Organism development is a systems level process. It has benefited greatly from the recent technological advances in the field of systems biology. DNA microarray, phenome, interactome and transcriptome mapping, the new...Organism development is a systems level process. It has benefited greatly from the recent technological advances in the field of systems biology. DNA microarray, phenome, interactome and transcriptome mapping, the new generation of deep sequencing technologies, and faster and better computational and modeling approaches have opened new frontiers for both systems biologists and developmental biologists to reexamine the old developmental biology questions, such as pattern formation, and to tackle new problems, such as stem cell reprogramming. As showcased in the International Developmental Systems Biology Symposium organized by Chinese Academy of Sciences, developmental systems biology is flourishing in many perspectives, from the evolution of developmental systems, to the underlying genetic and molecular pathways and networks, to the genomic, epigenomic and noncoding levels, to the computational analysis and modeling. We believe that the field will continue to reap rewards into the future with these new approaches.展开更多
AIM:To explore the potential risk factors related to gastrointestinal cancer in northern China.METHODS:A total of 3314 cases of gastrointestinal cancer(esophageal,gastric,pancreatic and biliary) and 2223 controls(incl...AIM:To explore the potential risk factors related to gastrointestinal cancer in northern China.METHODS:A total of 3314 cases of gastrointestinal cancer(esophageal,gastric,pancreatic and biliary) and 2223 controls(including healthy individuals,glioma and thyroid cancer) were analyzed by case-control study.Multivariable logistic regression analysis was applied to evaluate the association between different cancers and hepatitis B surface antigen,sex,age,blood type,diabetes,or family history of cancer.RESULTS:Type 2 diabetes was significantly associated with gastric,biliary and pancreatic cancer with an OR of 2.0-3.0.Blood type B was significantly associated with esophageal cancer [odd ratio(OR) = 1.53,95% confidence interval(CI) = 1.10-2.14] and biliary cancer(OR = 1.49,95% CI = 1.09-2.05).The prevalence of type 2 diabetes was significantly higher in gastric,biliary and pancreatic cancers compared with other groups,with ORs ranging between 2.0 and 3.0.Family history of cancer was strongly associated with gastrointestinal compared with other cancers.CONCLUSION:Blood type B individuals are susceptible to esophageal and biliary cancer.Type 2 diabetes is significantly associated with gastric,biliary and especially pancreatic cancer.展开更多
TG-interacting factors (TGIFs) belong to a family of TALE-homeodomain proteins including TGIF, TGIF2, and TGIF2LX/Y (TGIF2 like on X or Y chromosome) in human. They potentially play important functions in various ...TG-interacting factors (TGIFs) belong to a family of TALE-homeodomain proteins including TGIF, TGIF2, and TGIF2LX/Y (TGIF2 like on X or Y chromosome) in human. They potentially play important functions in various tissues during development. Mutations in TGIF are frequently associated with malformation of forebrain and facial structures; TGIF2 proteins are over-expressed in many ovarian cancer cell lines; and TGIF2LX/Y are specifically expressed in adult testis. The molecular functions of these proteins have been investigated mostly in cultured cells. TGIF and TGIF2 have been found as transcriptional repressors that modulate TGF-beta signaling. However these findings are far from sufficient to explain their mutant phenotypes or expression patterns, and the functions of TGIF2LX/Y have never been reported. Here we use Drosophila as a model system to explore the functions of TGIF family proteins in vivo. We observed in fly tissues such as fat body, epithelia, and neuronal cells, that expressing human TGIF2 or human TGIF2LX generally inhibited cell growth in size and number. Co-expressing Drosophila Myc, Cyclin E, or human c-MycS partially rescued the growth inhibition induced by human TGIFs, whereas activated insulin pathway signaling did not. Taken together, we provide in vivo evidence for the potential functions of human TGIF2 and TGIF2LX in growth control. Additionally, we confirmed that Drosophila TGIFs are transcriptional activators by assaying their activities in spermatogenesis.展开更多
Organic tea is more popular than conventional tea that originates from fertilized plants.Amino acids inorganic soils constitute a substantial pool nitrogen(N)available for plants.However,the amino-acid contents in soi...Organic tea is more popular than conventional tea that originates from fertilized plants.Amino acids inorganic soils constitute a substantial pool nitrogen(N)available for plants.However,the amino-acid contents in soils of tea plantations and how tea plants take up these amino acids remain largely unknown.In this study,we show that the amino-acid content in the soil of an organic tea plantation is significantly higher than that of a conventional tea plantation.Glutamate,alanine,valine,and leucine were the most abundant amino acids in the soil of this tea plantation.When 15 N-glutamate was fed to tea plants,it was efficiently absorbed and significantly increased the contents of other amino acids in the roots.We cloned seven CsLHT genes encoding amino-acid transporters and found that the expression of CsLHT1,CsLHT2,and CsLHT6 in the roots significantly increased upon glutamate feeding.Moreover,the expression of CsLHT1 or CsLHT6 in a yeast amino-acid uptake-defective mutant,22Δ10α,enabled growth on media with amino acids constituting the sole N source.Amino-acid uptake assays indicated that CsLHT1 and CsLHT6 are H^(+)-dependent high-and low-affinity amino-acid transporters,respectively.We further demonstrated that CsLHT1 and CsLHT6 are highly expressed in the roots and are localized to the plasma membrane.Moreover,overexpression of CsLHT1 and CsLHT6 in Arabidopsis significantly improved the uptake of exogenously supplied 15 N-glutamate and 15 N-glutamine.Taken together,our findings are consistent with the involvement of CsLHT1 and CsLHT6 in amino-acid uptake from the soil,which is particularly important for tea plants grown inorganic tea plantations.展开更多
The human gut microbiome has primarily been studied through the use of fecal samples,a practice that has generated vital knowledge on the composition and functional capacities of gastrointestinal microbial communities...The human gut microbiome has primarily been studied through the use of fecal samples,a practice that has generated vital knowledge on the composition and functional capacities of gastrointestinal microbial communities.However,this reliance on fecal materials limits the investigation of microbial dynamics in other locations along the gastrointestinal tract(in situ),and the infrequent availability of fecal samples prevents analysis at finer temporal scales(e.g.,hours).In our study,we utilized colonic transendoscopic enteral tubing,a technology originally developed for fecal microbiota transplantation,to sample the ileocecal microbiome twice daily;metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses were then conducted on these samples.A total of 43 ileocecal and 28 urine and fecal samples were collected from five healthy volunteers.The ileocecal and fecal microbiomes,as profiled in the five volunteers,were found to be similar in metagenomic profiling,yet their active genes(metatranscriptome)were found to be highly distinct.Both microbiomes were perturbed after laxative exposure;over time,they exhibited reduced dissimilarity to their pre-treatment state,thereby demonstrating resilience as an innate property of the gut microbiome,although they did not fully recover within our observation time window.Sampling of the ileocecal microbiome during the day and at night revealed the existence of diurnal rhythms in a series of bacterial species and functional pathways,particularly those related to short-chain fatty acid production,such as Propionibacterium acnes and coenzyme A biosynthesis Ⅱ.Autocorrelation analysis and fluctuations decomposition further indicated the significant periodicity of the diurnal oscillations.Metabolomic profiling in the fecal and urine samples mirrored the perturbance and recovery in the gut microbiome,indicating the crucial contribution of the gut microbiome to many key metabolites involved in host health.This study provides novel insights into the human gut microbiome and its inner resilience and diurnal rhythms,as well as the potential consequences of these to the host.展开更多
Emergence of zoonotic-human pathogens is proven to be a lethal threat to public health, and RNA virus including influenza viruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, middle east respiratory syndrome corona...Emergence of zoonotic-human pathogens is proven to be a lethal threat to public health, and RNA virus including influenza viruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and COVID-19, plays a pivotal role. As those viruses as airborne microorganisms spread mainly by tiny airborne particles, it is important to de-active those airborne particles before their entry into human bodies. In this study, we investigated the effect of far infrared (FIR) radiation on inhibition of airborne microorganisms. The result confirmed that double stand DNA from airborne microorganisms containing RNA viruses was stable under mild FIR radiation. However, single strand RNA from them was found to be sensitive to FIR radiation, indicating that RNA virus in airborne particles is instable under FIR radiation. Based on this observation, two models on usage of FIR radiation to prevent RNA virus transmission by air and cure RNA virus infection were proposed. Then, this study suggests that FIR radiation has the potential to be a cheap, convenient, and efficient method in clinic to treat RNA virus.展开更多
Seed is the most important reproductive organ in plant.Since its first emergence approximately 370 million years ago,seed plant had overwhelming advantage to non-seed plants in reproduction,spreading and colonization ...Seed is the most important reproductive organ in plant.Since its first emergence approximately 370 million years ago,seed plant had overwhelming advantage to non-seed plants in reproduction,spreading and colonization in terrestrial land.Beside its essential function in the sexual reproduction of plants,seed is the most economically important agricultural product,offering necessity food for human and wildlife,nutritious feed for livestock.Seeds and grains also provide massive amount of raw materials for manufactured goods,such as coffee,starch,and oil.Seeds also play a pivotal role in development of fruits which supplement significant portion of food and nutrition for human and wildlife.展开更多
Theanine content is highly correlated with sensory quality and health benefits of tea infusion.The tender shoots of etiolated and albino tea plants contain higher theanine than the normal green tea plants and are valu...Theanine content is highly correlated with sensory quality and health benefits of tea infusion.The tender shoots of etiolated and albino tea plants contain higher theanine than the normal green tea plants and are valuable materials for high quality green tea processing.However,why these etiolated or albino tea plants can highly accumulate theanine is largely unknown.In this study,we observed an Arabidopsis etiolated mutant hy1–100(mutation in Haem Oxygenase 1,HO1)that accumulated higher levels of glutamine(an analog of theanine).We therefore identified CsHO1 in tea plants and found CsHO1 is conserved in amino acid sequences and subcellular localization with its homologs in other plants.Importantly,CsHO1 expression in the new shoots was much lower in an etiolated tea plants‘Huangkui’and an albino tea plant‘Huangshan Baicha’than that in normal green tea plants.The expression levels of CsHO1 were negatively correlated with theanine contents in these green,etiolated and albino shoots.Moreover,CsHO1 expression levels in various organs and different time points were also negatively correlated with theanine accumulation.The hy1–100 was hypersensitive to high levels of theanine and accumulated more theanine under theanine feeding,and these phenotypes were rescued by the expression of CsHO1 in this mutant.Transient knockdown CsHO1 expression in the new shoots of tea plant using antisense oligonucleotides(asODN)increased theanine accumulation.Collectively,these results demonstrated CsHO1 negatively regulates theanine accumulation in tea plants,and that low expression CsHO1 likely contributes to the theanine accumulation in etiolated/albino tea plants.展开更多
Sphingolipids not only exert structural roles in cellular membranes,but also act as signaling molecules in various physiological and pathological processes.A myriad of studies have shown that abnormal levels of sphing...Sphingolipids not only exert structural roles in cellular membranes,but also act as signaling molecules in various physiological and pathological processes.A myriad of studies have shown that abnormal levels of sphingolipids and their metabolic enzymes are associated with a variety of human diseases.Moreover,blood sphingolipids can also be used as biomarkers for disease diagnosis.This review summarizes the biosynthesis,metabolism,and pathological roles of sphingolipids,with emphasis on the biosynthesis of ceramide,the precursor for the biosynthesis of complex sphingolipids with different fatty acyl chains.The possibility of using sphingolipids for disease prediction,diagnosis,and treatment is also discussed.Targeting endogenous ceramides and complex sphingolipids along with their specific fatty acyl chain to promote future drug development will also be discussed.展开更多
Protein phosphorylation regulates a variety of important cellular and physiological processes in plants.In-depth profiling of plant phosphoproteomes has been more technically challenging than that of animal phosphopro...Protein phosphorylation regulates a variety of important cellular and physiological processes in plants.In-depth profiling of plant phosphoproteomes has been more technically challenging than that of animal phosphoproteomes.This is largely due to the need to improve protein extraction efficiency from plant cells,which have a dense cell wall,and to minimize sample loss resulting from the stringent sample clean-up steps required for the removal of a large amount of biomolecules interfering with phosphopeptide purification and mass spectrometry analysis.To this end,we developed a method with a streamlined workflow for highly efficient purification of phosphopeptides from tissues of various green organisms including Arabidopsis,rice,tomato,and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii,enabling in-depth identification with high quantitative reproducibility of about 11000 phosphosites,the greatest depth achieved so far with single liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS)runs operated in a data-dependent acquisition(DDA)mode.The mainstay features of the method are the minimal sample loss achieved through elimination of sample clean-up before protease digestion and of desalting before phosphopeptide enrichment and hence the dramatic increases of time-and cost-effectiveness.The method,named GreenPhos,combined with single-shot LC-MS,enabled in-depth quantitative identification of Arabidopsis phosphoproteins,including differentially phosphorylated spliceosomal proteins,at multiple time points during salt stress and a number of kinase substrate motifs.GreenPhos is expected to serve as a universal method for purification of plant phosphopeptides,which,if samples are further fractionated and analyzed by multiple LC-MS runs,could enable measurement of plant phosphoproteomes with an unprecedented depth using a given mass spectrometry technology.展开更多
Main Text In the Research Article“Lipidome Atlas of the Developing Heart Uncovers Dynamic Membrane Lipid Attributes Underlying Cardiac Structural and Metabolic Maturation”[1],there was an error in Fig.2B.The authors...Main Text In the Research Article“Lipidome Atlas of the Developing Heart Uncovers Dynamic Membrane Lipid Attributes Underlying Cardiac Structural and Metabolic Maturation”[1],there was an error in Fig.2B.The authors mistakenly repeated the chord diagram designated for P7 with that from P1.The figure amendment did not affect the in-text discussion of the figure,which was focused on changes between P0 and P21,and did not alter the conclusion.Figure 2B has now been corrected in the PDF and HTML(full text).展开更多
There is accumulating evidence to show that environmental stressors can regulate a variety of phenotypes in descendants through germline-mediated epigenetic inheritance. Studies of model organisms exposed to environme...There is accumulating evidence to show that environmental stressors can regulate a variety of phenotypes in descendants through germline-mediated epigenetic inheritance. Studies of model organisms exposed to environmental cues(e.g., diet, heat stress, toxins) indicate that altered DNA methylations, histone modifications, or non-coding RNAs in the germ cells are responsible for the transgenerational effects. In addition,it has also become evident that maternal provision could provide a mechanism for the transgenerational inheritance of stress adaptations that result from ancestral environmental cues. However, how the signal of environmentally-induced stress response transmits from the soma to the germline, which may influence offspring fitness, remains largely elusive. Small RNAs could serve as signaling molecules that transmit between tissues and even across generations. Furthermore, a recent study revealed that neuronal mitochondrial perturbations induce a transgenerational induction of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response mediated by a Wnt-dependent increase in mitochondrial DNA levels. Here, we review recent work on the molecular mechanism by which parental experience can affect future generations and the importance of soma-to-germline signaling for transgenerational inheritance.展开更多
Human hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)occurs almost exclusively in cirrhotic livers.Here,we report that hepatic loss of protein arginine methyltransferase 5(PRMT5)in mice is sufficient to cause cirrhosis and HCC in a cli...Human hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)occurs almost exclusively in cirrhotic livers.Here,we report that hepatic loss of protein arginine methyltransferase 5(PRMT5)in mice is sufficient to cause cirrhosis and HCC in a clinically relevant way.Furthermore,pathological polyploidization induced by hepatic loss of PRMT5 promotes liver cirrhosis and hepatic tumorigenesis in aged liver.The loss of PRMT5 leads to hyperaccumulation of P21 and endoreplication-dependent formation of pathological mono-nuclear polyploid hepatocytes.PRMT5 and symmetric dimethylation at histone H4 arginine 3(H4R3me2s)directly associate with chromatin of P21 to suppress its transcription.More importantly,loss of P21 rescues the pathological mono-nuclear polyploidy and prevents PRMT5-deficiency-induced liver cirrhosis and HCC.Thus,our results indicate that PRMT5-mediated symmetric dimethylation at histone H4 arginine 3(H4R3me2s)is crucial for preventing pathological polyploidization,liver cirrhosis and tumorigenesis in mouse liver.展开更多
Intraluminal lymphatic valves(LVs)and lymphovenous valves(LVs)are critical to ensure the unidirectional flow of lymphatic fluid.Morphological abnormalities in these valves always cause lymph or blood reflux,and result...Intraluminal lymphatic valves(LVs)and lymphovenous valves(LVs)are critical to ensure the unidirectional flow of lymphatic fluid.Morphological abnormalities in these valves always cause lymph or blood reflux,and result in lymphedema.展开更多
基金the China National Science Foundation (NSF) (No. 30588001, 30620120433)National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2006CB910700)funds from the Chinese Acad-emy of Sciences to J.-D.J.H. and NSF fellowship to T.A.
文摘Organism development is a systems level process. It has benefited greatly from the recent technological advances in the field of systems biology. DNA microarray, phenome, interactome and transcriptome mapping, the new generation of deep sequencing technologies, and faster and better computational and modeling approaches have opened new frontiers for both systems biologists and developmental biologists to reexamine the old developmental biology questions, such as pattern formation, and to tackle new problems, such as stem cell reprogramming. As showcased in the International Developmental Systems Biology Symposium organized by Chinese Academy of Sciences, developmental systems biology is flourishing in many perspectives, from the evolution of developmental systems, to the underlying genetic and molecular pathways and networks, to the genomic, epigenomic and noncoding levels, to the computational analysis and modeling. We believe that the field will continue to reap rewards into the future with these new approaches.
基金Supported by The National Basic Research Program,973 Pro-gram No. 2010CB912802 and No. 2006CB910700the China National Science Foundation,No. 81071953,No. 30890033 and No. 30620120433+1 种基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences No.KSCX1-YW-R-40the 44 Postdoctoral Fund of China,No.20080441314
文摘AIM:To explore the potential risk factors related to gastrointestinal cancer in northern China.METHODS:A total of 3314 cases of gastrointestinal cancer(esophageal,gastric,pancreatic and biliary) and 2223 controls(including healthy individuals,glioma and thyroid cancer) were analyzed by case-control study.Multivariable logistic regression analysis was applied to evaluate the association between different cancers and hepatitis B surface antigen,sex,age,blood type,diabetes,or family history of cancer.RESULTS:Type 2 diabetes was significantly associated with gastric,biliary and pancreatic cancer with an OR of 2.0-3.0.Blood type B was significantly associated with esophageal cancer [odd ratio(OR) = 1.53,95% confidence interval(CI) = 1.10-2.14] and biliary cancer(OR = 1.49,95% CI = 1.09-2.05).The prevalence of type 2 diabetes was significantly higher in gastric,biliary and pancreatic cancers compared with other groups,with ORs ranging between 2.0 and 3.0.Family history of cancer was strongly associated with gastrointestinal compared with other cancers.CONCLUSION:Blood type B individuals are susceptible to esophageal and biliary cancer.Type 2 diabetes is significantly associated with gastric,biliary and especially pancreatic cancer.
基金Acknowledgments We thank Gaoyang Zhu for technical assistance. This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30930050, 30921004), the 973 Program (2006CB943401, 2010CB833706) to YGC, and grants from the China National Science Foundation (Grant # 30890033, 30588001 and 30620120433), Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology(Grant # 2006CB910700) to JDH.
基金the National Science Foundation of China (No. 305709)the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2007CB947503).
文摘TG-interacting factors (TGIFs) belong to a family of TALE-homeodomain proteins including TGIF, TGIF2, and TGIF2LX/Y (TGIF2 like on X or Y chromosome) in human. They potentially play important functions in various tissues during development. Mutations in TGIF are frequently associated with malformation of forebrain and facial structures; TGIF2 proteins are over-expressed in many ovarian cancer cell lines; and TGIF2LX/Y are specifically expressed in adult testis. The molecular functions of these proteins have been investigated mostly in cultured cells. TGIF and TGIF2 have been found as transcriptional repressors that modulate TGF-beta signaling. However these findings are far from sufficient to explain their mutant phenotypes or expression patterns, and the functions of TGIF2LX/Y have never been reported. Here we use Drosophila as a model system to explore the functions of TGIF family proteins in vivo. We observed in fly tissues such as fat body, epithelia, and neuronal cells, that expressing human TGIF2 or human TGIF2LX generally inhibited cell growth in size and number. Co-expressing Drosophila Myc, Cyclin E, or human c-MycS partially rescued the growth inhibition induced by human TGIFs, whereas activated insulin pathway signaling did not. Taken together, we provide in vivo evidence for the potential functions of human TGIF2 and TGIF2LX in growth control. Additionally, we confirmed that Drosophila TGIFs are transcriptional activators by assaying their activities in spermatogenesis.
基金This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31770731 to Z.Z.)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD1000601)+1 种基金the Base of Introducing Talents for Tea Plant Biology and Quality Chemistry(D20026)the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China(2020M681636).
文摘Organic tea is more popular than conventional tea that originates from fertilized plants.Amino acids inorganic soils constitute a substantial pool nitrogen(N)available for plants.However,the amino-acid contents in soils of tea plantations and how tea plants take up these amino acids remain largely unknown.In this study,we show that the amino-acid content in the soil of an organic tea plantation is significantly higher than that of a conventional tea plantation.Glutamate,alanine,valine,and leucine were the most abundant amino acids in the soil of this tea plantation.When 15 N-glutamate was fed to tea plants,it was efficiently absorbed and significantly increased the contents of other amino acids in the roots.We cloned seven CsLHT genes encoding amino-acid transporters and found that the expression of CsLHT1,CsLHT2,and CsLHT6 in the roots significantly increased upon glutamate feeding.Moreover,the expression of CsLHT1 or CsLHT6 in a yeast amino-acid uptake-defective mutant,22Δ10α,enabled growth on media with amino acids constituting the sole N source.Amino-acid uptake assays indicated that CsLHT1 and CsLHT6 are H^(+)-dependent high-and low-affinity amino-acid transporters,respectively.We further demonstrated that CsLHT1 and CsLHT6 are highly expressed in the roots and are localized to the plasma membrane.Moreover,overexpression of CsLHT1 and CsLHT6 in Arabidopsis significantly improved the uptake of exogenously supplied 15 N-glutamate and 15 N-glutamine.Taken together,our findings are consistent with the involvement of CsLHT1 and CsLHT6 in amino-acid uptake from the soil,which is particularly important for tea plants grown inorganic tea plantations.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFC2000500)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB29020000)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31771481,91857101,and 81873548)the Primary Research&Development Plan of Jiangsu Province(BE2018751)the Jiangsu Provincial Medical Innovation Team(F.Zhang)。
文摘The human gut microbiome has primarily been studied through the use of fecal samples,a practice that has generated vital knowledge on the composition and functional capacities of gastrointestinal microbial communities.However,this reliance on fecal materials limits the investigation of microbial dynamics in other locations along the gastrointestinal tract(in situ),and the infrequent availability of fecal samples prevents analysis at finer temporal scales(e.g.,hours).In our study,we utilized colonic transendoscopic enteral tubing,a technology originally developed for fecal microbiota transplantation,to sample the ileocecal microbiome twice daily;metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses were then conducted on these samples.A total of 43 ileocecal and 28 urine and fecal samples were collected from five healthy volunteers.The ileocecal and fecal microbiomes,as profiled in the five volunteers,were found to be similar in metagenomic profiling,yet their active genes(metatranscriptome)were found to be highly distinct.Both microbiomes were perturbed after laxative exposure;over time,they exhibited reduced dissimilarity to their pre-treatment state,thereby demonstrating resilience as an innate property of the gut microbiome,although they did not fully recover within our observation time window.Sampling of the ileocecal microbiome during the day and at night revealed the existence of diurnal rhythms in a series of bacterial species and functional pathways,particularly those related to short-chain fatty acid production,such as Propionibacterium acnes and coenzyme A biosynthesis Ⅱ.Autocorrelation analysis and fluctuations decomposition further indicated the significant periodicity of the diurnal oscillations.Metabolomic profiling in the fecal and urine samples mirrored the perturbance and recovery in the gut microbiome,indicating the crucial contribution of the gut microbiome to many key metabolites involved in host health.This study provides novel insights into the human gut microbiome and its inner resilience and diurnal rhythms,as well as the potential consequences of these to the host.
文摘Emergence of zoonotic-human pathogens is proven to be a lethal threat to public health, and RNA virus including influenza viruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and COVID-19, plays a pivotal role. As those viruses as airborne microorganisms spread mainly by tiny airborne particles, it is important to de-active those airborne particles before their entry into human bodies. In this study, we investigated the effect of far infrared (FIR) radiation on inhibition of airborne microorganisms. The result confirmed that double stand DNA from airborne microorganisms containing RNA viruses was stable under mild FIR radiation. However, single strand RNA from them was found to be sensitive to FIR radiation, indicating that RNA virus in airborne particles is instable under FIR radiation. Based on this observation, two models on usage of FIR radiation to prevent RNA virus transmission by air and cure RNA virus infection were proposed. Then, this study suggests that FIR radiation has the potential to be a cheap, convenient, and efficient method in clinic to treat RNA virus.
文摘Seed is the most important reproductive organ in plant.Since its first emergence approximately 370 million years ago,seed plant had overwhelming advantage to non-seed plants in reproduction,spreading and colonization in terrestrial land.Beside its essential function in the sexual reproduction of plants,seed is the most economically important agricultural product,offering necessity food for human and wildlife,nutritious feed for livestock.Seeds and grains also provide massive amount of raw materials for manufactured goods,such as coffee,starch,and oil.Seeds also play a pivotal role in development of fruits which supplement significant portion of food and nutrition for human and wildlife.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFD1601101)grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072624)Anhui Provincial Department of Human Resources and Social Security(2021LXC017)。
文摘Theanine content is highly correlated with sensory quality and health benefits of tea infusion.The tender shoots of etiolated and albino tea plants contain higher theanine than the normal green tea plants and are valuable materials for high quality green tea processing.However,why these etiolated or albino tea plants can highly accumulate theanine is largely unknown.In this study,we observed an Arabidopsis etiolated mutant hy1–100(mutation in Haem Oxygenase 1,HO1)that accumulated higher levels of glutamine(an analog of theanine).We therefore identified CsHO1 in tea plants and found CsHO1 is conserved in amino acid sequences and subcellular localization with its homologs in other plants.Importantly,CsHO1 expression in the new shoots was much lower in an etiolated tea plants‘Huangkui’and an albino tea plant‘Huangshan Baicha’than that in normal green tea plants.The expression levels of CsHO1 were negatively correlated with theanine contents in these green,etiolated and albino shoots.Moreover,CsHO1 expression levels in various organs and different time points were also negatively correlated with theanine accumulation.The hy1–100 was hypersensitive to high levels of theanine and accumulated more theanine under theanine feeding,and these phenotypes were rescued by the expression of CsHO1 in this mutant.Transient knockdown CsHO1 expression in the new shoots of tea plant using antisense oligonucleotides(asODN)increased theanine accumulation.Collectively,these results demonstrated CsHO1 negatively regulates theanine accumulation in tea plants,and that low expression CsHO1 likely contributes to the theanine accumulation in etiolated/albino tea plants.
基金supported by grants from National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFA0506900,2018YFA0800901)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC92057202)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB39050900).
文摘Sphingolipids not only exert structural roles in cellular membranes,but also act as signaling molecules in various physiological and pathological processes.A myriad of studies have shown that abnormal levels of sphingolipids and their metabolic enzymes are associated with a variety of human diseases.Moreover,blood sphingolipids can also be used as biomarkers for disease diagnosis.This review summarizes the biosynthesis,metabolism,and pathological roles of sphingolipids,with emphasis on the biosynthesis of ceramide,the precursor for the biosynthesis of complex sphingolipids with different fatty acyl chains.The possibility of using sphingolipids for disease prediction,diagnosis,and treatment is also discussed.Targeting endogenous ceramides and complex sphingolipids along with their specific fatty acyl chain to promote future drug development will also be discussed.
基金support from the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China(2019YFA0707100,2019YFA0802203)Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA24040202)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF1001704)。
文摘Protein phosphorylation regulates a variety of important cellular and physiological processes in plants.In-depth profiling of plant phosphoproteomes has been more technically challenging than that of animal phosphoproteomes.This is largely due to the need to improve protein extraction efficiency from plant cells,which have a dense cell wall,and to minimize sample loss resulting from the stringent sample clean-up steps required for the removal of a large amount of biomolecules interfering with phosphopeptide purification and mass spectrometry analysis.To this end,we developed a method with a streamlined workflow for highly efficient purification of phosphopeptides from tissues of various green organisms including Arabidopsis,rice,tomato,and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii,enabling in-depth identification with high quantitative reproducibility of about 11000 phosphosites,the greatest depth achieved so far with single liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS)runs operated in a data-dependent acquisition(DDA)mode.The mainstay features of the method are the minimal sample loss achieved through elimination of sample clean-up before protease digestion and of desalting before phosphopeptide enrichment and hence the dramatic increases of time-and cost-effectiveness.The method,named GreenPhos,combined with single-shot LC-MS,enabled in-depth quantitative identification of Arabidopsis phosphoproteins,including differentially phosphorylated spliceosomal proteins,at multiple time points during salt stress and a number of kinase substrate motifs.GreenPhos is expected to serve as a universal method for purification of plant phosphopeptides,which,if samples are further fractionated and analyzed by multiple LC-MS runs,could enable measurement of plant phosphoproteomes with an unprecedented depth using a given mass spectrometry technology.
文摘Main Text In the Research Article“Lipidome Atlas of the Developing Heart Uncovers Dynamic Membrane Lipid Attributes Underlying Cardiac Structural and Metabolic Maturation”[1],there was an error in Fig.2B.The authors mistakenly repeated the chord diagram designated for P7 with that from P1.The figure amendment did not affect the in-text discussion of the figure,which was focused on changes between P0 and P21,and did not alter the conclusion.Figure 2B has now been corrected in the PDF and HTML(full text).
基金We thank Yingfang Liu (Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Acad- emy of Sciences) for advice on PX domain structure and SNX6 mutations. We are particularly grateful to Yanmin Yang (Stanford University, USA) for insightful discussions and the Flag-MAP1B LC construct. We also thank Juan S Bonifacino (NIH, USA) for the rabbit anti-CI-MPR antibody, Hiroyoshi Ariga (Hokkaido University, Japan) for Flag- and HA-tagged human SNX6 overexpression constructs, and Li Yu (Tsinghua University, China) for the YFP-EEA1 expression construct. We thank Chonglin Yang (Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences), Dahua Chen (Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences) and Li Yu for critical reading of the manuscript. This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30770675) and Chinese Academy of Sciences (KSCX1-YW-R-37). J-J Liu is supported by the CAS 100-Tal- ents Program.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFA0506400)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB39000000)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31930023,31771333)supported by the China National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(BX2021356)。
文摘There is accumulating evidence to show that environmental stressors can regulate a variety of phenotypes in descendants through germline-mediated epigenetic inheritance. Studies of model organisms exposed to environmental cues(e.g., diet, heat stress, toxins) indicate that altered DNA methylations, histone modifications, or non-coding RNAs in the germ cells are responsible for the transgenerational effects. In addition,it has also become evident that maternal provision could provide a mechanism for the transgenerational inheritance of stress adaptations that result from ancestral environmental cues. However, how the signal of environmentally-induced stress response transmits from the soma to the germline, which may influence offspring fitness, remains largely elusive. Small RNAs could serve as signaling molecules that transmit between tissues and even across generations. Furthermore, a recent study revealed that neuronal mitochondrial perturbations induce a transgenerational induction of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response mediated by a Wnt-dependent increase in mitochondrial DNA levels. Here, we review recent work on the molecular mechanism by which parental experience can affect future generations and the importance of soma-to-germline signaling for transgenerational inheritance.
基金financially supported by grants from the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFC3600202,2018YFA0800902)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31730051,32170834).
文摘Human hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)occurs almost exclusively in cirrhotic livers.Here,we report that hepatic loss of protein arginine methyltransferase 5(PRMT5)in mice is sufficient to cause cirrhosis and HCC in a clinically relevant way.Furthermore,pathological polyploidization induced by hepatic loss of PRMT5 promotes liver cirrhosis and hepatic tumorigenesis in aged liver.The loss of PRMT5 leads to hyperaccumulation of P21 and endoreplication-dependent formation of pathological mono-nuclear polyploid hepatocytes.PRMT5 and symmetric dimethylation at histone H4 arginine 3(H4R3me2s)directly associate with chromatin of P21 to suppress its transcription.More importantly,loss of P21 rescues the pathological mono-nuclear polyploidy and prevents PRMT5-deficiency-induced liver cirrhosis and HCC.Thus,our results indicate that PRMT5-mediated symmetric dimethylation at histone H4 arginine 3(H4R3me2s)is crucial for preventing pathological polyploidization,liver cirrhosis and tumorigenesis in mouse liver.
基金This work is supported by the fundings from National Key Research and Development Program of China 2019YFA0801403Basic Science Center Program of NSFC 31988101.
文摘Intraluminal lymphatic valves(LVs)and lymphovenous valves(LVs)are critical to ensure the unidirectional flow of lymphatic fluid.Morphological abnormalities in these valves always cause lymph or blood reflux,and result in lymphedema.
基金Acknowledgments This work was supported by grants from the NIH/NINDS (NS33689) (L.A.G.) and from the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (30525007/30670663), the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2006AA02Z173/2007CB947202) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KSCX1-YW-R-59) (Z.X.).