia. His sensation was intact in the upper limbs but lost in the lower limbs. His planter reflexes were mute. Diagnoses and Management: Intravenous immunoglobulins were given for 5 days. A nerve conduction study showed severe demyelinating sensorimotor polyradoculoneuropathy with secondary axonal loss. The triad of ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and areflexia was consistent with MFS. The patient improved over the course of the hospital stay but did not reach full recovery. Conclusion: Although GBS is uncommon, it must be taken into account when making a differential diagnosis for any patient presenting with progressive weakness. Drug history is important in all GBS cases.

Coulomb stress and gravity changes associated with the 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikoura Earthquake, New Zealand: Application for aftershock triggering and fault interaction process analysis

The Kaikoura earthquake on November 14,2016 is one of the largest and most complex earthquakes in New Zealand since 1947.Despite the fact that it has ruptured about 12 separate faults,triggered 2132 aftershocks within one week of the mainshock and induced considerable stress changes,few studies have been conducted to comprensively investigate the characteristics.The current study examines the horizontal and vertical displacements as well as the stress and gravity changes,aftershock distributions and also find out whether these changes affect the surrounding regions along the complex fault systems.The study covers the entire area affected by the Kaikoura event,which includes the northern part of the South Island and the southern part of the North Island.The dislocation theory was employed to evaluate the coseismic slip model on the multiple faults.The displacement results revealed that the maximum horizontal displacement is about 6 m and the vertical about 2 m,which are reasonably consistent with earlier study findings.Besides,the stress and gravity changes are quite complicated and inhomogeneous as evidenced by our coseismic model,demonstrating the complexity of the Kaikoura earthquake as well.Almost all the aftershocks are distributed in places where the stress and gravity change are found to be significant.In order to investigate the stability of our stress change models,we applied different friction coefficients and receiver fault parameters.The results justify the friction coefficient(μ=0.4)and the receiver fault parameters(230°,70°,150°)are suitable to define good stress change estimates.According to the stress change results at 15 km depth,the northern parts of the mainshock region,Hundalee fault,Humps fault and Jordan thrust areas together with the Wellington area are closer to failure and situated in a seismic risk zone.The multidimensional analysis adopted in this paper is helpful for making decisions and applications of stress and gravity change models in assessing seismic hazards.

Surface modification of ammonium nitrate by coating with surfactant materials to reduce hygroscopicity

Ammonium nitrate(AN)is promising oxidizer in green propellants.In this work,the physical coating method was improved to modify the surface of ammonium nitrate particles with different surfactant materials to reduce hygroscopicity.Cetylalcohoi,stearic acid,stearyl alcohol,palmic acid,lauric acid,stearsmide,tetradecylamine,dodecylamine,and tetradecanol were used as coating surfactant agents.The hygroscopicity was tested for ammonium nitrate with and without coating.Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)were used to characterize the surface of coated and uncoated ammonium nitrate.The mass ratio of coating layer and decline of absorption rate of ammonium nitrate coated by cetylalcohol were 1.00%,and 28.40%,respectively.The results indicate that coating with cetylalcohol surfactant have advantages over the other surfactants in term of low mass ratio of coating layer,and high decline of moisture absorption rate.Thus,cetylalcohol would be a promising coating surfactant material for ammonium nitrate.The idea and approach presented in this study have potential to made hydrophobic layer on the surface of particles to reduce hygroscopicity of AN,and also help the researcher to improving anti-hygroscopicity of ammonium salts.

Seismic stress perturbation and triggering patterns induced by the 2016 Central Italy earthquake sequences

Numerous shallow earthquakes, including 24 th August Amatrice, 26 th October Visso, and 30 th October Norcia earthquakes, ruptured the segments of Mount Vettore-Gorzano fault system in the central Apennines(Italy) in 2016. In order to investigate the stress perturbation and triggering patterns among the earthquake sequences, we introduce a more realistic nonplanar coseismic fault geometry model, which improve the rupture model by assimilating relocated aftershocks and the GPS observations. We adopt the seismic slip inversion program of the steepest descent method(SDM) to create the detailed coseismic rupture models and optimize Coulomb Failure Stress model by varying the coefficient of friction and received fault parameters. The results indicate that the nonplanar fault geometry model is more reflective of the deep slip of the coseismic rupture than planar model. As evidenced by the coseismic Coulomb stress changes caused by the three mainshocks at different depth slices, the stress loading mainly distributes on the active fault zones and the stress changes can well explain the spatial distribution of aftershocks. The first large Amatrice mainshock accelerates the occurrence of the Mw 5.9 Visso and Mw 6.6 Norcia earthquakes, with the positive stress changes at the hypocenter exceeding the stress triggering threshold(0.010×10^(6) Pa) and up to 0.015×10^(6) and 0.257×10^(6) Pa, respectively. Furthermore, the Mw 5.9 Visso earthquake as well encourages the occurrence of the Mw 6.6 Norcia event with the increased stress changes of 0.052×10^(6) Pa on the hypocenter. It is concluded that the stress transfer and accumulation play crucial roles on the linkage triggering mechanism among the mainshock-mainshock and mainshockaftershocks. Noteworthily, the cumulative stress changes on the southwest segment of the Norcia Fault(NF), the southeast parts of the Montereale Fault System(MFS) and Mount Gorzano Fault(MGF) of the main regions are up to(1.5~3.5) ×10^(6) Pa. The cumulative stress changes have not been released sufficiently by aftershocks, which may increase the seismic hazard in those regions.

Base-transesterification process for biodiesel fuel production from spent frying oils

The concept of converting recycled oils to clean biodiesel aims towards reducing the amount of waste oils to be treated and lowering the cost of biodiesel production. Samples of waste oils were prepared from Spent Frying oil collected from local hotels and restaurants in Khartoum, Sudan. Selected methods to achieve maximum yield of biodiesel using the waste feedstock were presented and compared. Some properties of the feedstock, such as free fatty acid content and moisture content, were measured and evaluated. Biodiesel yield recovery obtained, from Base-transesterification process about 92%. Produced Biodiesel specifications were also analyzed and discussed in Base-transesterification process. Kinematic viscosity of biodiesel was found to be 5.51 mm2·s?1 at 40?C, the flash point was 174.2?C and Cetane No of 48.19. Biodiesel was characterized by its physical and fuel properties according to ASTM and DIN V 51606 standards.

Arterial Supply of Atrioventricular Node and Bundle in Relation to Degree of Stenosis of Coronary Artery among Sudanese Population (Coronary Angiography Study)

The coronary arteries diseases are one of the most causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide, particularly in the developing countries. Coronary obstructions are generally described by location and severity of stenosis. Manual tracing and measurement of the stenosis vessel in comparison to reference location of stenosis can be helpful to classify whether a lesion is significant or not. The aim of this study is to identify the dominant type of circulation carried out in patients presented in heart institute and associated with degree of stenosis in RCA and LAD artery. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study carried out on patients reporting to Heart Institute from June 2013 to August 2013 (311 patients records as a total coverage were collected as sample) whose coronary artery angiography revealed pathology in coronary arteries. Result: The findings were 71.7% right dominant, 23.5% left dominant and 4.8% co-dominant;LAD tends to be stricture with right dominant circulation type. LAD artery tends to be stenosis at proximal and mid segment while in the RCA tends to be stenosis in mid and distal segments. The right dominant artery is popular type of circulation in Sudanese people reported in Sudan Heart Institute;there is no significance association between gender and arterial type of circulation and also degree stenosis in LAD degree of stenosis in RCA. I observed that the site of stenosis in LAD artery was proximal and mid (P value < 0.05 significance association). Conclusion: Patients present at the heart institute are right dominant mostly coming with proximal and middle LAD stenosis unlike RCA which commonly presents with distal and middle stenosis, so the middle segment of coronary artery is stenosis in both situations. There are wild variations in dominance artery in relation to reduction of diameter in deferent ethic group. There are no significant associations between the gender and dominant artery.

Sonographic Evaluation of Normal Anatomy of Fetal Central Nervous System in Mid-Trimester

The central nervous system is a common site for congenital anomalies. Neural tube defects (NTDs) such as anencephaly, encephalocele and spina bifida are among the most common central nervous system congenital anomalies. They result from failure of closure of the neural tube during embryonic development. The neural tube formation starts during the fourth week (22 - 23 days) after fertilization and fuses approximately between the days 25th and 27th. Most of NTDs result from genetic factors and environmental factors which are poorly understood. Diagnostic sonography can show a detailed visualization of the fetal intracranial anatomy such as the cerebral hemispheres, midbrain, thalami, and lateral ventricles. They also can measure the ratio between lateral ventricular and cerebral hemispheric width. It might show as well, the ratio between gestation, the rapid growth of the cerebral hemispheres and the expansion of the cerebral ventricles. The ultrasound during pregnancy plays a prominent and influential role in the prenatal evaluation of the central nervous system. It gives an excellent window for viewing and evaluating the fetal central nervous system during the second trimester through the lateral ventricles and transthalamic view, thus effectively contributing in the diagnosis and treatment of its congenital anomalies.

Rating of CCR5-Delta 32 Homozygous Mutation in Sudanese HIV Patients and Sex Workers

Background: Prevention against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) includes natural resistance in the population;mainly frequency of cysteine-cysteine chemokine receptor type-5 (CCR5-delta 32 mutation). By knowing the frequency of this resistance in the community, the proportion of the population susceptible to infection can be determined. This study aimed to detect for the first time the rate of CCR5-delta 32 mutation in Sudanese individuals with HIV and sex workers. Methods: Cross-sectional study was followed in the parade from 2019 through 2021, study groups were Sudanese with HIV and sex workers. Sero-negativity of sex workers was confirmed by a rapid immunochromatography test (ICT). A blood sample was targeted for DNA isolation. PCR amplification was accomplished for CCR5 wild type and CCR5-delta 32 mutation genes using specific primers. Result: Among HIV patients, males, basic education level and ages below 60 years were commonly recorded while ages below 40 years, secondary education level and single marital status were predominated in sex workers. All HIV patients were positive for CCR5 wild type and negative for CCR5-delta 32 genotype. The sex workers group showed a frequency of 3.5% (97/200) for homozygous CCR5-delta 32 mutation. Conclusion: The rating of homozygous CCR5-delta 32 genotype in studied Sudanese sex workers was relatively more than other results obtained from African countries, and the mutation was significantly detected among sex workers group (P value = 0.008) when compared to the studied HIV group.

Daily and annual performance analyses of the BIPV/T system in typical cities of Sudan

In this paper,a numerical study is carried out to investigate the performance of a coupled BIPV/T-AHU system in Sudan.A mathematical model was utilzed,Matab Simulink was used to do simul ation.Results showed good agreement with experimental data from the literature.The problem studied in this paper is reducing the energy required for heating in winter(preheating BIPV/T)and avoiding the high photovoltaic cell temperature in summer.We compare the energy consumption with and without BIPV/T-AHU in different cities in Sudan.The results showed that utilizing the exhaust air to cool the photovoltaic cell could reduce the PV/T cell temperature in the range(9-12)℃,which can increase the eletrical power output in a range of(12-21.44)W/m^(2).In winter,utilization of the preheating BIPV/T system can decrease the heating load in Wadi Halfa in the range of(6-107.1%).Damazein does not need a high heating power in the daytime for the ait conditioning system depending on the local climate,so the heat energy produced by the system can be used for drying,desiccant cooling,or heating water,with increasing the eletrice power produced by cooling PV/T cells.The results indicated a great posibility to use the BIPV 1 T system under the studied conditions,in addition,this study provides important information for the application of the BIPV/T system in these areas.

Physical layer security techniques for data transmission for future wireless networks

The broadcast nature of wireless communication systems makes wireless trans-mission extremely susceptible to eavesdropping and even malicious interference.Physical layer security technology can e ectively protect the private information sent by the trans-mitter from being listened to by illegal eavesdroppers,thus ensuring the privacy and security of communication between the transmitter and legitimate users.Thus,the main design goal of physical layer security is to increase the performance di erence between the link of the legitimate receiver and that of the eavesdropper using well-designed transmission schemes.The development of mobile communication presents new challenges to physical layer security research.This paper provides a survey of the physical layer security research on various promising mobile technologies from secure key generation and keyless techniques,including secure key generation,directional modulation(DM),spatial modulation(SM),covert communication,and intelligent re ecting surface(IRS)-aided communication.Finally,the future topics and the unresolved technical challenges are presented in physical layer security for mobile communications.