Analysis of the Clinical Value of Immunohistochemical Testing in the Pathological Diagnosis of Breast Cancer

Objective:To investigate the clinical value of immunohistochemistry(IHC)detection in the pathological diagnosis of breast cancer.Methods:Eighty breast cancer patients admitted to Baoding No.1 Central Hospital from June 2022 to June 2023 were selected as study subjects.The samples were divided into a positive group(40 cases)and a negative group(40 cases)according to ER and PR test results.Immunohistochemistry was performed on all patients to compare the differences between the two groups in C-erbB-2 positive expression and axillary lymph node metastasis.Results:The positive expression rate of C-erbB-2 in the positive group(35.00%)was significantly lower than that in the negative group(80.00%),with a highly significant difference(P<0.001).The axillary lymph node metastasis rate in the positive group(40.00%)was significantly lower than that in the negative group(75.00%),with a significant difference(P<0.05).Conclusion:Immunohistochemical detection in breast cancer pathology enhances diagnostic accuracy,predicts prognosis,and supports personalized treatment by identifying ER,PR,and C-erbB-2.It is worth being widely adopted in clinical practice.

Research Progress on Molecular Mechanisms of Tumor Budding in Colorectal Cancer

Tumor buds are usually defined as isolated single cancer cells or clusters of up to four cancer cells located at the front of invasive tumors which play an important role in the clinical pathological study of colorectal cancer.The prognostic value of tumor budding in colorectal cancer has been supported by a large amount of evidence.However,its molecular mechanism remains unclear,and it is also a research hotspot now.This paper reviews the latest research progress on the molecular mechanisms of tumor budding in colorectal cancer.

Study on Quality Standard of Zhuang Medicine Buddlejae Flos

[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore the quality control method and establish the quality standard of Zhuang medicine Buddlejae Flos.[Methods]The microscopic identification method was adopted to identify the characters and microscopic characteristics of dried Buddlejae Flos in combination with traditional experience.The moisture,ash,acid-insoluble components and extracts of Buddlejae Flos were determined with reference to general rules of Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2015 edition).TLC identification was performed.Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS)was used to determine the contents of linarin and verbascoside in Buddlejae Flos,and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)was adopted to detect pesticide residues in Buddlejae Flos.Heavy metal elements As,Cd and Pb were detected by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS).[Results]The established method is simple and accurate.Clear spots were observed on the thin layer chromatograms,and the resolution was good.The average value of moisture content was 12.24%;the average value of ash content was 5.1%;the average value of acid-insoluble content was 7.5%;and the average value of extract content was 27.3%.The regression equation of rutin in Buddlejae Flos was y=11.896x-0.0049,R^(2)=0.9996,and the contents of linarin and verbascoside were 5680 and 2080 mg/kg,respectively.No pesticide residues and heavy metals were detected in the medicinal materials of Buddlejae Flos.[Conclusions]This study can provide reference for the quality standard control of Guangxi Zhuang medicine Buddlejae Flos.

The Role and Mechanism of Unfolded Protein Response Pathway in Tumor Drug Resistance

In the process of tumor proliferation and metastasis,tumor cells encounter hypoxia,low glucose,acidosis,and other stressful environments.These conditions prompt tumor cells to generate endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS).As a signal mechanism that mitigates ERS in eukaryotic cells,the unfolded protein response(UPR)pathway can activate cells and tissues,regulating pathological activities in various cells,and maintaining ER homeostasis.It forms the most crucial adaptive and defensive mechanism for cells.However,under the continuous influence of chemotherapy drugs,the quantity of unfolded proteins and erroneous proteins produced by tumor cells significantly increases,surpassing the normal regulatory range of UPR.Consequently,ERS fails to function properly,fostering tumor cell proliferation and the development of drug resistance.This review delves into the study of three UPR pathways(PERK,IRE1,and ATF6),elucidating the mechanisms of drug resistance and research progress in the signal transduction pathway of UPR related to cancers.It provides a profound understanding of the role and relationship between UPR and anti-tumor drugs,offering a new direction for effective clinical treatment.

Application Experience of Case-Introduction Teaching in the Pathological Regulation Teaching of the Lymphohematopoietic System

Pathology is the gold standard for clinical diagnosis and an important bridge between clinical work and basic disciplines.Therefore,training qualified clinical pathologists is very important for clinical work.It is challenging to diagnose lymphohematopoietic diseases in practice since they made up a large percentage of resident doctors’standardized training and there are numerous knowledge nodes associated with them.Therefore,this training base adopts the“case-introduction”teaching mode to help resident doctors master the knowledge nodes required by the outline in the study of lymphohematopoietic system pathology.

The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Sensor Protein CREB3L2 in the Development of Tissues and Tumors

The endoplasmic reticulum plays an extremely important role in the process of cellular protein secretion.The cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3(CREB3)transcription factor family is closely associated with the secretion and transport of proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum.As a member of the CREB3 transcription factor family,cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2(CREB3L2)stands out as a non-classical sensor within the endoplasmic reticulum.CREB3L2 can detect and regulate endoplasmic reticulum pressure,exert control over the processes of protein transport and secretion,participate in the development of tumor cells,and is also closely linked to the development of certain human tissues and organs.This article aims to review the role of CREB3L2 in tissue development and disease,shedding light on the related mechanisms of CREB3L2 in cancer development.The goal is to provide insights and directions for further analysis of CREB3L2.

Microbiome changes in esophageal cancer:implications for pathogenesis and prognosis

Esophageal cancer(EC)is an aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis.Various factors,including dietary habits,and antacid and antibiotic use,have been shown to influence the esophageal microbiome.Conversely,enrichment and diversity of the esophageal microbiome can also impact its function.Recent studies have revealed prevalent changes in the esophageal microbiome among patients with EC,thus suggesting the potential contribution of the esophageal microbiome to EC development.Additionally,distinct microbiome compositions have been observed in patients with different responses to radiotherapy and chemotherapy,indicating the role of the esophageal microbiome in modulating treatment outcomes.In this review,we have examined previous studies on the esophageal microbiome in healthy individuals and patients with EC or other esophageal diseases,with a focus on identifying microbial communities associated with EC pathogenesis and prognosis.Understanding the role of the microbiome in EC may aid in early detection and optimized treatment strategies,ultimately leading to better outcomes for patients.

Overexpression of centromere protein H is significantly associated with breast cancer progression and overall patient survival

Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide.This study aimed to analyze the expression of centromere protein H(CENP-H) in breast cancer and to correlate it with clinicopathologic data,including patient survival.Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting to detect the expression of CENP-H in normal mammary epithelial cells,immortalized mammary epithelial cell lines,and breast cancer cell lines,we observed that the mRNA and protein levels of CENP-H were higher in breast cancer cell lines and in immortalized mammary epithelial cells than in normal mammary epithelial cells.We next examined CENP-H expression in 307 paraffin-embedded archived samples of clinicopathologically characterized breast cancer using immunohistochemistry,and detected high CENP-H expression in 134(43.6%) samples.Statistical analysis showed that CENP-H expression was related with clinical stage(P = 0.001),T classification(P = 0.032),N classification(P = 0.018),and Ki-67(P < 0.001).Patients with high CENP-H expression had short overall survival.Multivariate analysis showed that CENP-H expression was an independent prognostic indicator for patient survival.Our results suggest that CENP-H protein is a valuable marker of breast cancer progression and prognosis.

Application of cDNA array for studying the gene expression profile of mature appressoria of Magnaporthe grisea

Appressorium is an infection structure of the phytopathogenic fungus Magnaporthe grisea. Analysis of gene expression profiles ofappressorium development provides insight into the molecular basis of pathogenicity and control of this fungal plant disease. A cDNA array representing 2927 unique genes based on a large EST （expressed sequence tag） database ofM. grisea strain Y34 was constructed and used to profile the gene expression patterns at mycelium and appressorium maturation stages. Compared with mycelia, 55 up-regulated and 22 down-regulated genes were identified in mature appressoria. Among 77 genes, 16 genes showed no similarity to the genome sequences of M. grisea. A novel homologue of peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase was found to be expressed at low-level in mature appressoria of M. grisea. The results indicated that the genes such as pyruvate carboxylase, phospholipid metabolism-related protein and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase involved in gluconeogenesis, lipid metabolism and glycolysis, showed differential expression in mature appressoria. Furthermore, genes such as PTHll, beta subunit of G protein and SGTI involved in cell signalling, were expressed differentially in mature appressoria. Northern blot analysis was used to confirm the cDNA array results.

Research Progress of Prostate Stem Cell Antigen in Bladder Cancer Treatment

In order to study the application effect of prostate stem cell antigen in the treatment of bladder cancer,several literatures have been reviewed in this paper,including the predisposition factors of bladder cancer,clinical treatment methods,progress of prostate stem cell antigen,and nanomaterial probe.This paper presents a feasible method of using luminescent nanomaterials(anti-UCNPs)as biological probes.

Analysis of Microsatellite Instability in Colorectal Cancer and Precursor Lesions

In many countries,colorectal cancer is one of the common cancers.It has been confirmed that microsatellite instability(MSI)is one of the most important molecular changes in colorectal cancer.As the recognized precursor lesions of colorectal cancer,adenomas and some polyps also have MSI phenomenon.This article analyzes the MSI of colorectal cancer and its closely related adenomas and polyps in domestic and foreign literature,and further discusses how to identify colorectal cancer at an early stage and the impact of MSI on the prognosis and treatment of colorectal cancer.

Current Research Status of Circulating Free DNA in Clinical Application

Circulating free DNA(cfDNA)refers to the free DNA nucleotides in body fluids,but the dynamic response in vivo tumor load and full assessment of genetic heterogeneity in cancer patients provides a non-invasive diagnostic approach.It is one of the effective biomarkers for cancer screening and diagnosis,and also provides for the prognosis for patients with advanced cancer and forecast information.In this paper,the clinical application of cfDNA is reviewed.

Progress in the Pathologic Diagnosis of Borderline Follicular Thyroid Tumor

With the progress of science and technology as well as the development of ultrasound technology,more and more thyroid tumors have been found.Follicular tumor is one of the most common thyroid tumors,but borderline follicular tumors are relatively rare.At present,the diagnosis of borderline follicular thyroid tumor is unclear prior to surgery,and it is difficult to identify in frozen section or even conventional section.In order to effectively improve the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of borderline follicular thyroid tumor,this paper summarizes the new WHO(World Health Organization)classification of borderline follicular thyroid tumor along with diagnostic methods,including clinical fine needle aspiration cytology,histopathology,and molecular biology,and reviews the research progress.

Adenoid Basal Carcinoma of the Cervix with Squamous Differentiation:A Case Report and Literature Review

Adenoid basal carcinoma(ABC)of the cervix is a rare and low-incidence low-grade cervical cancer.In our practice,we encountered a case of cervical ABC with squamous differentiation and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion(HSIL)with gland involvement in the peripheral cervix.Reviewing relevant literature and analyzing its clinical manifestations,pathological morphology,and immunohistochemical characteristics would help deepen the understanding of this malignant tumor,so as to make a comprehensive diagnosis with differential diagnosis and prevent misdiagnosis.

Giant Myofibroblastoma of the Breast:A Case Report and Clinicopathological Analysis

Myofibroblastoma of the breast(MFB)is a rare benign mesenchymal tumor of the breast.A case of giant breast myofibroblastic tumor,which is rarely reported in literature,was recently diagnosed in our department.We also analyzed the clinicopathological features of MFB to improve the understanding of the tumor and avoid misdiagnosis.

Therapeutic Effect of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Rat Bladder Cancer

Objective:To analyze the effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell therapy on rats with bladder cancer and provide a feasible direction for the treatment of human bladder cancer.Methods:An animal model was constructed,and Model 1 was used as an example.Two groups of rats were injected with anti-upconversion nanoparticles(UCNPs)(experimental group)and 0.9%normal saline(control group),respectively.In vivo imaging was performed to determine the accuracy of the anti-UCNPs method.Results:There were 15 rats in the experimental group with obvious bladder swelling.Among them,11 rats had cauliflower-like and partially brown bladder tumors,whereas the other four rats had hard,nodular-like protrusions,with indistinct borders and adhesions to the anterior wall of the rectum.Small papillary masses were observed in two rats,local mucosal thickening without tumor formation was observed in two rats,and bladder stones were observed in six rats.The bladder specimens of 15 rats in the control group were pink and shiny,without any tumors.Fourteen rats in the experimental group and 12 rats in the control group had bladder cancer lesions,accounting for 93.33%and 80%,respectively.The detection accuracy of the experimental group was significantly better than that of the control group.Conclusion:Multimodal nanoprobes targeting bladder cancer stem cells in vivo were used to image the orthotopic tumor and lymph node metastasis models of animals by anti-UCNPs imaging to observe the distribution,migration,and differentiation process of bladder cancer stem cells in model mice.It is clear that rare earth upconversion luminescent nanomaterials,modified by BCMab1 and CD44 monoclonal antibodies,can be used as probes for the detection of bladder cancer,the tracking of lymph node metastasis in bladder cancer,and the comprehensive evaluation of the overall efficacy of nanoprobe-targeted therapy for bladder cancer stem cells.

Fluoxetine ameliorates depressive symptoms by regulating lncRNA expression in the mouse hippocampus

Depression is a prevalent mental disorder that is associated with aging and contributes to increased mortality and morbidity.The overall prevalence of geriatric depression with clinically significant symptoms is currently on the rise.Recent studies have demonstrated that altered expressions of long non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs)in the brain affect neurodevelopment and manifest modulating functions during the depression.However,most lncRNAs have not yet been studied.Herein,we analyzed the transcriptome of dysregulated lncRNAs to reveal their expressions in a mouse model exhibiting depressive-like behaviors,as well as their corresponding response following antidepressant fluoxetine treatment.A chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS)mouse model was applied.A sixweek fluoxetine intervention in CUMS-induced mice attenuated depressive-like behaviors.In addition,differential expression analysis of lncRNAs was performed following RNA-sequencing.A total of 282 lncRNAs(134 up-regulated and 148 down-regulated)were differentially expressed in CUMS-induced mice relative to non-stressed counterparts(P<0.05).Moreover,370 differentially expressed lncRNAs were identified in CUMS-induced mice after fluoxetine intervention.Gene Ontology(GO)analyses showed an association between significantly dysregulated lncRNAs and protein binding,oxygen binding,and transport activity,while the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)analysis indicated that these dysregulated lncRNAs might be involved in inflammatory response pathways.Fluoxetine effectively ameliorated the symptoms of depression in CUMS-induced mice by regulating the expression of lncRNAs in the hippocampus.The findings herein provide valuable insights into the potential mechanism underlying depression in elderly people.

Perfect pair,scopes unite—laparoscopic-assisted transumbilical gastroscopy for gallbladder-preserving polypectomy:A case report

BACKGROUND Gallbladder polyps are one indication for cholecystectomy,but this procedure carries some disadvantages,including the potential for severe injury and high risk of post-operative complications.Laparoscopy combined with endoscopic surgery is a minimally invasive treatment option.We herein report a young patient with a gallbladder polyp who was successfully discharged from the hospital after laparoscopic-assisted endoscopy.This procedure may offer an alternative in the management of such lesions.CASE SUMMARY A 24-year-old female patient was hospitalized primarily for a gallbladder polyp.Due to the surgical risk associated with cholecystectomy and the low postoperative quality of life,the woman underwent laparoscopic-assisted transumbilical gastroscopy for gallbladder-preserving polypectomy under endotracheal intubation and general anaesthesia.The operation went smoothly.CONCLUSION We conclude laparoscopic-assisted transumbilical gastroscopy for gallbladderpreserving polypectomy is a safe and effective technique for the treatment of gallbladder polyps.

Ectopic Adrenal Gland in Mesosalpinx:A Case Report and Literature Review

A case of ectopic adrenal gland tissue in mesosalpinx is reported.A 52-year-old patient was admitted to the hospital for irregular vaginal bleeding for 2 months.Ultrasound scan showed multiple hypoechoic masses in the myometrium of the anterior wall of uterus with regular shape and clear boundary.Laparoscopic hysterectomy and bilateral adnexectomy were performed.In the course of pathological diagnosis,we accidentally found ectopic adrenal gland tissue in the left mesosalpinx.We believe this is worthy of reporting since this case is rare.

Protective efficacy of a universal influenza mRNA vaccine against the challenge of H1 and H5 influenza A viruses in mice

Current influenza vaccines need to be updated annually owing to constant antigenic drift in the globular head of the viral surface hemagglutinin(HA)glycoprotein.The immunogenic subdominant stem domain of HA is highly conserved and can be recognized by antibodies capable of binding multiple HA subtypes.Therefore,the HA stem antigen is a promising target for the design of universal influenza vaccines.On the basis of an established lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated mRNA vaccine platform,we designed and developed a novel universal influenza mRNA vaccine(mHAs)encoding the HA stem antigen of the influenza A(H1N1)virus.We tested the efficacy of the mHAs vaccine using a mouse model.The vaccine induced robust humoral and specific cellular immune responses against the stem region of HA.Importantly,two doses of the mHAs vaccine fully protected mice from lethal challenges of the heterologous H1N1 and heterosubtypic H5N8 influenza viruses.Vacci-nated mice had less pathological lung damage and lower viral titers than control mice.These results suggest that an mRNA vaccine using the conserved stem region of HA may provide effective protection against seasonal and other possible influenza variants.