The Role and Mechanism of Unfolded Protein Response Pathway in Tumor Drug Resistance

In the process of tumor proliferation and metastasis,tumor cells encounter hypoxia,low glucose,acidosis,and other stressful environments.These conditions prompt tumor cells to generate endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS).As a signal mechanism that mitigates ERS in eukaryotic cells,the unfolded protein response(UPR)pathway can activate cells and tissues,regulating pathological activities in various cells,and maintaining ER homeostasis.It forms the most crucial adaptive and defensive mechanism for cells.However,under the continuous influence of chemotherapy drugs,the quantity of unfolded proteins and erroneous proteins produced by tumor cells significantly increases,surpassing the normal regulatory range of UPR.Consequently,ERS fails to function properly,fostering tumor cell proliferation and the development of drug resistance.This review delves into the study of three UPR pathways(PERK,IRE1,and ATF6),elucidating the mechanisms of drug resistance and research progress in the signal transduction pathway of UPR related to cancers.It provides a profound understanding of the role and relationship between UPR and anti-tumor drugs,offering a new direction for effective clinical treatment.

The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Sensor Protein CREB3L2 in the Development of Tissues and Tumors

The endoplasmic reticulum plays an extremely important role in the process of cellular protein secretion.The cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3(CREB3)transcription factor family is closely associated with the secretion and transport of proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum.As a member of the CREB3 transcription factor family,cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like protein 2(CREB3L2)stands out as a non-classical sensor within the endoplasmic reticulum.CREB3L2 can detect and regulate endoplasmic reticulum pressure,exert control over the processes of protein transport and secretion,participate in the development of tumor cells,and is also closely linked to the development of certain human tissues and organs.This article aims to review the role of CREB3L2 in tissue development and disease,shedding light on the related mechanisms of CREB3L2 in cancer development.The goal is to provide insights and directions for further analysis of CREB3L2.

Research Progress on Molecular Mechanisms of Tumor Budding in Colorectal Cancer

Tumor buds are usually defined as isolated single cancer cells or clusters of up to four cancer cells located at the front of invasive tumors which play an important role in the clinical pathological study of colorectal cancer.The prognostic value of tumor budding in colorectal cancer has been supported by a large amount of evidence.However,its molecular mechanism remains unclear,and it is also a research hotspot now.This paper reviews the latest research progress on the molecular mechanisms of tumor budding in colorectal cancer.

Progress in the Pathologic Diagnosis of Borderline Follicular Thyroid Tumor

With the progress of science and technology as well as the development of ultrasound technology,more and more thyroid tumors have been found.Follicular tumor is one of the most common thyroid tumors,but borderline follicular tumors are relatively rare.At present,the diagnosis of borderline follicular thyroid tumor is unclear prior to surgery,and it is difficult to identify in frozen section or even conventional section.In order to effectively improve the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of borderline follicular thyroid tumor,this paper summarizes the new WHO(World Health Organization)classification of borderline follicular thyroid tumor along with diagnostic methods,including clinical fine needle aspiration cytology,histopathology,and molecular biology,and reviews the research progress.

Research Progress of Prostate Stem Cell Antigen in Bladder Cancer Treatment

In order to study the application effect of prostate stem cell antigen in the treatment of bladder cancer,several literatures have been reviewed in this paper,including the predisposition factors of bladder cancer,clinical treatment methods,progress of prostate stem cell antigen,and nanomaterial probe.This paper presents a feasible method of using luminescent nanomaterials(anti-UCNPs)as biological probes.

Ectopic Adrenal Gland in Mesosalpinx:A Case Report and Literature Review

A case of ectopic adrenal gland tissue in mesosalpinx is reported.A 52-year-old patient was admitted to the hospital for irregular vaginal bleeding for 2 months.Ultrasound scan showed multiple hypoechoic masses in the myometrium of the anterior wall of uterus with regular shape and clear boundary.Laparoscopic hysterectomy and bilateral adnexectomy were performed.In the course of pathological diagnosis,we accidentally found ectopic adrenal gland tissue in the left mesosalpinx.We believe this is worthy of reporting since this case is rare.

Therapeutic Effect of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Rat Bladder Cancer

Objective:To analyze the effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell therapy on rats with bladder cancer and provide a feasible direction for the treatment of human bladder cancer.Methods:An animal model was constructed,and Model 1 was used as an example.Two groups of rats were injected with anti-upconversion nanoparticles(UCNPs)(experimental group)and 0.9%normal saline(control group),respectively.In vivo imaging was performed to determine the accuracy of the anti-UCNPs method.Results:There were 15 rats in the experimental group with obvious bladder swelling.Among them,11 rats had cauliflower-like and partially brown bladder tumors,whereas the other four rats had hard,nodular-like protrusions,with indistinct borders and adhesions to the anterior wall of the rectum.Small papillary masses were observed in two rats,local mucosal thickening without tumor formation was observed in two rats,and bladder stones were observed in six rats.The bladder specimens of 15 rats in the control group were pink and shiny,without any tumors.Fourteen rats in the experimental group and 12 rats in the control group had bladder cancer lesions,accounting for 93.33%and 80%,respectively.The detection accuracy of the experimental group was significantly better than that of the control group.Conclusion:Multimodal nanoprobes targeting bladder cancer stem cells in vivo were used to image the orthotopic tumor and lymph node metastasis models of animals by anti-UCNPs imaging to observe the distribution,migration,and differentiation process of bladder cancer stem cells in model mice.It is clear that rare earth upconversion luminescent nanomaterials,modified by BCMab1 and CD44 monoclonal antibodies,can be used as probes for the detection of bladder cancer,the tracking of lymph node metastasis in bladder cancer,and the comprehensive evaluation of the overall efficacy of nanoprobe-targeted therapy for bladder cancer stem cells.