Molecular and functional characterization of sulfiredoxin homologs from higher plants

由在氧化 peroxiredoxin 减少 cysteine-sulfinic 酸， sulfiredoxin (Srx ) 在酵母和人的房间在氧化压力抵抗起一个重要作用。这里，我们从更高的植物报导 Srx 相当或相同的事物的第一分子、功能的描述。生物信息的分析揭示了把序列编码为两张单音的简易窄床和 dicot 植物种类的潜在的 Srx 的存在。通常认为的植物 Srx 蛋白质从酵母和人展出了重要身份到他们的 orthologs，并且为催化作用包含了保存签名顺序和残余必需品。然而，植物 Srxs 不同于酵母和人的 orthologs，都被预言在他们的主要结构拥有叶绿体运输肽。从 Arabidopsis 和米饭的 Srx 蛋白质(指定了为 AtSrx 和 OsSrx，分别地) 在 SRX1 删除酵母房间的 Srx 的补充功能的缺乏。AtSrx 的 GFP 熔化蛋白质在 Arabidopsis 叶肉原物被指向到叶绿体。AtSrx 抄写在植物、繁殖的机关发生了，并且最高的抄本水平在叶子被检测。在氧化应力下面， AtSrx 抄本水平实质地被增加，哪个有在维持被发现必要的 2-Cys peroxiredoxins 的提高的抄写的 paralleled 叶绿体氧化还原作用平衡。除了氧化应力， osmotic/water 赤字或冷处理也提起了 AtSrx 抄本水平。与上面的调查结果一致， AtSrx 的猛烈异种是显著地，产生氧化的更多比野类型 Arabidopsis 强调植物。总起来说，这个工作的结果在是必要的让工厂应付氧化应力的更高的工厂显示功能的 Srx 相当或相同的事物的存在。

Assessment of the individual and combined effects of Rht8 and Ppd-D1a on plant height, time to heading and yield traits in common wheat

Grain yield in cereal crops is a complex trait controlled by multiple genes and influenced by developmental processes and environment. Here we report the effects of alleles Rht8 and Ppd-D1 a on plant height, time to heading, and grain yield and its component traits. Association analysis and quantitative trait locus mapping using phenotypic data from 15 environments led to the following conclusions. First, both Rht8 and Ppd-D1 a reduce plant height. However, Ppd-D1 a but not Rht8 causes earlier heading.Second, both Rht8 and Ppd-D1 a promote grain yield and affect component traits. Their combined effects are substantially larger than those conferred by either allele alone.Third, promotion of grain yield by Rht8 and Ppd-D1 a is through increasing fertile spikelet number. We speculate that Rht8 and Ppd-D1 a act independently and additively in control of plant height, grain yield and yield component. Combination of the two alleles is desirable for adjusting plant height and enhancing grain yield and abiotic stress tolerance.

Fine mapping and validation of a stable QTL for thousand-kernel weight in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)

Thousand-kernel weight(TKW)is a measure of grain weight,a target of wheat breeding.The object of this study was to fine-map a stable quantitative trait loci(QTL)for TKW and identify its candidate gene in a recombinant inbred line(RIL)population derived from the cross of Kenong 9204(KN9204)and Jing411(J411).On a high-density genetic linkage map,24,26 and 25 QTL were associated with TKW,kernel length(KL),and kernel width(KW),respectively.A major and stable QTL,QTkw-2D,was mapped to an8.3 cM interval on chromosome arm 2DL.By saturation of polymorphic markers in its target region,QTkw-2D was confined to a 9.13 Mb physical interval using a secondary mapping population derived from a residually heterozygous line(F6:7).This interval was further narrowed to 2.52 Mb using QTkw-2D near-isogenic lines(NILs).NILs~(KN9204)had higher fresh and dry weights than NILsJ411at various grain-filling stages.The TKW and KW of NILs~(KN9204)were much higher than those of NILsJ411in field trials.By comparison of both DNA sequence and expression between KN9204 and J411,TraesCS2D02G460300.1(TraesKN2D01HG49350)was assigned as a candidate gene for QTkw-2D.This was confirmed by RNA sequencing(RNA-seq)of QTkw-2D NILs.These results provide the basis of map-based cloning of QTkw-2D,and DNA markers linked to the candidate gene may be used in marker-assisted selection.

Development and genetic analysis of wheat double substitution lines carrying Hordeum vulgare 2H and Thinopyrum intermedium 2Ai#2 chromosomes

Thinopyrum intermedium and barley are two close relatives of wheat and carry many genes that are potentially valuable for the improvement of various wheat traits. In this study we created wheat double substitution lines by hybridizing different wheat–Th. intermedium and wheat–barley disomic alien substitution lines, with the aim of using genes in Th. intermedium and barley for wheat breeding and investigating the genetic behavior of alien chromosomes and their wheat homoeologs. As expected, we obtained two types of wheat double substitution lines,2D2Ai#2(2B)2H( A) and 2A2 Ai#2(2B)2H(2D), in which different group 2 wheat chromosomes were replaced by barley chromosome 2 H and Th. intermedium chromosome 2Ai#2. The new materials were characterized using molecular markers, genomic in situ hybridization(GISH), and fluorescent in situ hybridization(FISH). GISH and FISH experiments revealed that the double substitution lines harbor 42 chromosomes including 38 wheat chromosomes, a pair of barley chromosomes, and a pair of Th. intermedium chromosomes. Analysis using specific DNA markers showed that two pairs of wheat homoeologous group 2 chromosomes in the new lines were substituted by a pair of 2H and a pair of 2Ai#2 chromosomes. Chromosome 2H showed a higher transmission rate than 2Ai#2, and both chromosomes were preferentially transmitted between generations via female gametes. Evaluation of botanic and agronomic traits demonstrated that,compared with their parents, the new lines showed similar growth habits and plant type but differences in plant height, flowering date, and self-fertility. Cytological observations using different probes suggested that the double substitution lines showed nearly normal genetic behavior before and during meiosis. The novel substitution lines can potentially be used in wheat meiosis research and breeding programs.

The wheat sucrose synthase gene TaSus1 is a determinant of grain number per spike

Some haplotypes of the sucrose synthase gene TaSus1 are associated with thousand-grain weight(TGW)in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.).However,no mutations have been identified within the gene to test this association.The effects of TaSus1 on grain number per spike(GNS)also are largely unknown.Our previous genome-wide association study identified TaSus-A1 as a candidate gene controlling fertile spikelet number per spike(FSN).In the present study,we generated two independent mutants for the three TaSus1 homoeologs by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing.The triple mutants displayed lower FSN,GNS,grain number per spikelet(GNST),and TGW than wild-type plants.In 306 hexaploid wheat accessions,two single-nucleotide polymorphisms in TaSus-A1 contributed differently to GNS.Introgression of the two alleles into a wheat genetic background confirmed their effects.The alleles differed in geographical distribution among the accessions.

AtbHLH29 of Arabidopsis thaliana is a functional ortholog of tomato FER involved in controlling iron acquisition in strategy I plants

AtbHLH29 of Arabidopsis, encoding a bHLH protein, reveals a high similarity to the tomato FER which is proposed as a transcriptional regulator involved in controlling the iron deficiency responses and the iron uptake in tomato. For identification of its biological functions, AtbHLH29 was introduced into the genome of the tomato FER mutant T3238fer mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciencs. Transgenic plants were regenerated and the stable integration of AtbHLH29 into their genomes was confirmed by Southern hybridization. Molecular analysis demonstrated that expression of the exogenous AtbHLH29 of Arabidopsis in roots of the FER mutant T3238fer enabled to complement the defect functions of FER. The transgenic plants regained the ability to activate the whole iron deficiency responses and showed normal growth as the wild type under iron-limiting stress. Our transformation data demonstrate that AtbHLH29 is a functional ortholog of the tomato FER and can completely replace FER in controlling the effective iron acquisition in tomato. Except of iron, FER protein was directly or indirectly involved in manganese homeostasis due to that loss functions of FER in T3238fer resulted in strong reduction of Mn content in leaves and the defect function on Mn accumulation in leaves was complemented by expression of AtbHLH29 in the transgenic plants. Identification of the similar biological functions of FER and AtbHLH29, which isolated from two systematically wide-diverged “strategy I” plants, suggests that FER might be a universal gene presented in all strategy I plants in controlling effective iron acquisition system in roots.

Current advances in genome sequencing of common wheat and its ancestral species

Common wheat is an important and widely cultivated food crop throughout the world.Much progress has been made in regard to wheat genome sequencing in the last decade.Starting from the sequencing of single chromosomes/chromosome arms whole genome sequences of common wheat and its diploid and tetraploid ancestors have been decoded along with the development of sequencing and assembling technologies. In this review, we give a brief summary on international progress in wheat genome sequencing, and mainly focus on reviewing the effort and contributions made by Chinese scientists.

Mapping stripe rust resistance genes by BSR-Seq:YrMM58 and YrHY1 on chromosome 2AS in Chinese wheat lines Mengmai 58 and Huaiyang 1 are Yr17

Stripe rust(yellow rust), caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici(PST),is one of the most devastating fungal diseases in common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) in China and worldwide. Resistance breeding is the most effective strategy to control diseases in crop plants. Chinese wheat lines Mengmai 58 and Huaiyang 1 are highly resistant to PST race CYR34(V26) at the adult plant stage. To genetically map the underlying resistance genes we developed segregating populations by crossing Mengmai 58 and Huaiyang 1 with the susceptible cultivar Nongda 399. The stripe rust resistances in Mengmai 58 and Huaiyang 1 were both controlled by single dominant genes, provisionally designated YrMM58 and YrHY1, respectively. Bulked segregant RNA-Seq(BSR-Seq) analysis showed that YrMM58 and YrHY1 were located in the same distal ~16 Mb region on chromosome 2 AS.Comparative genomics analysis with the physical map of Aegilops tauschii proved useful for developing additional markers to saturate the genetic linkage map. YrMM58 and YrHY1 were mapped to the distal end of chromosome arm 2 AS, with the closest marker WGGB148 being 7.7 cM and 3.8 cM from the resistance gene, which was considered to be Yr17. These markers can be used in marker-assisted selection.

Molecular genetic and genomic analysis of wheat milling and end-use traits in China:Progress and perspectives

Wheat is the most widely cultivated staple food crop, and multiple types of food derivatives are processed and consumed globally. Wheat grain quality(WGQ) is central to food processing and nutritional value, and is a decisive factor for consumer acceptance and commercial value of wheat cultivars. Hence, improvement in WGQ traits is top priority for both conventional and molecular wheat breeding. In this review we will focus on two important WGQ traits, grain milling and end-use, and will summarize recent progress in China. Chinese scientists have invested substantial effort in molecular genetic and genomic analysis of these traits and their effects on end-use properties. The insights and resources generated have contributed to the understanding and improvement of these traits. As high-quality genomics information and powerful genome engineering tools are becoming available for wheat, more fundamental breakthroughs in dissecting the molecular and genomic basis of WGQ are expected. China will strive to make further significant contributions to the study and improvement of WGQ in the genomics era.

Identification of the resistance gene to powdery mildew in Chinese wheat landrace Baiyouyantiao

Powdery mildew,caused by Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici(Bgt),is one of the most damaging diseases to wheat in the world.The cultivation of resistant varieties of wheat is essential for controlling the powdery mildew epidemic.Wheat landraces are important resources of resistance to many diseases.Mapping powdery mildew resistance genes from wheat landraces will promote the development of new varieties with disease resistance.The Chinese wheat landrace Baiyouyantiao possesses characteristic of disease resistance to powdery mildew.To identify the resistance gene in this landrace,Baiyouyantiao was crossed with the susceptible cultivar Jingshuang 16 and seedlings of parents and F_1,BC_1,F_2,and F_(2:3) were tested with Bgt isolate E09.The genetic results showed that the resistance of Baiyouyantiao to E09 was controlled by a single recessive gene,tentatively designated Pm BYYT.An Illumina wheat 90K single-nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)array was applied to screen polymorphisms between F_2-resistant and F_2-susceptible DNA bulks for identifying the chromosomal location of Pm BYYT.A high percentage of polymorphic SNPs between the resistant and susceptible DNA bulks was found on chromosome 7B,indicating that Pm BYYT may be located on this chromosome.A genetic linkage map of Pm BYYT consisting of two simple sequence repeat markers and eight SNP markers was developed.The two flanking markers were SNP markers W7BL-8 and W7BL-15,with genetic distances of 3 and 2.9 c M,respectively.The results of this study demonstrated the rapid characterization of a wheat disease resistance gene and SNP marker development using the 90K SNP assay.The flanking markers of gene Pm BYYT will benefit marker-assisted selection(MAS)and map-based cloning in breeding wheat cultivars with powdery mildew resistance.

Functional markers developed from TaGS3, a negative regulator of grain weight and size, for marker-assisted selection in wheat

The TaGS3 homoeologous genes(homoeologs)located on chromosomes 7 A,4 A,and7 D in hexaploid wheat were cloned.Relative expression analysis of the three Ta GS3 homoeologs revealed that the expression levels of TaGS3-4 A and TaGS3-7 D in developing grains were higher than that of TaGS3-7 A.Genetic evidence showed that Ta GS3 was a negative regulator of grain weight and grain size.Fifteen polymorphic sites and five haplotypes were detected in TaGS3-4 A.Two molecular markers were developed to distinguish the five haplotypes.Association analysis using 260 accessions from Chinese wheat mini-core collection(MCC)indicated that TaGS3-4 A affected thousand grain weight(TGW)and grain length(GL).HAP-4 A-1 and HAP-4 A-2 were favorable haplotypes that increased TGW and GL and had undergone strong selection during domestication of wheat.In addition,interaction of the TaGS3-4 A and TaGS3-7 D homoeologs had significant additive effects on the grain traits.Hap-4 A-1/Hap-7 D-2 was the best haplotype combination in increasing TGW and GL.The frequencies and geographic distributions of favorable TaGS3 haplotypes among 1388 wheat accessions from worldwide sources provided clues for selection of yield-related traits.Our findings demonstrated that TaGS3-4 A had significant effects on TGW and GL.Marker-assisted selection of HAP-4 A-1/2 combined with HAP-7 D-2 has potential to increase wheat yields.

Identification of QTLs for grain size and characterization of the beneficial alleles of grain size genes in large grain rice variety BL129

Grain size is one of the most important agronomic components of grain yield. Grain length, width and thickness are controlled by multiple quantitative trait loci(QTLs). To understand genetic basis of large grain shape and explore the beneficial alleles for grain size improvement, we perform QTL analysis using an F2 population derived from a cross between the japonica variety Beilu 129(BL129, wide and thick grain) and the elite indica variety Huazhan(HZ, narrow and long grain). A total number of eight major QTLs are detected on three different chromosomes. QTLs for grain width(q GW), grain thickness(q GT), brown grain width(q BGW), and brown grain thickness(q BGT) explained 7 7.67, 36.24, 89.63, and 39.41% of total phenotypic variation, respectively. The large grain rice variety BL129 possesses the beneficial alleles of GW2 and q SW5/GW5, which have been known to control grain width and weight, indicating that the accumulation of the beneficial alleles causes large grain shape in BL129. Further results reveal that the rare gw2 allele from BL129 increases grain width, thickness and weight of the elite indica variety Huazhan, which is used as a parental line in hybrid rice breeding. Thus, our findings will help breeders to carry out molecular design breeding on rice grain size and shape.

HvWRKY2 acts as an immunity suppressor and targets HvCEBiP to regulate powdery mildew resistance in barley

Plants use a sophisticated immune system to perceive pathogen infection and activate immune responses in a tightly controlled manner.In barley,Hv WRKY2 acts as a repressor in barley disease resistance to the powdery mildew fungus,Blumeria graminis f.sp.hordei(Bgh).However,the molecular features of Hv WRKY2 in its DNA-binding and repressor functions,as well as its target genes,are uncharacterized.We show that the W-box binding of Hv WRKY2 requires an intact WRKY domain and an upstream sequence of~75 amino acids,and the Hv WRKY2 W-box binding activity is linked to its repressor function in disease resistance.Chromatin immunoprecipitation(ChIP)-seq analysis identified HvCEBiP,a putative chitin receptor gene,as a target gene of Hv WRKY2 in overexpressing transgenic barley plants.ChIP-qPCR and Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay(EMSA)verified the direct binding of Hv WRKY2 to a W-boxcontaining sequence in the HvCEBiP promoter.Hv CEBiP positively regulates resistance against Bgh in barley.Our findings suggest that Hv WRKY2 represses barley basal immunity by directly targeting pathogen-associated molecular pattern(PAMP)recognition receptor genes,suggesting that Hv CEBiP and likely chitin signaling function in barley PAMP-triggered immune responses to Bgh infection.

A 36 Mb terminal deletion of chromosome 2BL is responsible for a wheat semi-dwarf mutation

Reduced plant height is one of the most important traits related to lodging resistance and crop yield. The use of reduced height genes has been one of the main features in breeding modern high-yielding wheat varieties with less lodging. A spontaneous dwarf mutant DD399 was identified in a high yielding, gibberellic acid(GA)-insensitive, lodging-resistant variety Nongda 399(ND399). Significant differences in upper internode lengths between mutant DD399 and wild type ND399 were caused by reduced cell elongation. The plant height of ND399 × DD399 F_(1) hybrids was intermediate between the parents, indicating incomplete dominance or a dose–response effect of a reduced height gene. Plant height showed continuous distribution in the F_(2) population, and segregation distortion was observed among the 2292 F_(2:3) progenies. The reduced height mutation was characterized by Illumina 90 K iSelect SNP genotyping and bulked segregant RNA-Seq(BSR-Seq) analysis of the segregating population. A concentrated cluster of polymorphic SNPs associated with the reduced height phenotype was detected in the distal region of chromosome arm 2 BL. Co-segregation of reduced height phenotype with the clustered markers revealed a 36 Mb terminal deletion of chromosome 2 BL in mutant DD399.

Fine mapping and characterization of the awn inhibitor B1 locus in common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)

Awns play an important role in seed dispersal and photosynthesis of spikes.Three major awn inhibitors(Hd,B1,and B2)are reported in wheat.However,the molecular mechanism underlying awnlessness remained unknown until recently.In this study,we identified two F8 recombinant inbred lines(RILs)that were segregating for awn length.In order to identify the causal gene for awn length in the heterozygous inbred families(HIFs),SNPs were called from RNA sequencing(RNA-Seq)data for HIF-derived progenies with long and short awns.SNPs between long and short awn plants were evenly distributed on chromosomes(chr)other than chromosome 5 A.SNPs on chr 5 A were clustered in a region distal 688 Mb on the long arm,where inhibitor B1 was located.This suggested that B1 was the causal segregating locus.We precisely mapped B1 to^1 Mb region using two HIF-derived families.Considering that the lines segregated for long,intermediate and short awn phenotypes we speculated that B1 should have a dosage effect on awn length.Two differentially expressed genes(DEGs)located in the candidate region were regarded as candidate genes for B1,because the molecular expression pattern was consistent with the phenotype.HIFs with long and short awns showed no difference on grain yield and other agronomic traits.

Dissecting the key genomic regions underlying high yield potential in common wheat variety‘Kenong 9204’

The foundation parents play key roles in the genetic improvement of both yield potential and end-use quality in wheat.Characterizing the genetic basis that underlies certain beneficial traits in the foundation parents will provide theoretical reference for molecular breeding by a design approach.‘Kenong 9204’(KN9204)is a candidate foundation parent characterized by ideotype,high yield potential,and particularly high nitrogen fertilizer utilization.To better understand the genetic basis of its high yield potential,high throughput whole-genome re-sequencing(10×)was performed on KN9204,its parental lines and its derivatives.A high-resolution genetic composition map of KN9204 was constructed,which showed the parental origin of the favorable genomic segments based on the identification of excellent yield-related quantitative trait loci(QTL)from a bi-parental mapping population.Xiaoyan 693(XY693),a wheat–Thinopyrum ponticum partial amphidiploid,contributed a great deal to the high yield potential of KN9204,and three major stable QTLs from XY693 were fine mapped.The transmissibility of key genomic segments from KN9204 to its derivatives were delineated,indicating that haplotype blocks containing beneficial gene combinations were conserved along with directional selection by breeders.Evidence for selection sweeps in the breeding programs was identified.This study provides a theoretical reference for the breeding of high-yield wheat varieties by a molecular design approach.

Systematic identification of wheat spike developmental regulators by integrated multiomics, transcriptional network, GWAS, and genetic analyses

The spike architecture of wheat plays a crucial role in determining grain number,making it a key trait for optimization in wheat breeding programs.In this study,we used a multi-omic approach to analyze the transcriptome and epigenome profiles of the young spike at eight developmental stages,revealing co-ordinated changes in chromatin accessibility and H3K27me3 abundance during the flowering transition.We constructed a core transcriptional regulatory network(TRN)that drives wheat spike formation and experimentally validated a multi-layer regulatorymodule involving TaSPL15,TaAGLG1,and TaFUL2.By integrating the TRN with genome-wide association studies,we identified 227 transcription factors,including 42 with known functions and 185 with unknown functions.Further investigation of 61 novel transcription factors using multiple homozygous mutant lines revealed 36 transcription factors that regulate spike architecture or flowering time,such as TaMYC2-A1,TaMYB30-A1,and TaWRKY37-A1.Of particular interest,TaMYB30-A1,downstream of and repressed by WFzP,was found to regulate fertile spikelet number.Notably,the excellent haplotype of TaMYB30-A1,which contains a C allele at the WFzP binding site,was enriched during wheat breeding improvement in China,leading to improved agronomic traits.Finally,we constructed a free and open access Wheat Spike Multi-Omic Database(http://39.98.48.156:8800/#/).Our study identifies novel and high-confidence regulators and offers an effective strategy for dissecting the genetic basis of wheat spike development,with practical value forwheat breeding.

Recent advances in understanding of the epigenetic regulation of plant regeneration

Ever since the concept of"plant cell totipotency"was first proposed in the early twentieth century,plant regeneration has been a major focus of study.Regeneration-mediated organogenesis and genetic transformation are important topics in both basic research and modern agriculture.Recent studies in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and other species have expanded our understanding of the molecular regulation of plant regeneration.The hierarchy of transcriptional regulation driven by phytohormone signaling during regeneration is associated with changes in chromatin dynamics and DNA methylation.Here,we summarize how various aspects of epigenetic regulation,including histone modifications and variants,chromatin accessibility dynamics,DNA methylation,and microRNAs,modulate plant regeneration.As the mechanisms of epigenetic regulation are conserved in many plants,research in this field has potential applications in boosting crop breeding,especially if coupled with emerging single-cell omics technologies.

Anatomical and chemical characteristics associated with lodging resistance in wheat

Anatomical and chemical characteristics of stems affect lodging in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Traits associated with lodging resistance, such as plant height, stem strength, culm wall thickness, pith diameter, and stem diameter, were extensively investigated in earlier studies. However, the solid stem trait was rarely considered. In this study, we measured a range of anatomical and chemical characteristics on solid and hollow stemmed wheat cultivars. Significant correlations were detected between resistance to lodging and several anatomical features, including width of mechanical tissue, weight of low internodes, and width of stem walls. Morphological features that gave the best indication of improved lodging resistance were increased stem width, width of mechanical tissue layer, and stem density. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that 99% of the variation in lodging resistance could be explained by the width of the mechanical tissue layer, suggesting that solid stemmed wheat has several anatomical features for increasing resistance to lodging. In addition, microsatellite markers GWM247 and GWM340 were linked to a single solid stem QTL on chromosome 3BL in a population derived from the cross Xinongshixin(solid stem)/Line 3159(hollow stem). These markers should be valuable in breeding wheat for solid stem.

FIT interacts with AtbHLH38 and AtbHLH39 in regulating iron uptake gene expression for iron homeostasis in Arabidopsis

铁是为植物生长和开发的一个必要元素。在植物的铁动态平衡紧在 transcriptional 和 posttranscriptional 水平被调整。涉及铁动态平衡的几个 bHLH 抄写因素最近被识别了。然而，他们的规章的机制仍然保持未知。在这个工作，我们证明抄写因素适合与 AtbHLH38 和 AtbHLH39 交往了并且直接在 Arabidopsis 为铁动态平衡授与铁举起基因的表示规定。在 Arabidopsis 原物的酵母二混血儿的分析和短暂表示证明那 AtbHLH38 或 AtbHLH39 交往了与合适，在 Arabidopsis 涉及铁动态平衡的一个中央抄写因素。在酵母房间的 FIT/AtbHLH38 或 FIT/AtbHLH39 的表示激活铁的螯的 reductase (FRO2 ) 和铁的 transporter (IRT1 ) 驾驶的 GUS 表示倡导者。Overexpression 与在变换的工厂的 AtbHLH38 或 AtbHLH39 合适铁举起基因 FRO2 和 IRT1 从的表示导致了到组成。因为 IRT1 蛋白质累积和高铁的螯的 reductase 活动被检测在，进一步的分析表明 FRO2 和 IRT1 没在这些工厂在 posttranscriptional 水平被调整过去在铁缺乏和铁充足下面的表示工厂。在更积累的植物在表示任何一个 AtbHLH38 上比野生型或植物在他们的射击熨的表示上双， AtbHLH39 或合适。我们铁螯的 reductase FRO2 和铁运输的 IRT1 是三个抄写因素的目标和 FRO2 和 IRT1 的抄写的数据支持被 FIT/AtbHLH38 或 FIT/AtbHLH39 的建筑群直接调整。