Mitigation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in roasted beef patties by cold plasma treatment and products quality evaluation

The cold plasma(CP)technique was applied to alleviate the contamination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH)in this investigation.Two different CP treatments methods were implemented in the production of beef patties,to investigate their inhibition and degradation capacity on PAHs.With 5 different cooking oils and fats addition,the inhibition mechanism of in-package cold plasma(ICP)pretreatment was explored from the aspect of raw patties fatty acids composition variation.The results of principal component analysis showed that the first two principal components accounted for more than 80%of the total variation in the original data,indicating that the content of saturated fatty acids was significantly positively correlated with the formation of PAHs.ICP pretreatment inhibited the formation of PAHs by changing the composition of fatty acids,which showed that the total amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased and the total amount of monounsaturated fatty acids increased.Sensory discrimination tests demonstrated there were discernable differences between 2 CP treated samples and the controls,utilization of the ICP pretreatment in meat products processing was expected to achieve satisfying eating quality.In conclusion,CP treatment degraded PAHs through stepwise ring-opening oxidation in 2 reported pathways,the toxicity of PAHs contaminated products was alleviated after CP treatment.

Anti-nutritional characteristics and mechanism of soybean agglutinin

Soybean agglutinin(SBA)is an important anti-nutritional factor in soybean.SBA can induce animal growth inhibition,cause pathological changes of intestinal tissue,and decrease in the immune system functioning.Recently,a great deal of research has been done on the effects of SBA on cell morphology,division,apoptosis,autophagy,as well as the correlated signal transduction pathway.This review mainly covers the chemical and biological characteristics of SBA,describes the multifaceted aspects of SBA anti-nutritional functions,and highlights the possible cellular and molecular mechanism of anti-nutritional effects of SBA.This review has important implications for the prevention and treatment of SBA-induced diseases,drug development,processing techniques of plant products,prevention of food-borne toxins,as well as human and animal health protection.

Development of a reversed dispersive based graphene functionalized with multiwalled carbon nanotubes for detection ofβ2-agonists in pork by high-performance liquid chromatography

A reliable and inexpensive pretreatment procedure in the determination ofβ2-agonists in pork was developped.The procedure used a nanocomposite of multiwalled carbon nanotubes(CNTs)functionalized with graphene(rGO)as the reversed dispersive sorbent.It was analyzed after purification by highperformance liquid chromatography,the extraction time and the properties of the nanocomposite were optimized.Under optimized conditions,present method has linear response over concentration range of 0.5–50 ng/mL in pork samples with a satisfactory detection limit close to 0.1 ng/mL.The precisions of the current method(coefficient of variation)are lower than 5%,while recoveries are more than 98.3%.The nanocomposite exhibited high adsorptivity,long-term storage stability,satisfactory anti-interfering activity and high selectivity toward2-agonists compared with those of rGO and CNTs.

Paeoniflorin alleviates depression by inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome via promoting mitochondrial autophagy

Depression ranks among the most common neuropsychiatric disorders globally.Current studies examining the roles of inflammation and mitochondrial autophagy in the antidepressant efficacy of paeoniflorin(PF)are sparse.This study aimed to elucidate PF’s antidepressant mechanism by promoting autophagy and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation using chronic unpredictable mild stimulation(CUMS)-induced C57BL/6 mouse models in vivo and corticosterone(CORT)-induced HT22 cell models in vitro.Results demonstrated that PF enhanced the viability of HT22 cells following CORT exposure,restored mitochondrial membrane poten-tial(MMP),reduced reactive oxygen species accumulation,increased LC3 fluorescence intensity,and suppressed inflammatory cy-tokine secretion and inflammation activation.Additionally,PF ameliorated depressive behaviors induced by CUMS and improved damage in hippocampal neurons.It also reduced the expression of NLRP3,ASC,Caspase-1,IL-1β,and the assembly of the NLRP3 in-flammasome.Moreover,PF upregulated the expression of autophagy-related proteins in the hippocampus,facilitating the clearance of damaged mitochondria and enhancing autophagy.The role of autophagy in PF’s antidepressant effects was further confirmed through the use of the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine(3-MA),which reduced the efficacy of PF.In conclusion,PF effectively improved depressive behaviors in CUMS-induced mice and reduced NLRP3-mediated inflammation both in vivo and in vitro,likely via the in-duction of autophagy.

African swine fever virus MGF505-3R inhibits cGAS-STING-mediated IFN-βpathway activation by degrading TBK1

African swine fever virus(ASFV)is an important pathogen causing acute infectious disease in domestic pigs and wild boars that seriously endangers the global swine industry.As ASFV is structurally complex and encodes a large number of functional proteins,no effective vaccine has been developed to date.Thus,dissecting the mechanisms of immune escape induced by ASFV proteins is crucial.A previous study showed that the ASFV-encoded protein is an important factor in host immunity.In this study,we identified a negative regulator,MGF505-3R,that significantly downregulated cGAS/STING-and poly(dG:dC)-mediated IFN-βand interferon stimulation response element(ISRE)reporter activity and suppressed IFNB1 and IFIT2 mRNA levels.In addition,TBK1,IRF3 and IκBαphosphorylation levels were also inhibited.Mechanistically,MGF505-3R interacted with cGAS/TBK1/IRF3 and targeted TBK1 for degradation,thereby disrupting the cGAS-STING-mediated IFN-βsignaling pathway,which appears to be highly correlated with autophagy.Knockdown MGF505-3R expression enhanced IFN-βand IL-1βproduction.Taken together,our study revealed a negative regulatory mechanism involving the MGF505-3R-cGAS-STING axis and provided insights into an evasion strategy employed by ASFV that involves autophagy and innate signaling pathways.

Protective effect of recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum against H_(2)O_(2)-induced oxidative stress in HUVEC cells

This study probed the protective effect of recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum against hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))-induced oxidative stress in human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs).We constructed a new functional L.plantarum(NC8-pSIP409-alr-angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory peptide(ACEIP))with a double-gene-labeled non-resistant screen as an expression vector.A 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide(MTT)colorimetric assay was carried out to determine the cell viability of HUVEC cells following pretreatment with NC8-pSIP409-alr-ACEIP.Flow cytometry(FCM)was used to determine the apoptosis rate of HUVEC cells.Cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase(caspase)-3/8/9 activity was also assayed and western blotting was used to determine protein expression of B-cell lymphoma 2(Bcl-2),Bcl-2-associated X protein(Bax),inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS),nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2(gp91phox),angiotensin II(AngII),and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE2),as well as corresponding indicators of oxidative stress,such as reactive oxygen species(ROS),mitochondrial membrane potential(MMP),malondialdehyde(MDA),and superoxide dismutase(SOD).NC8-pSIP409-alr-ACEIP attenuated H_(2)O_(2)-induced cell death,as determined by the MTT assay.NC8-pSIP409-alr-ACEIP reduced apoptosis of HUVEC cells by FCM.In addition,compared to the positive control,the oxidative stress index of the H_(2)O_(2)-induced HUVEC(Hy-HUVEC),which was pretreated by NC8-pSIP409-alr-ACEIP,iNOS,gp91phox,MDA,and ROS,was decreased obviously;SOD expression level was increased;caspase-3 or-9 was decreased,but caspase-8 did not change;Bcl-2/Bax ratio was increased;permeability changes of mitochondria were inhibited;and loss of transmembrane potential was prevented.Expression of the hypertension-related protein(AngII protein)in HUVEC cells protected by NC8-pSIP409-alr-ACEIP decreased and expression of ACE2 protein increased.These plantarum results suggested that NC8-pSIP409-alr-ACEIP protects against H_(2)O_(2)-induced injury in HUVEC cells.The mechanism for this effect is related to enhancement of antioxidant capacity and apoptosis.

Relationship between dietary amino acid release kinetics and nitrogen deposition in growing pigs

Although the protein content of swine diets is formulated based on the ileal digestibility of protein and amino acids(AA)under current nutrition requirements,the nitrogen utilization efficiency of swine varies based on protein source,which may be related to AA release kinetics.In this experiment,a 2×2 factorial arrangement with casein(CAS)-enriched or corn gluten meal(CGM)-enriched protein sources at different digestible crude protein levels(normal[N],13%;and low[L],11%)were applied to 24 crossbred(DurocLandraceYorkshire)growing pigs(average body weight=43.3±3.5 kg)in 4 treatments(N.CAS,L.CAS,N.CGM,L.CGM,respectively)to investigate the effects of AA release kinetics on nitrogen deposition in growing pigs.Standardized ileal digestible AA in all diets were balanced by adding individual AA to meet the nutrient requirements.The AA release kinetics were detected in vitro by measuring the hydrolysis of various protein diets under pepsin and trypsin conditions.The results demonstrated that the time of AA release peak in the CGM diet was 12 h later than that in the CAS diet.The synchronization indices of dietary AA release in N.CAS,N.CGM,L.CAS,and L.CGM were 23.73%,29.37%,23.40%,and 26.07%,respectively.The N.CGM had the poorest AA release synchronism while the N.CAS had the greatest among the 4 diets.However,within the pigs,L.CAS and N.CGM showed the highest(81.08%)and lowest(73.54%)nitrogen biological values,respectively,despite the standard ileal digestible AA levels being equal for all diets.These results indicate that the release kinetics of dietary AA had great effect on nitrogen deposition.To optimize nitrogen deposition,AA release kinetics and composition should be taken into consideration when formulating diets for growing pigs.