Endemic plants are important for understanding phylogenetic relationships,biogeographical history,and genetic variation because of their restricted distribution and their role in conserving biodiversity.Here,we invest...Endemic plants are important for understanding phylogenetic relationships,biogeographical history,and genetic variation because of their restricted distribution and their role in conserving biodiversity.Here,we investigated the phylogenetic relationships of the Korean endemic Fraxinus chiisanensis by reconstructing the molecular phylogeny of Fraxinus based on two nuclear DNA(nrITS and phantastica)and two chloroplast DNA(psbA-trnH and rp132-trnL)regions.Within our fossil-calibrated phylogenetic framework,we also inferred the biogeographical history of F.chiisanensis.To provide a scientific basis for the conservation of F.chiisanensis,we determined the levels of genetic diversity and genetic differentiation in this species.Combining information from nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence data,our molecular phylogenetic analyses identified F.chiisanensis as a genetically distinct unit from its sister group,Fraxinus platypoda from Japan.Our molecular dating analyses using nuclear and chloroplast DNA data sets show F.chiisanensis diverged from its sister F.platypoda in the Early or Middle Miocene and differentiated in the Late Miocene on the Korean Peninsula.Our results suggest that the divergence of F.chiisanensis was associated with the submergence of the East China Sea land bridge and enhanced monsoons in East Asia.When compared to F.platypoda,F.chiisanensis exhibits low genetic diversity within populations and high genetic differentiation among populations.These results help us to understand the evolutionary history of F.chiisanensis and to develop a conservation strategy for this species.展开更多
Sexual morph of didymellaceous taxa are characterized by their ascomata with relatively thin peridium,cylindric-clavate to clavate,short-pedicellate or apedicellate asci,hyaline to brown,1-septate to muriform ascospor...Sexual morph of didymellaceous taxa are characterized by their ascomata with relatively thin peridium,cylindric-clavate to clavate,short-pedicellate or apedicellate asci,hyaline to brown,1-septate to muriform ascospores.Its asexual morphs are coelomycetous and comprising pycnidial or acervulus conidiomata,phialidic,hyaline conidiogenous cells and hyaline or pale brown,septate or aseptate conidia.The majority of these cosmopolitan species are plant associated fungi which can be pathogens on a wide range of hosts and some species are of particular relevance for quarantine measures.Recent studies have significantly improved the taxonomy and systematics of didymellaceous taxa based on molecular phylogenetics.In contrast to the accurate and detailed studies on the asexual morphs which are common obligate pathogens,information on their usually saprobic sexual morphs is still limited.Among these phenotypically diverse species,spore characteristics are quite unique as most have hyaline spores with 0-1 septum,while only Neomicrosphaeropsis and Didymellocamarosporium are reported as producing pigmented,muriform spores.These dematiaceous muriform spores are characteristic of a considerable number of species that may be quite divergent in other characters.During taxonomic investigations on the diversity of didymellaceous taxa,we have isolated species from Alhagi pseudalhagi,Coronilla emerus,Cytisus sp.,Elaeagnus angustifolia and Spartium junceum in Italy,Russia and Uzbekistan.A comprehensive phylogeny,based on four loci(ITS,LSU,rpb2 and tub2)is used to infer species relationships.Comprehensive morphological descriptions and in-depth phylogenetic investigations of five new species viz.Ascochyta coronillae-emeri,Microsphaeropsis spartii-juncei,Neomicrosphaeropsis alhagi-pseudalhagi,N.cytisicola and N.elaeagni are presented.展开更多
Eight new species from China,Cheirostylis chuxiongensis,C.yei,Myrmechis lingulata,M.longii,Bulbophyllum ximaense,B.xizangense,B.retusum and B.pulcherissimum,are described and illustrated.Cheirostylis chuxiongensis dif...Eight new species from China,Cheirostylis chuxiongensis,C.yei,Myrmechis lingulata,M.longii,Bulbophyllum ximaense,B.xizangense,B.retusum and B.pulcherissimum,are described and illustrated.Cheirostylis chuxiongensis differs from C.thailandica by having 5-9 irregular and papillae-like calli on each side in the sac of the lip,epichile with entire lobes,petals narrowly obliquely obovate and an apex that is not recurved.Cheirostylis yei is easily distinguished from its relatives similar by having a long stem,pubescent ovary and sepals,epichile lobes with irregular and undulate margins,a subquadrate callus without teeth in the saccate hypochile.Myrmechis lingulata differs from M.chinensis by having a simple and lanceolate to ligulate lip,glabrous bracts and ovary,oblique and narrowly ovate petals.Myrmechis longii differs from M.pumila by having white-veined leaves,oblong-lanceolate epichile lobes,and viscidium attached to the middle of the caudicle.Bulbophyllum ximaense is easily distinguished from its relatives similar by having distant pseudobulbs,shorter scape,an inflorescence with 9-16 orange-red flowers,shorter lateral sepals with a long acuminate apex,incurved and tubular apical margins,a papillate lip disk and triangular-subulate stelidia.Bulbophyllum xizangense is easily distinguished from its relatives similar by having narrow lanceolate leaves,shorter inflorescence with 1-3 greenish-yellow flowers,falcate-ovoid lateral sepals,a lip with small lateral lobes and 3 keels at the base.Bulbophyllum retusum differs from B.spathulatum by having shorter inflorescence,peduncles with 2 tubular sheaths,dorsal sepals with a retuse apex,lateral sepals with lower edges that are connate to each other and free and divergent toward the apex,obovate petals with an acute or slightly retuse apex.Bulbophyllum pulcherissimum differs from B.lopalanthum by its 5-veined dorsal sepal,ovate-lanceolate lateral sepals,obliquely ovate-oblong petal,erose-toothed margins and obovate lip with a large,oblong basal callus,and an obtuse base.In addition,three species(Bulbophyllum frostii,B.raskotii and B.nematocaulon)are reported for the first time in China.展开更多
Liparis aureolabella and L mengziensis,two new species from the karst region of southwestern China,and L bingzhongluoensis,a new species from montane region in Yunnan,are described and illustrated.L aureolabella is ea...Liparis aureolabella and L mengziensis,two new species from the karst region of southwestern China,and L bingzhongluoensis,a new species from montane region in Yunnan,are described and illustrated.L aureolabella is easily distinguished from its relatives by having abaxially purple leave with purple reticulate veins prominent adaxially,a lip auriculate at base,and falcate-lanceolate pollinia.Liparis mengziensis is closely related to L.petiolata and L.auriculata,but differs from them by having an ovate to broadly ovate leaf,purple lip and apex connate along the margins.Liparis bingzhongluoensis is similar to Liparis nanlingensis,but the new species is characterized by having a lip with two transparent ridges on its disc,longitudinally concave basal callus and triangular column wings.Phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear ribosomal ITS and plastid matK sequences showed that L aureolabella and L mengziensis are nested with L petiolata or L auriculata in a monophyletic clade.L bingzhongluoensis is sister to a clade formed by L.nanlingensis,L.tsii,L sasakii and L.krameri.Moreover,morphological comparisons strongly support that the three species as separated species newly to science.展开更多
The traditional medicinal plant,and endangered species Aristolochia delavayi(Aristolochiaceae)is an endemic species in China and occurs in the warm and dry areas along the Jinsha river.It is also a specific host of th...The traditional medicinal plant,and endangered species Aristolochia delavayi(Aristolochiaceae)is an endemic species in China and occurs in the warm and dry areas along the Jinsha river.It is also a specific host of the larvae of Byasa daemonius,a vulnerable butterfly.In this study,15 pairs of polymorphic microsatellite primers of A.delavayi were designed and screened based on the Simple Sequence Repeats(SSR)loci found by using the results of genome skimming.Based on these 15 SSR markers,the genetic diversity and structure of 193 individuals from ten natural populations were analyzed in detail.In comparison to other endemic and endangered plants in the region,the population of A.delavayi possess a relatively high genetic diversity(He=0.550,I=1.112).AMOVA analysis showed that 68.4%of the total genetic diversity was within populations and 31.6%of the variation occurred among populations.There was a significant genetic differentiation among natural populations of A.delavayi detectable,with low gene flow(Nm=0.591).This might be attributed to geographical barriers and limited seed dispersal.To test the isolation by distance(IBD),we performed Mantel test,which showed a significant correlation between the geographic and genetic distances.In order to cope with the possible biases caused by IBD,we additionally performed Bayesian genetic cluster analyses and principal coordinate analysis(PCoA).The final cluster analysis revealed three groups with distinct geographical distribution.Habitat fragmentation and limited gene flow between these populations may be the main reasons for the current genetic structure.For conservation of this species,we suggest to divide its populations into three protection management units,with subsequent focus on the Yongsheng and Luquan populations which experienced a genetic bottleneck event in the past.展开更多
A study was undertaken to collect and identify saprobic fungi associated with Musa spp.(banana)from Taiwan(China),and Thailand.Samples were collected during the dry season and their morpho-molecular relationships were...A study was undertaken to collect and identify saprobic fungi associated with Musa spp.(banana)from Taiwan(China),and Thailand.Samples were collected during the dry season and their morpho-molecular relationships were investigated.Five brown pleosporalean hyphomycetous taxa in Periconiaceae and Torulaceae viz.Periconia cortaderiae,P.delonicis,Torula chromolaenae,T.fici,and T.masonii were identified for the first time from Musa spp.(Musaceae).Phylogenetic analyses of a combined SSU,LSU,ITS,RPB2 and TEF DNA sequence dataset further justified the taxonomic placements of these five taxa in the above mentioned families.Periconia delonicis is reported for the first time on a monocotyledonous host and T.masonii is the first geographical record from Taiwan(China).展开更多
We are studying seed pod fungi associated with Delonix regia in Thailand and in this paper we provide an illustrated account of Parascedosporium putredinis,which is a new record for Thailand.Phylogenetic analysis of c...We are studying seed pod fungi associated with Delonix regia in Thailand and in this paper we provide an illustrated account of Parascedosporium putredinis,which is a new record for Thailand.Phylogenetic analysis of combined ITS and LSU sequence data and morphological similarities provide evidence for its identification.We illustrate the synnematal stage and lateral,solitary conidiophores of P.putredinis obtained in vitro on MEA.We also provide ITS,LSU,SSU,and tef sequence data for P.putredinis,which are deposited in GenBank.展开更多
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)provide benefits to most crop species via enhanced nutrient uptake,increased drought and abiotic stress resistance,and reduced effects of pathogens and pests.Much remains unclear regar...Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)provide benefits to most crop species via enhanced nutrient uptake,increased drought and abiotic stress resistance,and reduced effects of pathogens and pests.Much remains unclear regarding the specific mechanisms influencing these processes,and the critical roles of AMF are often overlooked in planning agroecological systems.There is growing consensus,however,around the important roles AMF play in improving plant resilience and crop yield while also enhancing the functioning of soil microbial communities.Heterogeneous practices across all scales complicate the successful integration of AMF in agroecological systems.AMF symbioses with crops are passive,or stimulated by incorporation of crop wastes in soil,soil inoculation with AMF spores,or the planting inoculated of seeds.Here we suggest that AMF can have highest beneficial impacts in areas with low levels of agrochemical inputs.We argue that areas with intensive agrochemical inputs can also be made more sustainable with AMF enhancements.展开更多
We are studying seed and fruit inhabiting fungi in Thailand and this paper introduces a new species,Diaporthe collariana,from Magnolia champaca fruits,collected in Chiang Rai Province.Molecular analysis of a combined ...We are studying seed and fruit inhabiting fungi in Thailand and this paper introduces a new species,Diaporthe collariana,from Magnolia champaca fruits,collected in Chiang Rai Province.Molecular analysis of a combined ITS,TEF1,TUB and CAL sequence DNA and morphological data provide evidence to justify the new species.Diaporthe collariana is characterized by producing alpha and beta conidia,and conidiogenous cells with prominent,flared collarettes.The new species is compared with closely related species in the genus.展开更多
Bamboos not only provide socio-economic benefits to communities within the region,but also provide ecosystem services such as soil-water conservation,stabilization of sandy soils and restoration of soil nutrients.Bamb...Bamboos not only provide socio-economic benefits to communities within the region,but also provide ecosystem services such as soil-water conservation,stabilization of sandy soils and restoration of soil nutrients.Bambusicolous ascomycetes refer to ascomycetous fungi living on any substrate of bamboo.As the largest group of fungi on bamboo,they play a significant ecological value in species composition and the structure of the fungal community,circulation of materials and energy flow of nutritional elements.In an effort to document the bambusicolous Ascomycota found in China,we assessed all major sources of academic literature,journal papers,and the USDA database(https://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/fungushost/fungushost.cfm)for reports of these fungi from China.As a result,we produced a systematic and comprehensive checklist of bambusicolous Ascomycota in China.Current names of fungi,bamboo host name,bamboo substrate,details of collected localities,references and latest classification for every bambusicolous ascomycete in China are also provided.In addition,we focused on the species richness of bambusicolous Ascomycota in China with an emphasis on southwest China.展开更多
Exploration of natural sources for novel bioactive compounds has been an emerging field of medicine over the past decades,providing drugs or lead compounds of considerable therapeutic potential.This research has provi...Exploration of natural sources for novel bioactive compounds has been an emerging field of medicine over the past decades,providing drugs or lead compounds of considerable therapeutic potential.This research has provided exciting evidence on the isolation of microbe-derived metabolites having prospective biological activities.Mushrooms have been valued as traditional sources of natural bioactive compounds for many centuries and have been targeted as promising therapeutic agents.Many novel biologically active compounds have been reported as a result of research on medicinal mushrooms.In this review,we compile the information on bioactive structure-elucidated metabolites from macrofungi discovered over the last decade and highlight their unique chemical diversity and potential benefits to novel drug discovery.The main emphasis is on their anti-Alzheimer,antidiabetic,anti-malarial,anti-microbial,anti-oxidant,antitumor,anti-viral and hypocholesterolemic activities which are important medicinal targets in terms of drug discovery today.Moreover,the reader’s attention is brought to focus on mushroom products and food supplements available in the market with claimed biological activities and potential human health benefits.展开更多
China is one of most biodiverse countries in the world, containing at least 10% of all angiosperm species.Therefore, we should anticipate a diverse, pollinator fauna. China also has a long history of applied ethnobiol...China is one of most biodiverse countries in the world, containing at least 10% of all angiosperm species.Therefore, we should anticipate a diverse, pollinator fauna. China also has a long history of applied ethnobiology, including a sustainable agriculture based on apiculture and plant-pollinator interactions.However, the science of pollination ecology is a far younger sub-discipline in China, compared to in the West. Chinese studies in pollination ecology began in the 1970 s. For this review, we compiled a complete reference database(>600 publications) of pollination studies in China. Using this database, we identified and analyzed gaps and limitations in research on the pollination systems of native and naturalized species. Specifically, we asked the following questions: 1) What do we know about the pollination systems of native, Chinese species? 2) How does Chinese pollination ecology compare with the development of pollination research abroad and which aspects of research should be pursued by Chinese anthecologists in the near future? 3) What research on pollination in China will advance our understanding and contribute to our ongoing analyses of endemism and conservation? Subsequently, we segregated and identified prospective lines of future research that are unique to China and can only be done in China. This requires discussing priorities within a systematic approach.展开更多
Sordariomycetes is one of the largest classes of Ascomycota and is characterised by perithecial ascomata and inoperculate unitunicate asci.The class includes many important plant pathogens,as well as endophytes,saprob...Sordariomycetes is one of the largest classes of Ascomycota and is characterised by perithecial ascomata and inoperculate unitunicate asci.The class includes many important plant pathogens,as well as endophytes,saprobes,epiphytes,and fungicolous,lichenized or lichenicolous taxa.The class includes freshwater,marine and terrestrial taxa and has a worldwide distribution.This paper provides an updated outline of the Sordariomycetes and a backbone tree incorporating asexual and sexual genera in the class.Based on phylogeny and morphology we introduced three subclasses;Diaporthomycetidae,Lulworthiomycetidae and Meliolomycetidae and five orders;Amplistromatales,Annulatascales,Falcocladiales,Jobellisiales and Togniniales.The outline is based on literature to the end of 2014 and the backbone tree published in this paper.Notes for 397 taxa with information,such as new family and genera novelties,novel molecular data published since the Outline of Ascomycota 2009,and new links between sexual and asexual genera and thus synonymies,are provided.The Sordariomycetes now comprises six subclasses,28 orders,90 families and 1344 genera.In addition a list of 829 genera with uncertain placement in Sordariomycetesis also provided.展开更多
Fungi that are barely lichenized or non-lichenized and closely related to lichenized taxa,the so-called borderline fungi,are an important element in reconstructing the evolutionary history of lichenized lineages.Artho...Fungi that are barely lichenized or non-lichenized and closely related to lichenized taxa,the so-called borderline fungi,are an important element in reconstructing the evolutionary history of lichenized lineages.Arthoniaceae is a prime example including non-lichenized,saprotrophic lineages which potentially were precursors to lichenized taxa.In this study,we focused on saprotrophic species of Arthonia sensu lato,including new sequence data for Arthonia pinastri.We obtained fresh material of this taxon from a living branch of Fraxinus ornus in Italy to assess its taxonomic status and to elucidate its phylogenetic relationships within Arthonia.Thin sections of the thallus and ascomata of A.pinastri confirmed the absence of a photobiont.Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of combined mtSSU,nuLSU and RPB2 sequence data placed the species close to A.dispersa(barely lichenized or non-lichenized)and A.punctiformis(non-lichenized)in a clade closely related to Arthonia sensu stricto,and the A.pinastri clade is here resurrected under the name Naevia.Ancestral character state analysis within a broader context of Arthoniales does not support the saprotrophic lifestyle to be a plesiomorphic feature,but suggests loss of lichenization in Naevia,as well as loss and possible regain in a second clade containing saprotrophic species and including taxa resembling Mycoporum,underlining the evolutionary plasticity of Arthoniales.These two clades constitute model taxa to further investigate the evolution of alternative biological lifestyles within the context of chiefly lichenized taxa.展开更多
Ophiobolus is a large genus of Phaeosphaeriaceae comprising more than 350 possible species,most of which are saprobes on herbaceous plants in Europe and North America.Ophiobolus species are polyphyletic and the type o...Ophiobolus is a large genus of Phaeosphaeriaceae comprising more than 350 possible species,most of which are saprobes on herbaceous plants in Europe and North America.Ophiobolus species are polyphyletic and the type of Ophiobolus is not represented in GenBank.Therefore,an increased taxon sampling of ophiobolus-like taxa and epitypification of the type species,O.disseminans is reported.Multigene phylogenetic analyses of combined LSU,SSU,TEF1-a and ITS sequence data position O.disseminans in a sister clade with O.ponticus and several Entodesmium species in Phaeosphaeriaceae with high support.Therefore,Entodesmium is synonymized under Ophiobolus.Premilcurensis with it type species,P.senecionis also clusters within the Ophiobolus clade and is synonymized under Ophiobolus.Ophiobolus rossicus sp.nov.is introduced and a reference specimen is designated for O.ponticus.Other ophiobolus-like taxa(Ophiobolus sensu lato)can be distinguished as three main groups,which are introduced as new genera.Ophiobolopsis is introduced to accommodate the new species,Ophiobolopsis italica.The new genus Paraophiobolus is introduced to accommodate P.arundinis sp.nov.and P.plantaginis comb.nov.This genus is characterized by hyaline to pale yellowish ascospores,some green-yellowish at maturity,with a swollen cell,terminal appendages and ascospores not separating into part spores.Pseudoophiobolus gen.nov.is introduced to accommodate six new species and two new combinations,viz.Ps.achilleae,Ps.erythrosporus,Ps.galii,Ps.italicus,Ps.mathieui,Ps.rosae,Ps.subhyalinisporus and Ps.urticicola.Pseudoophiobolus is characterized by subhyaline to pale yellowish or yellowish ascospores,with a swollen cell,lack of terminal appendages and ascospores that do not separate into part spores and is related to Nodulosphaeria.An updated tree for Phaeosphaeriaceae based on multigene analysis is also provided.展开更多
This article is the 13th contribution in the Fungal Diversity Notes series,wherein 125 taxa from four phyla,ten classes,31 orders,69 families,92 genera and three genera incertae sedis are treated,demonstrating worldwi...This article is the 13th contribution in the Fungal Diversity Notes series,wherein 125 taxa from four phyla,ten classes,31 orders,69 families,92 genera and three genera incertae sedis are treated,demonstrating worldwide and geographic distri-bution.Fungal taxa described and illustrated in the present study include three new genera,69 new species,one new com-bination,one reference specimen and 51 new records on new hosts and new geographical distributions.Three new genera,Cylindrotorula(Torulaceae),Scolecoleotia(Leotiales genus incertae sedis)and Xenovaginatispora(Lindomycetaceae)are introduced based on distinct phylogenetic lineages and unique morphologies.Newly described species are Aspergillus lan-naensis,Cercophora dulciaquae,Cladophialophora aquatica,Coprinellus punjabensis,Cortinarius alutarius,C.mammil-latus,C.quercoflocculosus,Coryneum fagi,Cruentomycena uttarakhandina,Cryptocoryneum rosae,Cyathus uniperidiolus,Cylindrotorula indica,Diaporthe chamaeropicola,Didymella azollae,Diplodia alanphillipsii,Dothiora coronicola,Efibula rodriguezarmasiae,Erysiphe salicicola,Fusarium queenslandicum,Geastrum gorgonicum,G.hansagiense,Helicosporium sexualis,Helminthosporium chiangraiensis,Hongkongmyces kokensis,Hydrophilomyces hydraenae,Hygrocybe boertmannii,Hyphoderma australosetigerum,Hyphodontia yunnanensis,Khaleijomyces umikazeana,Laboulbenia divisa,Laboulbenia triarthronis,Laccaria populina,Lactarius pallidozonarius,Lepidosphaeria strobelii,Longipedicellata megafusiformis,Lophiotrema lincangensis,Marasmius benghalensis,M.jinfoshanensis,M.subtropicus,Mariannaea camelliae,Mel-anographium smilaxii,Microbotryum polycnemoides,Mimeomyces digitatus,Minutisphaera thailandensis,Mortierella solitaria,Mucor harpali,Nigrograna jinghongensis,Odontia huanrenensis,O.parvispina,Paraconiothyrium ajrekarii,Par-afuscosporella niloticus,Phaeocytostroma yomensis,Phaeoisaria synnematicus,Phanerochaete hainanensis,Pleopunctum thailandicum,Pleurotheciella dimorphospora,Pseudochaetosphaeronema chiangraiense,Pseudodactylaria albicolonia,Rhexoacrodictys nigrospora,Russula paravioleipes,Scolecoleotia eriocamporesi,Seriascoma honghense,Synandromyces makranczyi,Thyridaria aureobrunnea,Torula lancangjiangensis,Tubeufia longihelicospora,Wicklowia fusiformispora,Xenovaginatispora phichaiensis and Xylaria apiospora.One new combination,Pseudobactrodesmium stilboideus is pro-posed.A reference specimen of Comoclathris permunda is designated.New host or distribution records are provided for Acrocalymma fici,Aliquandostipite khaoyaiensis,Camarosporidiella laburni,Canalisporium caribense,Chaetoscutula juniperi,Chlorophyllum demangei,C.globosum,C.hortense,Cladophialophora abundans,Dendryphion hydei,Diaporthe foeniculina,D.pseudophoenicicola,D.pyracanthae,Dictyosporium pandanicola,Dyfrolomyces distoseptatus,Ernakula-mia tanakae,Eutypa flavovirens,E.lata,Favolus septatus,Fusarium atrovinosum,F.clavum,Helicosporium luteosporum,Hermatomyces nabanheensis,Hermatomyces sphaericoides,Longipedicellata aquatica,Lophiostoma caudata,L.clematidis-vitalbae,Lophiotrema hydei,L.neoarundinaria,Marasmiellus palmivorus,Megacapitula villosa,Micropsalliota globocys-tis,M.gracilis,Montagnula thailandica,Neohelicosporium irregulare,N.parisporum,Paradictyoarthrinium diffractum,Phaeoisaria aquatica,Poaceascoma taiwanense,Saproamanita manicata,Spegazzinia camelliae,Submersispora variabi-lis,Thyronectria caudata,T.mackenziei,Tubeufia chiangmaiensis,T.roseohelicospora,Vaginatispora nypae,Wicklowia submersa,Xanthagaricus necopinatus and Xylaria haemorrhoidalis.The data presented herein are based on morphological examination of fresh specimens,coupled with analysis of phylogenetic sequence data to better integrate taxa into appropriate taxonomic ranks and infer their evolutionary relationships.展开更多
Insects first began evolving hundreds of millions of years ago,and aided by gut microbes,they have been consuming hydrocarbon polymers ever since.Few man-made plastic polymers are chemically novel,so it is reasonable ...Insects first began evolving hundreds of millions of years ago,and aided by gut microbes,they have been consuming hydrocarbon polymers ever since.Few man-made plastic polymers are chemically novel,so it is reasonable that insect/microbe systems can be found or developed to degrade them rapidly.However,remediation of global plastic waste problems should involve more than just conversion into CO_(2).Some industryscale microbial enzymatic degradation of plastic polymers may yield valuable monomers,but the plastic waste starting material must be of uniform chemistry and clean.This adds cost to the process.Many insect species can be utilized for animal feed as well as human food.Some of these insects have the capability to degrade plastic polymers.However,valorizing plastic wastes by producing edible insects or useful frass has largely been overlooked.Here we assemble the current knowledge of plastic degradation rates by insects.In addition,we also show the first instance of insect degradation of polyurethane and the first identification and isolation of insect gut fungi as directly aiding insect degradation.展开更多
Euryale(Nymphaeaceae) is a monotypic genus distributed in eastern Asia, but fossils in its native distribution are sparse as compared to Europe where the genus has disappeared. Here, we describe a new fossil species, ...Euryale(Nymphaeaceae) is a monotypic genus distributed in eastern Asia, but fossils in its native distribution are sparse as compared to Europe where the genus has disappeared. Here, we describe a new fossil species, Euryale yunnanensis sp. nov., from the late Miocene Zhaotong Basin in southwestern China on the basis of seed remains. Characteristics including an ellipsoidal to almost spherical shape,a smooth surface, a germination cap that covers the micropyle, the separation of the hilum and germination cap(micropyle), elliptic testa surface cells with undulate margins and thickened cell walls collectively indicate a close affinity with the genus Euryale in Nymphaeaceae. Comparisons ofseed morphology and anatomy demonstrate that the newly described fossil species differs from modern and other fossil species of Euryale and thus verify the assignment to a new fossil species. As the modern Euryale is an aquatic plant,preferably living in swamps and lakes with shallow and stable water, we hypothesize that a lake and/or swamp environment with shallow water was present near Shuitangba in the Zhaotong Basin, where the Shuitangba hominoid lived during the late Miocene. This inference is generally consistent with paleoenvironmental data extracted from avian, fish, frog, turtle and crocodile fossils, as well as from aquatic pollen. The fossil history suggests a comparatively recent(Miocene) emergence of Euryale, which is roughly in agreement with the divergence time inferred from the molecular information.展开更多
This article provides morphological descriptions and illustrations of microfungi associated with the invasive weed,Chro-molaena odorata,which were mainly collected in northern Thailand.Seventy-seven taxa distributed i...This article provides morphological descriptions and illustrations of microfungi associated with the invasive weed,Chro-molaena odorata,which were mainly collected in northern Thailand.Seventy-seven taxa distributed in ten orders,23 families(of which Neomassarinaceae is new),12 new genera(Chromolaenicola,Chromolaenomyces,Longiappendispora,Pseudocapulatispora,Murichromolaenicola,Neoophiobolus,Paraleptospora,Pseudoroussoella,Pseudostaurosphaeria,Pseudothyridariella,Setoarthopyrenia,Xenoroussoella),47 new species(Aplosporella chromolaenae,Arthrinium chromolae-nae,Chromolaenicola chiangraiensis,C.lampangensis,C.nanensis,C.thailandensis,Chromolaenomyces appendiculatus,Diaporthe chromolaenae,Didymella chromolaenae,Dyfrolomyces chromolaenae,Leptospora chromolaenae,L.phraeana,Longiappendispora chromolaenae,Memnoniella chromolaenae,Montagnula chiangraiensis,M.chromolaenae,M.chromo-laenicola,M.thailandica,Murichromolaenicola chiangraiensis,M.chromolaenae,Muyocopron chromolaenae,M.chromo-laenicola,Neomassarina chromolaenae,Neoophiobolus chromolaenae,Neopyrenochaeta chiangraiensis,N.chromolaenae,N.thailandica,N.triseptatispora,Nigrograna chromolaenae,Nothophoma chromolaenae,Paraleptospora chromolaenae,P.chromolaenicola,Patellaria chromolaenae,Pseudocapulatispora longiappendiculata,Pseudoroussoella chromolaenae,Pseudostaurosphaeria chromolaenae,P.chromolaenicola,Pseudothyridariella chromolaenae,Pyrenochaetopsis chromolae-nae,Rhytidhysteron chromolaenae,Setoarthopyrenia chromolaenae,Sphaeropsis chromolaenicola,Tremateia chiangraiensis,T.chromolaenae,T.thailandensis,Xenoroussoella triseptata,Yunnanensis chromolaenae),12 new host records,three new taxonomic combinations(Chromolaenicola siamensis,Pseudoroussoella elaeicola,Pseudothyridariella mahakashae),and two reference specimens(Torula chromolaenae,T.fici)are described and illustrated.Unlike some other hosts,e.g.bamboo(Poaceae)and Pandanaceae,the dominant group of fungi on Siam weed were Dothideomycetes.Only 15 species previously recorded from northern Thailand were found in this study.Most of the taxa are likely to have jumped hosts from surrounding plants and are unlikely to be a specialist to Siam weed.Most fungal families found on Siam weed had divergence estimates with stem ages in the Cretaceous,which coincided with the expected origin of the host family(Asteraceae).This further indicates that the species have jumped hosts,as it is unlikely that the taxa on the alien Siam weed came from the Americas with its host.They may,however,have jumped from other Asteraceae hosts.In a preliminary screening 40(65%)of the 62 species tested showed antimicrobial activity and thus,the fungi associated with C.odorata may be promising sources of novel bioactive compound discovery.We provide a checklist of fungi associated with C.odorata based on the USDA Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory(SMML)database,relevant literature and our study.In total,130 taxa(116 identified and 14 unidentified species)are distributed in 20 orders,48 families and 85 genera.Pseudocercospora is the most commonly encountered genus on Siam weed.展开更多
Aims Understanding tree species richness at a global scale and the ori-gin and maintenance of patterns of tree species richness across the world is crucial to preserving tree species diversity.The recently published g...Aims Understanding tree species richness at a global scale and the ori-gin and maintenance of patterns of tree species richness across the world is crucial to preserving tree species diversity.The recently published global tree database(i.e.GlobalTreeSearch)is the only source with tree lists at both global and national scales.However,our review and assessment show that many species included in GlobalTreeSearch are not tree species.In addition,several thou-sands of tree species in the botanical literature have not been included in GlobalTreeSearch.The exact number of tree species in the world remains unknown.This study aims to correct errors with GlobalTreeSearch and to estimate the number of tree species in the world based on a large number of regional floras.Methods We standardized nomenclature and spellings of the species names according to The Plant List.We used 62 floristic sources,along with plant growth form and height,to assess the GlobalTreeSearch species checklist and to determine the degree to which GlobalTreeSearch incorrectly treated non-tree species as tree species.Important Findings Based on our review on 60.8%of the species in the GlobalTreeSearch database and the number of additional tree species that we have found from 62 continental,national,regional and local floris-tic sources,we found that about 8.7%of the species included in GlobalTreeSearch are not tree species(they are herbs,shrubs or vines).We estimate that there would be about 61000 tree species(including approximately 5500 species that are primarily shrubs but occasionally trees)in the world.展开更多
基金grants from the Korea National Arboretum(Grant no.KNA1-1-13,14-1)Gachon University(Grant no.2018-0320)to J-H Kim。
文摘Endemic plants are important for understanding phylogenetic relationships,biogeographical history,and genetic variation because of their restricted distribution and their role in conserving biodiversity.Here,we investigated the phylogenetic relationships of the Korean endemic Fraxinus chiisanensis by reconstructing the molecular phylogeny of Fraxinus based on two nuclear DNA(nrITS and phantastica)and two chloroplast DNA(psbA-trnH and rp132-trnL)regions.Within our fossil-calibrated phylogenetic framework,we also inferred the biogeographical history of F.chiisanensis.To provide a scientific basis for the conservation of F.chiisanensis,we determined the levels of genetic diversity and genetic differentiation in this species.Combining information from nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence data,our molecular phylogenetic analyses identified F.chiisanensis as a genetically distinct unit from its sister group,Fraxinus platypoda from Japan.Our molecular dating analyses using nuclear and chloroplast DNA data sets show F.chiisanensis diverged from its sister F.platypoda in the Early or Middle Miocene and differentiated in the Late Miocene on the Korean Peninsula.Our results suggest that the divergence of F.chiisanensis was associated with the submergence of the East China Sea land bridge and enhanced monsoons in East Asia.When compared to F.platypoda,F.chiisanensis exhibits low genetic diversity within populations and high genetic differentiation among populations.These results help us to understand the evolutionary history of F.chiisanensis and to develop a conservation strategy for this species.
基金the Committee for Coordination Science and Technology Development under the Cabinet of Ministers of Uzbekistan for research support(#P3-2014-0830174425).
文摘Sexual morph of didymellaceous taxa are characterized by their ascomata with relatively thin peridium,cylindric-clavate to clavate,short-pedicellate or apedicellate asci,hyaline to brown,1-septate to muriform ascospores.Its asexual morphs are coelomycetous and comprising pycnidial or acervulus conidiomata,phialidic,hyaline conidiogenous cells and hyaline or pale brown,septate or aseptate conidia.The majority of these cosmopolitan species are plant associated fungi which can be pathogens on a wide range of hosts and some species are of particular relevance for quarantine measures.Recent studies have significantly improved the taxonomy and systematics of didymellaceous taxa based on molecular phylogenetics.In contrast to the accurate and detailed studies on the asexual morphs which are common obligate pathogens,information on their usually saprobic sexual morphs is still limited.Among these phenotypically diverse species,spore characteristics are quite unique as most have hyaline spores with 0-1 septum,while only Neomicrosphaeropsis and Didymellocamarosporium are reported as producing pigmented,muriform spores.These dematiaceous muriform spores are characteristic of a considerable number of species that may be quite divergent in other characters.During taxonomic investigations on the diversity of didymellaceous taxa,we have isolated species from Alhagi pseudalhagi,Coronilla emerus,Cytisus sp.,Elaeagnus angustifolia and Spartium junceum in Italy,Russia and Uzbekistan.A comprehensive phylogeny,based on four loci(ITS,LSU,rpb2 and tub2)is used to infer species relationships.Comprehensive morphological descriptions and in-depth phylogenetic investigations of five new species viz.Ascochyta coronillae-emeri,Microsphaeropsis spartii-juncei,Neomicrosphaeropsis alhagi-pseudalhagi,N.cytisicola and N.elaeagni are presented.
基金financially supported by National Forestry and Grassland Administration(2019073017,2019073019)National Science&Technology Infrastructure,the Large-scale Scientific Facilities of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(2017-LSFGBOWS-02)+2 种基金grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41672018,31670194,31870195)the Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.Y4ZK111B01)National Wild Plant Germplasm Resource Center for Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland(ZWGX2003)。
文摘Eight new species from China,Cheirostylis chuxiongensis,C.yei,Myrmechis lingulata,M.longii,Bulbophyllum ximaense,B.xizangense,B.retusum and B.pulcherissimum,are described and illustrated.Cheirostylis chuxiongensis differs from C.thailandica by having 5-9 irregular and papillae-like calli on each side in the sac of the lip,epichile with entire lobes,petals narrowly obliquely obovate and an apex that is not recurved.Cheirostylis yei is easily distinguished from its relatives similar by having a long stem,pubescent ovary and sepals,epichile lobes with irregular and undulate margins,a subquadrate callus without teeth in the saccate hypochile.Myrmechis lingulata differs from M.chinensis by having a simple and lanceolate to ligulate lip,glabrous bracts and ovary,oblique and narrowly ovate petals.Myrmechis longii differs from M.pumila by having white-veined leaves,oblong-lanceolate epichile lobes,and viscidium attached to the middle of the caudicle.Bulbophyllum ximaense is easily distinguished from its relatives similar by having distant pseudobulbs,shorter scape,an inflorescence with 9-16 orange-red flowers,shorter lateral sepals with a long acuminate apex,incurved and tubular apical margins,a papillate lip disk and triangular-subulate stelidia.Bulbophyllum xizangense is easily distinguished from its relatives similar by having narrow lanceolate leaves,shorter inflorescence with 1-3 greenish-yellow flowers,falcate-ovoid lateral sepals,a lip with small lateral lobes and 3 keels at the base.Bulbophyllum retusum differs from B.spathulatum by having shorter inflorescence,peduncles with 2 tubular sheaths,dorsal sepals with a retuse apex,lateral sepals with lower edges that are connate to each other and free and divergent toward the apex,obovate petals with an acute or slightly retuse apex.Bulbophyllum pulcherissimum differs from B.lopalanthum by its 5-veined dorsal sepal,ovate-lanceolate lateral sepals,obliquely ovate-oblong petal,erose-toothed margins and obovate lip with a large,oblong basal callus,and an obtuse base.In addition,three species(Bulbophyllum frostii,B.raskotii and B.nematocaulon)are reported for the first time in China.
基金financially supported by National Forestry and Grassland Administration(2019073019,2019073003,2019073002)National Science&Technology Infrastructure,the Large-scale Scientific Facilities of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(2017LSFGBOWS-02)+4 种基金Science and Technology Basic Resources Investigation Program of China"Survey and Germplasm Conservation of Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations in South-west China"(2017FY100100)grants from Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.Y4ZK111B01)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31670194,31870195)the Special Investigation on Vulnerable Habitat Plants in Daweishan Area,Yunnan,China(2018-2021)the CAS 135 Program(2017XTBG-T03)。
文摘Liparis aureolabella and L mengziensis,two new species from the karst region of southwestern China,and L bingzhongluoensis,a new species from montane region in Yunnan,are described and illustrated.L aureolabella is easily distinguished from its relatives by having abaxially purple leave with purple reticulate veins prominent adaxially,a lip auriculate at base,and falcate-lanceolate pollinia.Liparis mengziensis is closely related to L.petiolata and L.auriculata,but differs from them by having an ovate to broadly ovate leaf,purple lip and apex connate along the margins.Liparis bingzhongluoensis is similar to Liparis nanlingensis,but the new species is characterized by having a lip with two transparent ridges on its disc,longitudinally concave basal callus and triangular column wings.Phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear ribosomal ITS and plastid matK sequences showed that L aureolabella and L mengziensis are nested with L petiolata or L auriculata in a monophyletic clade.L bingzhongluoensis is sister to a clade formed by L.nanlingensis,L.tsii,L sasakii and L.krameri.Moreover,morphological comparisons strongly support that the three species as separated species newly to science.
基金Support for this study was provided by grants from the NSFC(National Natural Science Foundation of China)-Yunnan Joint fund to support key projects(No.U1602264)Yunnan Ten Thousand Talents Plan Young&Elite Talent Project to G.Chen(YNWR-QNBJ-2018-017)+2 种基金NSFC(National Natural Science Foundation of China)(No.31660057)Y.P.GengScience&Technology Basic Resources Investigation Program of China for Survey and Germplasm Conservation of PSESP in Southwest China(2017FY100100)to W.B.Sun.
文摘The traditional medicinal plant,and endangered species Aristolochia delavayi(Aristolochiaceae)is an endemic species in China and occurs in the warm and dry areas along the Jinsha river.It is also a specific host of the larvae of Byasa daemonius,a vulnerable butterfly.In this study,15 pairs of polymorphic microsatellite primers of A.delavayi were designed and screened based on the Simple Sequence Repeats(SSR)loci found by using the results of genome skimming.Based on these 15 SSR markers,the genetic diversity and structure of 193 individuals from ten natural populations were analyzed in detail.In comparison to other endemic and endangered plants in the region,the population of A.delavayi possess a relatively high genetic diversity(He=0.550,I=1.112).AMOVA analysis showed that 68.4%of the total genetic diversity was within populations and 31.6%of the variation occurred among populations.There was a significant genetic differentiation among natural populations of A.delavayi detectable,with low gene flow(Nm=0.591).This might be attributed to geographical barriers and limited seed dispersal.To test the isolation by distance(IBD),we performed Mantel test,which showed a significant correlation between the geographic and genetic distances.In order to cope with the possible biases caused by IBD,we additionally performed Bayesian genetic cluster analyses and principal coordinate analysis(PCoA).The final cluster analysis revealed three groups with distinct geographical distribution.Habitat fragmentation and limited gene flow between these populations may be the main reasons for the current genetic structure.For conservation of this species,we suggest to divide its populations into three protection management units,with subsequent focus on the Yongsheng and Luquan populations which experienced a genetic bottleneck event in the past.
基金supported by Key Research Project“Agroforestry Systems for restoration and bio-industry technology development(grant no.2017YFC0505101)”.We also thank Biology Experimental Center,Germplasm Bank of Wild Species,Kunming Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences for providing the facilities of molecular laboratory.Binu C.Samarakoon is grateful to Danushka Tennakoon for collecting the specimens from Taiwan(China),Dr.Dhanushka N.Wanasinghe and Junfu Li for the valuable comments and suggestions on the morphological studies of Periconia and Torula.Rungtiwa Phookamsak thanks CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)for young staff(grant no.Y9215811Q1)the National Science Foundation of China(NSFC)project code 31850410489(grant no.Y81I982211)+3 种基金Chiang Mai University for financial support.Samantha C.Karunarathna thanks CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)young staff under the grant number:2020FYC0002the National Science Foundation of China(NSFC)for funding this work under the project code 31851110759Jianchu Xu thanks Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(grant no.QYZDY-SSW-SMC014)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences for supporting this research.
文摘A study was undertaken to collect and identify saprobic fungi associated with Musa spp.(banana)from Taiwan(China),and Thailand.Samples were collected during the dry season and their morpho-molecular relationships were investigated.Five brown pleosporalean hyphomycetous taxa in Periconiaceae and Torulaceae viz.Periconia cortaderiae,P.delonicis,Torula chromolaenae,T.fici,and T.masonii were identified for the first time from Musa spp.(Musaceae).Phylogenetic analyses of a combined SSU,LSU,ITS,RPB2 and TEF DNA sequence dataset further justified the taxonomic placements of these five taxa in the above mentioned families.Periconia delonicis is reported for the first time on a monocotyledonous host and T.masonii is the first geographical record from Taiwan(China).
基金Featured Microbial Resources and Diversity Investigation in Southwest Karst area(Project No.2014FY120100)is thanked for financial supportthe Chinese Academy of Sciences,project number 2013T2S0030,for the award of a Visiting Professorship for Senior International Scientists at Kunming Institute of Botanysupported by the Thailand Research Fund,‘The future of specialist fungi in a changing climate:baseline data for generalist and specialist fungi associated with ants,Rhododendron species and Dracaena species’(Project No.DBG6080013)。
文摘We are studying seed pod fungi associated with Delonix regia in Thailand and in this paper we provide an illustrated account of Parascedosporium putredinis,which is a new record for Thailand.Phylogenetic analysis of combined ITS and LSU sequence data and morphological similarities provide evidence for its identification.We illustrate the synnematal stage and lateral,solitary conidiophores of P.putredinis obtained in vitro on MEA.We also provide ITS,LSU,SSU,and tef sequence data for P.putredinis,which are deposited in GenBank.
基金Ministry of Sciences and Technology of China 2017YFC0505101,NSFC-CGIAR 31861143002Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Department 202003AD150004+3 种基金PEM thanks the National Science Foundation of China for financial support from grants 41761144055 and 41771063HG was supported by Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects(2019FB063)NSFC Grant 32001296Austin Smith substantially clarified our presentation.
文摘Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)provide benefits to most crop species via enhanced nutrient uptake,increased drought and abiotic stress resistance,and reduced effects of pathogens and pests.Much remains unclear regarding the specific mechanisms influencing these processes,and the critical roles of AMF are often overlooked in planning agroecological systems.There is growing consensus,however,around the important roles AMF play in improving plant resilience and crop yield while also enhancing the functioning of soil microbial communities.Heterogeneous practices across all scales complicate the successful integration of AMF in agroecological systems.AMF symbioses with crops are passive,or stimulated by incorporation of crop wastes in soil,soil inoculation with AMF spores,or the planting inoculated of seeds.Here we suggest that AMF can have highest beneficial impacts in areas with low levels of agrochemical inputs.We argue that areas with intensive agrochemical inputs can also be made more sustainable with AMF enhancements.
基金The Research of Featured Microbial Resources and Diversity Investigation in Southwest Karst area(Project No.2014FY120100)is thanked for financial supportthe Chinese Academy of Sciences,project number 2013T2S0030,for the award of a Visiting Professorship for Senior International Scientists at Kunming Institute of Botanyextend their appreciation to the International Scientific Partnership Program ISPP at King Saud University for funding this research work through ISPP#0089.
文摘We are studying seed and fruit inhabiting fungi in Thailand and this paper introduces a new species,Diaporthe collariana,from Magnolia champaca fruits,collected in Chiang Rai Province.Molecular analysis of a combined ITS,TEF1,TUB and CAL sequence DNA and morphological data provide evidence to justify the new species.Diaporthe collariana is characterized by producing alpha and beta conidia,and conidiogenous cells with prominent,flared collarettes.The new species is compared with closely related species in the genus.
文摘Bamboos not only provide socio-economic benefits to communities within the region,but also provide ecosystem services such as soil-water conservation,stabilization of sandy soils and restoration of soil nutrients.Bambusicolous ascomycetes refer to ascomycetous fungi living on any substrate of bamboo.As the largest group of fungi on bamboo,they play a significant ecological value in species composition and the structure of the fungal community,circulation of materials and energy flow of nutritional elements.In an effort to document the bambusicolous Ascomycota found in China,we assessed all major sources of academic literature,journal papers,and the USDA database(https://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/fungushost/fungushost.cfm)for reports of these fungi from China.As a result,we produced a systematic and comprehensive checklist of bambusicolous Ascomycota in China.Current names of fungi,bamboo host name,bamboo substrate,details of collected localities,references and latest classification for every bambusicolous ascomycete in China are also provided.In addition,we focused on the species richness of bambusicolous Ascomycota in China with an emphasis on southwest China.
基金This study was supported by the grant of the 1551 French-Thai cooperation PHC SIAM 2011(project 25587RA)and the Mae Fah Luang University funded grant“Taxonomy,Phylogeny and cultivation of Lentinus species in northern Thailand”(MFU/54101020048)this study was financially supported by the project“Value added products from basidiomycetes:Putting Thailand’s biodiversity to use”(BRN049/2553)by the National Research Council of Thailand(NRCT)to study medicinal fungi+1 种基金the National Research Council of Thailand(NRCT),project-Taxonomy,Phylogeny and cultivation of Lentinus species in northern Thailand(NRCT/55201020007)the Thailand Research Fund grant-Taxonomy,Phylogeny and biochemistry of Thai Basidiomycetes(BRG 5580009).The authors would also like to acknowledge University Malaya research grants:CG037-2013 Phylogeny,taxonomy,relationships and biotechnological potential of sooty moulds and RG203-12SUS Isolation and structural elucidation of antimicrobial compounds for saprophytic and endophytic fungi of Peninsular Malaysia through bioassay guided fractionation of secondary metabolites extract.
文摘Exploration of natural sources for novel bioactive compounds has been an emerging field of medicine over the past decades,providing drugs or lead compounds of considerable therapeutic potential.This research has provided exciting evidence on the isolation of microbe-derived metabolites having prospective biological activities.Mushrooms have been valued as traditional sources of natural bioactive compounds for many centuries and have been targeted as promising therapeutic agents.Many novel biologically active compounds have been reported as a result of research on medicinal mushrooms.In this review,we compile the information on bioactive structure-elucidated metabolites from macrofungi discovered over the last decade and highlight their unique chemical diversity and potential benefits to novel drug discovery.The main emphasis is on their anti-Alzheimer,antidiabetic,anti-malarial,anti-microbial,anti-oxidant,antitumor,anti-viral and hypocholesterolemic activities which are important medicinal targets in terms of drug discovery today.Moreover,the reader’s attention is brought to focus on mushroom products and food supplements available in the market with claimed biological activities and potential human health benefits.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31300199 and 41561014)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association,Chinese Academy of Sciences(2014355)
文摘China is one of most biodiverse countries in the world, containing at least 10% of all angiosperm species.Therefore, we should anticipate a diverse, pollinator fauna. China also has a long history of applied ethnobiology, including a sustainable agriculture based on apiculture and plant-pollinator interactions.However, the science of pollination ecology is a far younger sub-discipline in China, compared to in the West. Chinese studies in pollination ecology began in the 1970 s. For this review, we compiled a complete reference database(>600 publications) of pollination studies in China. Using this database, we identified and analyzed gaps and limitations in research on the pollination systems of native and naturalized species. Specifically, we asked the following questions: 1) What do we know about the pollination systems of native, Chinese species? 2) How does Chinese pollination ecology compare with the development of pollination research abroad and which aspects of research should be pursued by Chinese anthecologists in the near future? 3) What research on pollination in China will advance our understanding and contribute to our ongoing analyses of endemism and conservation? Subsequently, we segregated and identified prospective lines of future research that are unique to China and can only be done in China. This requires discussing priorities within a systematic approach.
基金This research was supported by Featured microbial resources and diversity investigation in Southwest Karst area(2014FY120100).The authors extend their sincere appreciations to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for its funding this Prolific Research Group(PRG-1436-09).Kevin D.Hyde thanks the Chinese Academy of Sciences,project number 2013T2S0030,for the award of Visiting Professorship for Senior International Scientists at Kunming Institute of Botany.B.D.Shenoy acknowledges the funding to visit Mae Fah Luang University,Chiang Rai under Indo-Thailand Bilateral Programme(THAI-1205).Y.P.Xiao and T.C.Wen are grateful to The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31460012&No.31200016).Shi-Ke Huang and J.C.Kang are grateful to the Agricultural Science and Technology Foundation of Guizhou Province(Nos.NY[2013]3042),the International Collaboration Plan of Guizhou Province(No.G[2012]7006)and the Innovation Team Construction for Science And Technology of Guizhou Province(No.[2012]4007)from the Science and Technology Department of Guizhou Province,China.
文摘Sordariomycetes is one of the largest classes of Ascomycota and is characterised by perithecial ascomata and inoperculate unitunicate asci.The class includes many important plant pathogens,as well as endophytes,saprobes,epiphytes,and fungicolous,lichenized or lichenicolous taxa.The class includes freshwater,marine and terrestrial taxa and has a worldwide distribution.This paper provides an updated outline of the Sordariomycetes and a backbone tree incorporating asexual and sexual genera in the class.Based on phylogeny and morphology we introduced three subclasses;Diaporthomycetidae,Lulworthiomycetidae and Meliolomycetidae and five orders;Amplistromatales,Annulatascales,Falcocladiales,Jobellisiales and Togniniales.The outline is based on literature to the end of 2014 and the backbone tree published in this paper.Notes for 397 taxa with information,such as new family and genera novelties,novel molecular data published since the Outline of Ascomycota 2009,and new links between sexual and asexual genera and thus synonymies,are provided.The Sordariomycetes now comprises six subclasses,28 orders,90 families and 1344 genera.In addition a list of 829 genera with uncertain placement in Sordariomycetesis also provided.
基金We thank the Thailand Research Fund(“The future of specialist fungi in a changing climate:baseline data for generalist and specialist fungi associated with ants,Rhododendron species and Dracaena species DBG6080013”and“Impact of climate change on fungal diversity and biogeography in the Greater Mekong Subregion RDG6130001”)“The 2019 high-end foreign expert introduction plan to Kunming Institute of Botany(granted by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China(Grant Number G20190139006))for funding this research.S.C.Karunarathna would like to thank the CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)under the following grant:2018PC0006 and the National Science Foundation of China(NSFC,project code 31851110759)+1 种基金We also thank Udeni Jayalal,Nalin Wijayawardene,Ming-Ying Zhang,Mohammed Warris,Lee B.G and Eleni Gentekaki for their support during this research.Dhanushka Wanasinghe would like to thank CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)for funding his postdoctoral research(Number 2019PC0008)the National Science Foundation of China and the Chinese Academy of Sciences for financial support under the following Grants:41761144055,41771063 and Y4ZK111B01.We also extend our gratitude to Teuvo Ahti,David Hawksworth,Pier-Luigi Nimis and Rikard Sundin and Mats Wedin who helped to clarify the nomenclatural status of the genus Naevia.
文摘Fungi that are barely lichenized or non-lichenized and closely related to lichenized taxa,the so-called borderline fungi,are an important element in reconstructing the evolutionary history of lichenized lineages.Arthoniaceae is a prime example including non-lichenized,saprotrophic lineages which potentially were precursors to lichenized taxa.In this study,we focused on saprotrophic species of Arthonia sensu lato,including new sequence data for Arthonia pinastri.We obtained fresh material of this taxon from a living branch of Fraxinus ornus in Italy to assess its taxonomic status and to elucidate its phylogenetic relationships within Arthonia.Thin sections of the thallus and ascomata of A.pinastri confirmed the absence of a photobiont.Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of combined mtSSU,nuLSU and RPB2 sequence data placed the species close to A.dispersa(barely lichenized or non-lichenized)and A.punctiformis(non-lichenized)in a clade closely related to Arthonia sensu stricto,and the A.pinastri clade is here resurrected under the name Naevia.Ancestral character state analysis within a broader context of Arthoniales does not support the saprotrophic lifestyle to be a plesiomorphic feature,but suggests loss of lichenization in Naevia,as well as loss and possible regain in a second clade containing saprotrophic species and including taxa resembling Mycoporum,underlining the evolutionary plasticity of Arthoniales.These two clades constitute model taxa to further investigate the evolution of alternative biological lifestyles within the context of chiefly lichenized taxa.
基金Rungtiwa Phookamsak thanks to the CAS President’s International Fellowship for Postdoctoral Researchers(Project No.2017PB0072)the Research Fund from China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(grant no.Y71B283261)+2 种基金Chiang Mai University for financial support.Kevin D.Hyde would like to thank the Thailand Research Fund grant no RSA5980068 entitled Biodiversity,phylogeny and role of fungal endophytes on above parts of Rhizophora apiculata and Nypa fruticans and the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Project No.2013T2S0030for the award of Visiting Professorship for Senior International Scientists at Kunming Institute of Botany.Financial support by the German Academic Exchange Service(DAAD)and the Thai Royal Golden Ph.D.Jubilee-Industry program(RGJ)for a joint TRF-DAAD PPP(2012-2014)academic exchange grant to K.D.Hyde and M.Stadler.Peter E Mortimer thanks to the National Science Foundation of China(NSFC)for funding this work under the project codes 41761144055 and 41771063Chayanard Phukhamsakda(PHD/0020/2557)acknowledges the Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D.Program under the Thailand Research Fund.Shi-ke Huang is particularly grateful to Dr.Qi Zhao for his support and great help.Qiu Ju Shang,Jun-Fu Li and Nimali I.de Silva and other colleagues from Centre of Excellence in Fungal Research,Mae Fah Luang University,Chiang Rai,Thailand are thanked for their assistance in phylogenetic analyses.Shaun Pennycook is thanked for suggestion on fungal names.
文摘Ophiobolus is a large genus of Phaeosphaeriaceae comprising more than 350 possible species,most of which are saprobes on herbaceous plants in Europe and North America.Ophiobolus species are polyphyletic and the type of Ophiobolus is not represented in GenBank.Therefore,an increased taxon sampling of ophiobolus-like taxa and epitypification of the type species,O.disseminans is reported.Multigene phylogenetic analyses of combined LSU,SSU,TEF1-a and ITS sequence data position O.disseminans in a sister clade with O.ponticus and several Entodesmium species in Phaeosphaeriaceae with high support.Therefore,Entodesmium is synonymized under Ophiobolus.Premilcurensis with it type species,P.senecionis also clusters within the Ophiobolus clade and is synonymized under Ophiobolus.Ophiobolus rossicus sp.nov.is introduced and a reference specimen is designated for O.ponticus.Other ophiobolus-like taxa(Ophiobolus sensu lato)can be distinguished as three main groups,which are introduced as new genera.Ophiobolopsis is introduced to accommodate the new species,Ophiobolopsis italica.The new genus Paraophiobolus is introduced to accommodate P.arundinis sp.nov.and P.plantaginis comb.nov.This genus is characterized by hyaline to pale yellowish ascospores,some green-yellowish at maturity,with a swollen cell,terminal appendages and ascospores not separating into part spores.Pseudoophiobolus gen.nov.is introduced to accommodate six new species and two new combinations,viz.Ps.achilleae,Ps.erythrosporus,Ps.galii,Ps.italicus,Ps.mathieui,Ps.rosae,Ps.subhyalinisporus and Ps.urticicola.Pseudoophiobolus is characterized by subhyaline to pale yellowish or yellowish ascospores,with a swollen cell,lack of terminal appendages and ascospores that do not separate into part spores and is related to Nodulosphaeria.An updated tree for Phaeosphaeriaceae based on multigene analysis is also provided.
基金the Thailand Research Fund(Grant No.TRG6180001)the Mae Fah Luang University Fund(Grant No.631C15001)+42 种基金Plant Genetic Conserva-tion Project under the Royal Initiation of Her Royal Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn-Mae Fah Luang Universitythe Mushroom Research Foundation.Kevin D.Hyde thanks the 2019 high-end foreign expert introduction plan to Kunming Institute of Botany(Granted by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China,Grant No.G20190139006)the future of specialist fungi in a changing climate:baseline data for generalist and specialist fungi associated with ants,Rhododendron species and Dra-caena species(Grant No.DBG6080013)Impact of climate change on fungal diversity and biogeography in the Greater Mekong Subregion(Grant No.RDG6130001)Dhanushka Wanasinghe thanks CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)for funding his postdoctoral research(Grant No.2021FYB0005)the Postdoctoral Fund from Human Resources and Social Security Bureau of Yunnan Province.the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31870011,31750001,31770028 and 31970017).CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)for young staff(Grant No.Y9215811Q1)Provincial Science and Tech-nology Department(grant no.202003AD150004)Yunnan Provincial Key Programs of Yunnan Eco-friendly Food International Cooperation Research Center(Grant No.2019ZG00908)Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences“Response of Asian mountain ecosystems to global change”,CAS,Grant No.QYZDY-SSWSMC014”the Agreement ENDESA and San Ignacio de Huinay Foundations and Consejo Superior de Investiga-ciones Científicas,CSIC(Projects No.2011HUIN10,2013CL0012)and DGICYT projects CGL2005-01192/BOS,CGL2009-07231,CGL2015-67459-P,CSIC project PIE202030E059the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education(grant No.N N305299640)the support from UIDB/04046/2020 and UIDP/04046/2020 Centre grants from FCT,Portugal(to BioISI).the University of Southern Queensland and the Grains Research and Development Corporation projects DAQ00186 and DAQ00194the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS)for the award of post-doctoral fellowship and the research grants(No.185701000001 and No.18-06620)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31500013,30770013)Talent Introduction Scientific Research Special Project of Hebei Agricultural University(YJ201849)the Ear-marked Fund for Hebei Edible Fungi Innovation Team of Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System(Project ID:HBCT2018050205).SERB,Department of Science and Technology,Government of India,for funding a project(SERB/SB/SO/PS/18/2014 dt.19.5.2015)the Department of Biotechnology,Pondicherry Univer-sity for facilitiesSERB,Department of Science and Technology,Government of India for providing financial support under the project YSS/2015/001590the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)Program[Grant No.2019QZKK0503]the open research project of“Cross Cooperative Team”of the Germplasm Bank of Wild Species,Kunming Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences[Grant No.292019312511043]Science and Technology Ser-vice Network Initiative,Chinese Academy of Sciences[KFJ-STS-QYZD-171]S.N.Wijesinghe would like to acknowledge Mae Fah Luang University,National Science Foundation of China(NSFC)pro-ject code 31851110759National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31972222,31560489)Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities of China(111 Program,D20023)Talent Project of Guizhou Science and Technology Cooperation Platform([2017]5788-5,[2019]5641 and[2020]5001)Guizhou Science,Tech-nology Department International Cooperation Basic project([2018]5806)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project ID:31970021 and 32060005)Fungal Diversity Conservation and Utilization Innovation Team of Dali University(ZKLX2019213)for financial support.the National Natural Sci-ence Foundation of China(NSFC 32060013)Youth Science and Technology Talent Development Project from Guizhou Provincial Department of Education(QJHKYZ[2021]263)Dan-Feng Bao would like to thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project ID:31660008 and 31860006)Fungal diversity conservation and uti-lization innovation team(ZKLX2019213)the Thailand Research Fund grant“impact of climate change on fungal diversity and bioge-ography in the Greater Mekong Sub-region(RDG6130001)”for finan-cial and laboratory support.Higher Educa-tion Commission,Pakistan for financial support through NRPU research project no.20-3383/NRPU/R&D/HEC/14/184.the Széchenyi 2020 Programme(Grant No.GINOP 2.2.1-15-2017-00042)the FWF and the Land Tirol for funding the MICINSNOW project(P31038)the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China(Project No.2019HJ2096001006)the Science and Technology Support Project of Guizhou Province(Project No.20192451-2)for research support.Yusufjon Gafforov acknowledges Ministry of Innovative Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan(Project no.P3-2014-0830174425 and PЗ-20170921183)CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)for a Visiting Scientist grant(no.:2018VBB0021).
文摘This article is the 13th contribution in the Fungal Diversity Notes series,wherein 125 taxa from four phyla,ten classes,31 orders,69 families,92 genera and three genera incertae sedis are treated,demonstrating worldwide and geographic distri-bution.Fungal taxa described and illustrated in the present study include three new genera,69 new species,one new com-bination,one reference specimen and 51 new records on new hosts and new geographical distributions.Three new genera,Cylindrotorula(Torulaceae),Scolecoleotia(Leotiales genus incertae sedis)and Xenovaginatispora(Lindomycetaceae)are introduced based on distinct phylogenetic lineages and unique morphologies.Newly described species are Aspergillus lan-naensis,Cercophora dulciaquae,Cladophialophora aquatica,Coprinellus punjabensis,Cortinarius alutarius,C.mammil-latus,C.quercoflocculosus,Coryneum fagi,Cruentomycena uttarakhandina,Cryptocoryneum rosae,Cyathus uniperidiolus,Cylindrotorula indica,Diaporthe chamaeropicola,Didymella azollae,Diplodia alanphillipsii,Dothiora coronicola,Efibula rodriguezarmasiae,Erysiphe salicicola,Fusarium queenslandicum,Geastrum gorgonicum,G.hansagiense,Helicosporium sexualis,Helminthosporium chiangraiensis,Hongkongmyces kokensis,Hydrophilomyces hydraenae,Hygrocybe boertmannii,Hyphoderma australosetigerum,Hyphodontia yunnanensis,Khaleijomyces umikazeana,Laboulbenia divisa,Laboulbenia triarthronis,Laccaria populina,Lactarius pallidozonarius,Lepidosphaeria strobelii,Longipedicellata megafusiformis,Lophiotrema lincangensis,Marasmius benghalensis,M.jinfoshanensis,M.subtropicus,Mariannaea camelliae,Mel-anographium smilaxii,Microbotryum polycnemoides,Mimeomyces digitatus,Minutisphaera thailandensis,Mortierella solitaria,Mucor harpali,Nigrograna jinghongensis,Odontia huanrenensis,O.parvispina,Paraconiothyrium ajrekarii,Par-afuscosporella niloticus,Phaeocytostroma yomensis,Phaeoisaria synnematicus,Phanerochaete hainanensis,Pleopunctum thailandicum,Pleurotheciella dimorphospora,Pseudochaetosphaeronema chiangraiense,Pseudodactylaria albicolonia,Rhexoacrodictys nigrospora,Russula paravioleipes,Scolecoleotia eriocamporesi,Seriascoma honghense,Synandromyces makranczyi,Thyridaria aureobrunnea,Torula lancangjiangensis,Tubeufia longihelicospora,Wicklowia fusiformispora,Xenovaginatispora phichaiensis and Xylaria apiospora.One new combination,Pseudobactrodesmium stilboideus is pro-posed.A reference specimen of Comoclathris permunda is designated.New host or distribution records are provided for Acrocalymma fici,Aliquandostipite khaoyaiensis,Camarosporidiella laburni,Canalisporium caribense,Chaetoscutula juniperi,Chlorophyllum demangei,C.globosum,C.hortense,Cladophialophora abundans,Dendryphion hydei,Diaporthe foeniculina,D.pseudophoenicicola,D.pyracanthae,Dictyosporium pandanicola,Dyfrolomyces distoseptatus,Ernakula-mia tanakae,Eutypa flavovirens,E.lata,Favolus septatus,Fusarium atrovinosum,F.clavum,Helicosporium luteosporum,Hermatomyces nabanheensis,Hermatomyces sphaericoides,Longipedicellata aquatica,Lophiostoma caudata,L.clematidis-vitalbae,Lophiotrema hydei,L.neoarundinaria,Marasmiellus palmivorus,Megacapitula villosa,Micropsalliota globocys-tis,M.gracilis,Montagnula thailandica,Neohelicosporium irregulare,N.parisporum,Paradictyoarthrinium diffractum,Phaeoisaria aquatica,Poaceascoma taiwanense,Saproamanita manicata,Spegazzinia camelliae,Submersispora variabi-lis,Thyronectria caudata,T.mackenziei,Tubeufia chiangmaiensis,T.roseohelicospora,Vaginatispora nypae,Wicklowia submersa,Xanthagaricus necopinatus and Xylaria haemorrhoidalis.The data presented herein are based on morphological examination of fresh specimens,coupled with analysis of phylogenetic sequence data to better integrate taxa into appropriate taxonomic ranks and infer their evolutionary relationships.
基金Key Research Program of the Ministry of Sciences and Technology(Grant No.2017YFC0505101)of ChinaChinese Academy of Sciences,President’s International Fellowship Initiative(CAS-PIFI),Grant No.2019PC0011,2017PC0035+7 种基金Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences,CAS,Grant No.QYZDY-SSW-SMC014We thank the National Science Foundation of China(NSFC)for funding this work under the project codes Y4ZK111B01,41761144055,3181101433,41771063,31650410651,41761144055 and 31550110215We are thankful to Zhijia Gu,Key Laboratories for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East China,Kunming Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences for scanning electron microscopy.G.G.O.Dossa thanks China Postdoctoral Foundation Grant No.2017M613021the young international staff Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)president international fellowship initiative(PIFI)grants#2019FYB0001 and 2017PC0035Heng Gui would thank the CPSF-CAS Joint Foundation for Excellent Postdoctoral Fellows(Grant No.2017LH029)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2018M633435)the 2018 Yunnan Province Postdoctoral Science Research Foundation.Heng Gui would also like to thank the support from the Human Resources and Social Security Department of Yunnan Province,German Academic Exchange Service(DAAD)under the program:Research Stays for University Academics and Scientists,2018(Ref.No.91691203)the China Scholarship Council under the State Scholarship Fund(Ref.No.201804910259).
文摘Insects first began evolving hundreds of millions of years ago,and aided by gut microbes,they have been consuming hydrocarbon polymers ever since.Few man-made plastic polymers are chemically novel,so it is reasonable that insect/microbe systems can be found or developed to degrade them rapidly.However,remediation of global plastic waste problems should involve more than just conversion into CO_(2).Some industryscale microbial enzymatic degradation of plastic polymers may yield valuable monomers,but the plastic waste starting material must be of uniform chemistry and clean.This adds cost to the process.Many insect species can be utilized for animal feed as well as human food.Some of these insects have the capability to degrade plastic polymers.However,valorizing plastic wastes by producing edible insects or useful frass has largely been overlooked.Here we assemble the current knowledge of plastic degradation rates by insects.In addition,we also show the first instance of insect degradation of polyurethane and the first identification and isolation of insect gut fungi as directly aiding insect degradation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31300187,31300188)the Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province(2010CC010)
文摘Euryale(Nymphaeaceae) is a monotypic genus distributed in eastern Asia, but fossils in its native distribution are sparse as compared to Europe where the genus has disappeared. Here, we describe a new fossil species, Euryale yunnanensis sp. nov., from the late Miocene Zhaotong Basin in southwestern China on the basis of seed remains. Characteristics including an ellipsoidal to almost spherical shape,a smooth surface, a germination cap that covers the micropyle, the separation of the hilum and germination cap(micropyle), elliptic testa surface cells with undulate margins and thickened cell walls collectively indicate a close affinity with the genus Euryale in Nymphaeaceae. Comparisons ofseed morphology and anatomy demonstrate that the newly described fossil species differs from modern and other fossil species of Euryale and thus verify the assignment to a new fossil species. As the modern Euryale is an aquatic plant,preferably living in swamps and lakes with shallow and stable water, we hypothesize that a lake and/or swamp environment with shallow water was present near Shuitangba in the Zhaotong Basin, where the Shuitangba hominoid lived during the late Miocene. This inference is generally consistent with paleoenvironmental data extracted from avian, fish, frog, turtle and crocodile fossils, as well as from aquatic pollen. The fossil history suggests a comparatively recent(Miocene) emergence of Euryale, which is roughly in agreement with the divergence time inferred from the molecular information.
基金Ausana Mapook was financially supported by Research and Researchers for Industry Program(RRI)PHD57I0012,Thailand and the German Academic Exchange Service(DAAD)for a joint TRF-DAAD(PPP 2017–2018)academic exchange grant to Kevin D.Hyde and Marc Stadler.Kevin D.Hyde thanks to the 2019 high-end foreign expert introduction plan to Kunming Institute of Botany(granted by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China,Grant Number G20190139006)Thailand Research grants entitled Biodiversity,phylogeny and role of fungal endophytes on above parts of Rhizophora apiculata and Nypa fruticans(Grant No:RSA5980068)+1 种基金the future of specialist fungi in a changing climate:baseline data for generalist and specialist fungi associated with ants,Rhododendron species and Dracaena species(Grant No:DBG6080013)Impact of climate change on fungal diversity and biogeography in the Greater Mekong Subregion(Grant No:RDG6130001).
文摘This article provides morphological descriptions and illustrations of microfungi associated with the invasive weed,Chro-molaena odorata,which were mainly collected in northern Thailand.Seventy-seven taxa distributed in ten orders,23 families(of which Neomassarinaceae is new),12 new genera(Chromolaenicola,Chromolaenomyces,Longiappendispora,Pseudocapulatispora,Murichromolaenicola,Neoophiobolus,Paraleptospora,Pseudoroussoella,Pseudostaurosphaeria,Pseudothyridariella,Setoarthopyrenia,Xenoroussoella),47 new species(Aplosporella chromolaenae,Arthrinium chromolae-nae,Chromolaenicola chiangraiensis,C.lampangensis,C.nanensis,C.thailandensis,Chromolaenomyces appendiculatus,Diaporthe chromolaenae,Didymella chromolaenae,Dyfrolomyces chromolaenae,Leptospora chromolaenae,L.phraeana,Longiappendispora chromolaenae,Memnoniella chromolaenae,Montagnula chiangraiensis,M.chromolaenae,M.chromo-laenicola,M.thailandica,Murichromolaenicola chiangraiensis,M.chromolaenae,Muyocopron chromolaenae,M.chromo-laenicola,Neomassarina chromolaenae,Neoophiobolus chromolaenae,Neopyrenochaeta chiangraiensis,N.chromolaenae,N.thailandica,N.triseptatispora,Nigrograna chromolaenae,Nothophoma chromolaenae,Paraleptospora chromolaenae,P.chromolaenicola,Patellaria chromolaenae,Pseudocapulatispora longiappendiculata,Pseudoroussoella chromolaenae,Pseudostaurosphaeria chromolaenae,P.chromolaenicola,Pseudothyridariella chromolaenae,Pyrenochaetopsis chromolae-nae,Rhytidhysteron chromolaenae,Setoarthopyrenia chromolaenae,Sphaeropsis chromolaenicola,Tremateia chiangraiensis,T.chromolaenae,T.thailandensis,Xenoroussoella triseptata,Yunnanensis chromolaenae),12 new host records,three new taxonomic combinations(Chromolaenicola siamensis,Pseudoroussoella elaeicola,Pseudothyridariella mahakashae),and two reference specimens(Torula chromolaenae,T.fici)are described and illustrated.Unlike some other hosts,e.g.bamboo(Poaceae)and Pandanaceae,the dominant group of fungi on Siam weed were Dothideomycetes.Only 15 species previously recorded from northern Thailand were found in this study.Most of the taxa are likely to have jumped hosts from surrounding plants and are unlikely to be a specialist to Siam weed.Most fungal families found on Siam weed had divergence estimates with stem ages in the Cretaceous,which coincided with the expected origin of the host family(Asteraceae).This further indicates that the species have jumped hosts,as it is unlikely that the taxa on the alien Siam weed came from the Americas with its host.They may,however,have jumped from other Asteraceae hosts.In a preliminary screening 40(65%)of the 62 species tested showed antimicrobial activity and thus,the fungi associated with C.odorata may be promising sources of novel bioactive compound discovery.We provide a checklist of fungi associated with C.odorata based on the USDA Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory(SMML)database,relevant literature and our study.In total,130 taxa(116 identified and 14 unidentified species)are distributed in 20 orders,48 families and 85 genera.Pseudocercospora is the most commonly encountered genus on Siam weed.
文摘Aims Understanding tree species richness at a global scale and the ori-gin and maintenance of patterns of tree species richness across the world is crucial to preserving tree species diversity.The recently published global tree database(i.e.GlobalTreeSearch)is the only source with tree lists at both global and national scales.However,our review and assessment show that many species included in GlobalTreeSearch are not tree species.In addition,several thou-sands of tree species in the botanical literature have not been included in GlobalTreeSearch.The exact number of tree species in the world remains unknown.This study aims to correct errors with GlobalTreeSearch and to estimate the number of tree species in the world based on a large number of regional floras.Methods We standardized nomenclature and spellings of the species names according to The Plant List.We used 62 floristic sources,along with plant growth form and height,to assess the GlobalTreeSearch species checklist and to determine the degree to which GlobalTreeSearch incorrectly treated non-tree species as tree species.Important Findings Based on our review on 60.8%of the species in the GlobalTreeSearch database and the number of additional tree species that we have found from 62 continental,national,regional and local floris-tic sources,we found that about 8.7%of the species included in GlobalTreeSearch are not tree species(they are herbs,shrubs or vines).We estimate that there would be about 61000 tree species(including approximately 5500 species that are primarily shrubs but occasionally trees)in the world.