Chinese cabbage(Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) has a long cultivation history and is one of the vegetable crops with the largest cultivation area in China. However, salt stress severely damages photosynthesis and horm...Chinese cabbage(Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) has a long cultivation history and is one of the vegetable crops with the largest cultivation area in China. However, salt stress severely damages photosynthesis and hormone metabolism, nutritional balances, and results in ion toxicity in plants. To better understand the mechanisms of salt-induced growth inhibition in Chinese cabbage, RNA-seq and physiological index determination were conducted to explore the impacts of salt stress on carbon cycle metabolism and photosynthesis in Chinese cabbage. Here, we found that the number of thylakoids and grana lamellae and the content of starch granules and chlorophyll in the leaves of Chinese cabbage under salt stress showed a time-dependent response, first increasing and then decreasing. Chinese cabbage increased the transcript levels of genes related to the photosynthetic apparatus and carbon metabolism under salt stress, probably in an attempt to alleviate damage to the photosynthetic system and enhance CO_(2) fixation and energy metabolism. The transcription of genes related to starch and sucrose synthesis and degradation were also enhanced;this might have been an attempt to maintain intracellular osmotic pressure by increasing soluble sugar concentrations. Soluble sugars could also be used as potential reactive oxygen species(ROS) scavengers, in concert with peroxidase(POD)enzymes, to eliminate ROS that accumulate during metabolic processes. Our study characterizes the synergistic response network of carbon metabolism and photosynthesis under salt stress.展开更多
Properly regulated flowering time is pivotal for successful plant reproduction.The floral transition from vegetative growth to reproductive growth is regulated by a complex gene regulatory network that integrates envi...Properly regulated flowering time is pivotal for successful plant reproduction.The floral transition from vegetative growth to reproductive growth is regulated by a complex gene regulatory network that integrates environmental signals and internal conditions to ensure that flowering takes place under favorable conditions.Brassica rapa is a diploid Cruciferae species that includes several varieties that are cultivated as vegetable or oil crops.Flowering time is one of the most important agricultural traits of B.rapa crops because of its influence on yield and quality.The transition to flowering in B.rapa is regulated by several environmental and developmental cues,which are perceived by several signaling pathways,including the vernalization pathway,the autonomous pathway,the circadian clock,the thermosensory pathway,and gibberellin(GA)signaling.These signals are integrated to control the expression of floral integrators BrFTs and BrSOC1s to regulate flowering.In this review,we summarized current research advances on the molecular mechanisms that govern flowering time regulation in B.rapa and compare this to what is known in Arabidopsis.展开更多
The genus Brassica contains a rich diversity of species and morphological types,including leaf,root,and oil crops,all of which show substantial phenotypic variation.Both Chinese cabbage and cabbage are typical leaf-ty...The genus Brassica contains a rich diversity of species and morphological types,including leaf,root,and oil crops,all of which show substantial phenotypic variation.Both Chinese cabbage and cabbage are typical leaf-type crops with normal roots.We created translocation lines based on interspecific crosses between Chinese cabbage and cabbage and identified qdh225,which exhibited a swollen-root phenotype.The swollen root of qdh225 contained a large number of granular substances,and the formation of its irregular morphological tissue was caused by a thickening of the phloem.Transcriptomic and metabolomic data suggested that differential expression of genes encoding nine types of enzymes involved in starch and sucrose metabolism caused changes in starch synthesis and degradation in the swollen root.These genes jointly regulated sucrose and starch levels,leading to significant enrichment of starch and soluble proteins in the swollen root and a reduction in the content of soluble sugars such as d-glucose and trehalose 6-phosphate.A significant increase in auxin(IAA)and abscisic acid(ABA)contents and a decrease in gibberellin(GA)content in the swollen root likely promoted the differential expression of genes associated with hormone signal transduction,thereby regulating the development of the swollen root.Taken together,our data suggest that accumulation of IAA and ABA and reduction in GA promote swollen root formation by regulating hormone-mediated signaling,leading to a thickening of phloem,root enlargement,and substantial accumulation of starch and soluble proteins.The latter provide materials,energy,and nutrient sources for the development of swollen roots.展开更多
Fleshy fruit shape is an important external quality trait influencing the usage of fruits and consumer preference.Thus,modification of fruit shape has become one of the major objectives for crop improvement.However,th...Fleshy fruit shape is an important external quality trait influencing the usage of fruits and consumer preference.Thus,modification of fruit shape has become one of the major objectives for crop improvement.However,the underlying mechanisms of fruit shape regulation are poorly understood.In this review we summarize recent progress in the genetic basis of fleshy fruit shape regulation using tomato,cucumber,and peach as examples.Comparative analyses suggest that the OFP-TRM(OVATE Family Protein-TONNEAU1 Recruiting Motif)and IQD(IQ67 domain)pathways are probably conserved in regulating fruit shape by primarily modulating cell division patterns across fleshy fruit species.Interestingly,cucumber homologs of FRUITFULL(FUL1),CRABS CLAW(CRC)and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase 2(ACS2)were found to regulate fruit elongation.We also outline the recent progress in fruit shape regulation mediated by OFP-TRM and IQD pathways in Arabidopsis and rice,and propose that the OFP-TRM pathway and IQD pathway coordinate regulate fruit shape through integration of phytohormones,including brassinosteroids,gibberellic acids,and auxin,and microtubule organization.In addition,functional redundancy and divergence of the members of each of the OFP,TRM,and IQD families are also shown.This review provides a general overview of current knowledge in fruit shape regulation and discusses the possible mechanisms that need to be addressed in future studies.展开更多
With the complementation of whole-genome sequencing of Chinese cabbage,it is necessary to develop genome-wide Simple Sequence Repeat(SSR)markers and analyse their characteristics,which will bring a revolution in the m...With the complementation of whole-genome sequencing of Chinese cabbage,it is necessary to develop genome-wide Simple Sequence Repeat(SSR)markers and analyse their characteristics,which will bring a revolution in the molecular marker-assisted breeding of Chinese cabbage.In this study distribution and characteristics of SSR loci in the genome of Chinese cabbage'Chiifu'was analyzed.Finally,a total of 173,892 SSR markers that occurred in 10 chromosomes were identified,and Perfect Repeat Motifs(P type)which is a main form of SSR loci with a mean distance of 1.89 kb/SSR was identified.Among them,mono-,di-,and tri-nucleotide repeat motifs were equally distributed across chromosomes compared with tetra-,penta-,and hexa-nucleotide repeat motifs.The largest proportion of SSR loci consisted of mono-and dinucleotide repeat motifs,which accounted for 93.04%of the total SSR loci.A/T and AT/TA were the most abundant motifs,accounting for 97.61%and 64.05%of the mono-and dinucleotide repeats,respectively.Furthermore,200 SSR markers were used for the amplification of 12 Chinese cabbage germplasm,in which 30 were highly polymorphic.These SSR markers were further used for the association analyses of flowering time of 190 Chinese cabbage accessions.The results revealed that 9 and 10 alleles were associated with bolting and flowering time,respectivley.The results show that development of SSR markers is feasible and useful in marker assisted selection of Chinese cabbage.展开更多
The naturally occurring mutant eggplant line 05ms was identified with reverse thermosensitive genic male sterility(rTGMS),but its temperature-responsive fertility mechanisms remain largely unknown.Here,we studied the ...The naturally occurring mutant eggplant line 05ms was identified with reverse thermosensitive genic male sterility(rTGMS),but its temperature-responsive fertility mechanisms remain largely unknown.Here,we studied the flower morphology,anther cellular structure,and genome-wide gene expression of this rTGMS line.Candidate genes for thermosensitive male sterility during the microspore development of 05ms and the temperature-insensitive line S63 under low-temperature(LT)and high-temperature(HT)conditions were identified.Under LT,tapetum cells were vacuolated and had delayed disintegration in 05ms.RNA-seq analysis indicated that DEGs were enriched in the KEGG pathways‘plant hormone signal transduction’,‘starch and sucrose metabolism’,and‘phenylpropanoid biosynthesis’.We identified two genes,4CLL1(Sme2.5_00368.1_g00010.1)and CKI1(Sme2.5_10056.1_g00002.1),which could potentially regulate eggplant anther development and may be candidate genes for rTGMS.Finally,we propose a working model of anther abortion for rTGMS in eggplant.CKI1 responds to LT stress and causes expression changes in genes related to anther development,such as 4CLL1,and the cellular structure of the tapetum becomes abnormal,causing male sterility.The findings of this study explain the underlying molecular mechanisms of male sterility in eggplant rTGMS lines.展开更多
Brassica species are characterized by their tremendous intraspecific diversity,exemplified by leafy vegetables,oilseeds,and crops with enlarged inflorescences or above ground storage organs.In contrast to potato tuber...Brassica species are characterized by their tremendous intraspecific diversity,exemplified by leafy vegetables,oilseeds,and crops with enlarged inflorescences or above ground storage organs.In contrast to potato tubers that are edible storage organs storing energy as starch and are the vegetative propagation modules,the storage organs of turnips,grown from true seed,are swollen hypocotyls with varying degrees of root and stem that mainly store glucose and fructose.To highlight their anatomical origin,we use the term“hypocotyl-tuber”for these turnip vegetative storage organs.We combined cytological,physiological,genetic and transcriptomic approaches,aiming to identify the initial stages,molecular pathways and regulatory genes for hypocotyl-tuber induction in turnips(B.rapa subsp.rapa).We first studied the development of the hypocotyl zone of turnip and Pak choi and found that 16 days after sowing(DAS)morphological changes occurred in the xylem which indicated the early tuberization stage.Tissue culture experiments showed a clear effect of auxin on hypocotyl-tuber growth.Differentially expressed genes between 1 and 6 weeks after sowing in turnip hypocotyls,located in genomic regions involved in tuber initiation and/or tuber growth defined by QTL and selective sweeps for tuber formation,were identified as candidate genes that were studied in more detail for their role in hypocotyl-tuber formation.This included a Bra-FLOR1 paralogue with increased expression 16 DAS,when the hypocotyl starts swelling,suggesting dual roles for duplicated flowering time genes in flowering and hypocotyltuber induction.Bra-CYP735A2 was identified for its possible role in tuber growth via trans-zeatin.Weigthed Coexpression Network Analysis(WGCNA)identified 59 modules of co-expressed genes.Bra-FLOR1 and Bra-CYP735A2 were grouped in a module that included several genes involved in carbohydrate transport and metabolism,cell-wall growth,auxin regulation and secondary metabolism that serve as starting points to illuminate the transcriptional regulation of hypocotyl-tuber formation and development.展开更多
The agricultural and consumer quality of Chinese cabbage is determined by its shape.The shape is defined by the folding of the heading leaves,which defines the head top shape(HTS).The overlapping HTS,in which the head...The agricultural and consumer quality of Chinese cabbage is determined by its shape.The shape is defined by the folding of the heading leaves,which defines the head top shape(HTS).The overlapping HTS,in which the heading leaves curve inward and overlap at the top,is the shape preferred by consumers.To understand the genetic regulation of HTS,we generated a large segregating F 2 population from a cross between pak choi and Chinese cabbage,with phenotypes ranging from nonheading to heading with either outward curving or inward curving overlapping heading leaves.HTS was correlated with plant height,outer/rosette leaf length,and petiole length.A high-density genetic map was constructed.Quantitative trait locus(QTL)analysis resulted in the identification of 22 QTLs for leafy head-related traits,which included five HTS QTLs.Bulked segregant analysis(BSA)was used to confirm HTS QTLs and identify candidate genes based on informative single-nucleotide polymorphisms.Interestingly,the HTS QTLs colocalized with QTLs for plant height,outer/rosette leaf,and petiole length,consistent with the observed phenotypic correlations.Combined QTL analysis and BSA laid a foundation for molecular marker-assisted breeding of Chinese cabbage HTS and directions for further research on the genetic regulation of this trait.展开更多
Pectobacterium carotovorum ssp.carotovorum(Pcc)is a necrotrophic bacterial species that causes soft rot disease in Chinese cabbage.In this study,plants harboring the resistant mutant sr gene,which confers resistance a...Pectobacterium carotovorum ssp.carotovorum(Pcc)is a necrotrophic bacterial species that causes soft rot disease in Chinese cabbage.In this study,plants harboring the resistant mutant sr gene,which confers resistance against Pcc,were screened from an 800 M2 population mutated by ethyl methane sulfonate(EMS)and scored in vitro and in vivo for lesion size.The transcript profiles showed~512 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)between sr and WT plants occurring between 6 and 12 h postinoculation(hpi),which corresponded to the important defense regulation period(resistance)to Pcc in Chinese cabbage.The downstream defense genes(CPK,CML,RBOH MPK3,and MPK4)of pathogen pattern-triggered immunity(PTI)were strongly activated during infection at 12 hpi in resistant mutant sr;PTI appears to be central to plant defense against Pcc via recognition by three putative pattern recognition receptors(PRRs;BrLYM1-BrCERK1,BrBKK1/SERK4-PEPR1,BrWAKs).Pcc triggered the upregulation of the jasmonic acid(JA)and ethylene(ET)biosynthesis genes in mutant sr,but auxins and other hormones may have affected some negative signals.Endogenous hormones(auxins,JAs,and SA),as well as exogenous auxins(MEJA and BTH),were also verified as functioning in the immune system.Concurrently,the expression of glucosinolate and lignin biosynthesis genes was increased at 12 hpi in resistant mutant sr,and the accumulation of glucosinolate and lignin also indicated that these genes have a functional defensive role against Pcc.Our study provides valuable information and elucidates the resistance mechanism of Chinese cabbage against Pcc infection.展开更多
Chinese cabbage plants go through seedling and rosette stages before forming their leafy head.Chinese cabbage plants resemble pak-choi plants at their seedling stage,but in their rosette stage the leaves of Chinese ca...Chinese cabbage plants go through seedling and rosette stages before forming their leafy head.Chinese cabbage plants resemble pak-choi plants at their seedling stage,but in their rosette stage the leaves of Chinese cabbage differentiate,as they increase in size with shorter petioles.In order to understand the molecular pathways that play a role in leafy head formation,transcript abundance of young emerging leaves was profiled during development of two Chinese cabbage genotypes and a single pak-choi genotype.The two Chinese cabbages differed in many aspects,among others earliness,leaf size and shape,leaf numbers,and leafy head shape.Genome-wide transcriptome analysis clearly separated the seedling stages of all three genotypes together with the later stages from pak-choi,from the later developmental stages of both Chinese cabbages(rosette,folding,and heading).Weighted correlation network analysis and hierarchical clustering using Euclidean distances resulted in gene clusters with transcript abundance patterns distinguishing the two Chinese cabbages from pak-choi.Three clusters included genes with transcript abundance affected by both genotype and developmental stage,whereas two clusters showed only genotype effects.This included a genotype by developmental stage cluster highly enriched with the MapMan category photosynthesis,with high expression during rosette and folding in Chinese cabbages and low expression in the heading inner leaves that are not exposed to light.The other clusters contained many genes in the MapMan categories Cell,showing again differences between pak-choi and both Chinese cabbages.We discuss how this relates to the differences in leaf blade growth between Chinese cabbage and pak-choi,especially at the rosette stage.Overall,comparison of the transcriptome between leaves of two very different Chinese cabbages with pak-choi during plant development allowed the identification of specific gene categories associated with leafy head formation.展开更多
Low temperature is the most common abiotic stress factors during the eggplant cultivation in solar greenhouses.Melatonin plays important roles in plant resistance to low temperature.However,the role of melatonin in re...Low temperature is the most common abiotic stress factors during the eggplant cultivation in solar greenhouses.Melatonin plays important roles in plant resistance to low temperature.However,the role of melatonin in regulating chilling tolerance and extending the preharvest shelf life of eggplant fruits is still unknown.In this study,we investigated the effects of exogenous melatonin on eggplant plants and fruits in response to low temperature.Under simulated low-temperature conditions,exogenous melatonin significantly relieved the chilling symptoms of seedlings by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and relative leakage rates.These reductions were caused by higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and increased endogenous polyamine and melatonin levels compared with those in untreated seedlings.Notably,the expression levels of SOD,CAT1/2,and polyamine synthesis genes (ADC and ODC) were also increased by 100μmol·L~(-1)melatonin,as well as those of genes involved in melatonin synthesis (TDC,T5H,SNAT,ASMT,and COMT) and cold regulation (COR1,CBFa/b,and ZAT2/6/12).To further investigate the effects of melatonin on eggplant leaves and fruits under natural low temperature conditions,100μmol·L~(-1)melatonin was sprayed on the functional leaves at three days before commodity maturation.Melatonin significantly alleviated chilling injury in the leaves and pericarp and extended the preharvest shelf life of the fruit by increasing the expression of COR1,CBF,ZAT2/6/12,and API5 and decreasing the expression of senescence-related genes (NCED1/2 and SAG12).Therefore,100μmol·L~(-1)melatonin improved chilling tolerance and fruit shelf life by upregulating ZAT2/6/12 to affect ROS-and senescence-related processes,which provides a reference for alleviating cold stress and extending the preharvest fruit shelf life in eggplant.展开更多
Soft rot caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum(Pc)is a devastating disease of Brassica rapa,causing substantial reductions in crop yield and quality.Identifying genes related to soft rot resistance is the key to solvin...Soft rot caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum(Pc)is a devastating disease of Brassica rapa,causing substantial reductions in crop yield and quality.Identifying genes related to soft rot resistance is the key to solving this problem.To characterize soft rot resistance,we screened a soft rot-susceptible Chinese cabbage(A03),a resistant pakchoi(‘Huaguan’),and a resistant mutant(sr).An F_(2) population was generated by crossing susceptible Chinese cabbage A03and resistant pakchoi‘Huaguan’to identify quantitative trait loci(QTLs)that confer soft rot resistance.A high-density genetic map was constructed and the three QTLs identified contain 166 genes.Based on available transcriptome data,we analyzed the expression of the 166 genes during an important defense regulatory period in Pc infection in both A03and the resistant mutant sr.Among the 166 genes,six candidate genes were related to the soft rot defense response in B.rapa.TIFY10B(JAZ2,BraA07g038660.3C)was located in the major soft rot resistance QTL,DRQTL-3 on A07,and we speculate that this gene may play an important role in the defense mechanism against soft rot in B.rapa.This study lays the foundation for further investigations on the mechanism of soft rot resistance in B.rapa crops.展开更多
Leaf size influences plant development and biomass and is also an important agricultural trait in Brassica crops,in which leaves are the main organ produced for consumption.Leaf size is determined by the coordinated r...Leaf size influences plant development and biomass and is also an important agricultural trait in Brassica crops,in which leaves are the main organ produced for consumption.Leaf size is determined by the coordinated regulation of cell proliferation and cell expansion during leaf development,and these processes are strictly controlled by various integrated signals from the intrinsic regulatory network and the growth environment.Understanding the molecular mechanism of leaf size control is a prerequisite for molecular breeding for crop improvement purposes.Although research on leaf size control is just beginning in Brassica,recent studies have identified several genes and QTLs that are important in leaf size regulation.These genes have been proposed to influence leaf growth through different pathways and mechanisms,including phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling,transcription regulation,small RNAs,and others.In this review,we summarize the current findings regarding the genetic regulators of leaf size in Brassica and discuss future prospects for this research.展开更多
Flowering time is an important agronomic trait of Chinese cabbage with late flowering being a primary breeding objective.In our previous work,we obtained Chinese cabbage-cabbage translocation lines that contained seve...Flowering time is an important agronomic trait of Chinese cabbage with late flowering being a primary breeding objective.In our previous work,we obtained Chinese cabbage-cabbage translocation lines that contained several beneficial cabbage genes.Cabbage-specific molecular markers show that these genes were coming from chromosome C01 of cabbage.In this study,we investigated the inheritance of flowering time in a couple of translocation lines and analyzed the transmission rate of molecular markers in the offspring.Consequently,we obtained the late flowering Chinese cabbage-cabbage translocation line‘AT7–4’in which the flowering time was later than that of‘85–1’by about 7 days under 4-week vernalization.Based on previous studies of the genomes of Chinese cabbage and cabbage,we located the cabbage-specific molecular markers that were closely linked at the top of the chromosome A01 in the F2mapping population generated by self-crossing F1s derived from a cross between the translocation line‘AT7–4’and Chinese cabbage‘14–36’.Five flowering-related genes in the alien fragment were found by functional annotation and their molecular markers were developed.This study lays the foundation for the future improvement of Chinese cabbage varieties using A-C translocation lines.展开更多
Brassica species are a global source of nutrients and edible vegetable oil for humans.However,all commercially important Brassica crops underwent a whole-genome triplication event,hindering the development of function...Brassica species are a global source of nutrients and edible vegetable oil for humans.However,all commercially important Brassica crops underwent a whole-genome triplication event,hindering the development of functional genomics and breeding programs.Fortunately,clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat(CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated(Cas)technologies,by allowing multiplex and precise genome engineering,have become valuable genome-editing tools and opened up new avenues for biotechnology.Here,we review current progress in the use of CRISPR/Cas technologies with an emphasis on the latest breakthroughs in precise genome editing.We also summarize the application of CRISPR/Cas technologies to Brassica crops for trait improvements.Finally,we discuss the challenges and future directions of these technologies for comprehensive application in Brassica crops.Ongoing advancement in CRISPR/Cas technologies,in combination with other achievements,will play a significant role in the genetic improvement and molecular breeding of Brassica crops.展开更多
This article is the 13th contribution in the Fungal Diversity Notes series,wherein 125 taxa from four phyla,ten classes,31 orders,69 families,92 genera and three genera incertae sedis are treated,demonstrating worldwi...This article is the 13th contribution in the Fungal Diversity Notes series,wherein 125 taxa from four phyla,ten classes,31 orders,69 families,92 genera and three genera incertae sedis are treated,demonstrating worldwide and geographic distri-bution.Fungal taxa described and illustrated in the present study include three new genera,69 new species,one new com-bination,one reference specimen and 51 new records on new hosts and new geographical distributions.Three new genera,Cylindrotorula(Torulaceae),Scolecoleotia(Leotiales genus incertae sedis)and Xenovaginatispora(Lindomycetaceae)are introduced based on distinct phylogenetic lineages and unique morphologies.Newly described species are Aspergillus lan-naensis,Cercophora dulciaquae,Cladophialophora aquatica,Coprinellus punjabensis,Cortinarius alutarius,C.mammil-latus,C.quercoflocculosus,Coryneum fagi,Cruentomycena uttarakhandina,Cryptocoryneum rosae,Cyathus uniperidiolus,Cylindrotorula indica,Diaporthe chamaeropicola,Didymella azollae,Diplodia alanphillipsii,Dothiora coronicola,Efibula rodriguezarmasiae,Erysiphe salicicola,Fusarium queenslandicum,Geastrum gorgonicum,G.hansagiense,Helicosporium sexualis,Helminthosporium chiangraiensis,Hongkongmyces kokensis,Hydrophilomyces hydraenae,Hygrocybe boertmannii,Hyphoderma australosetigerum,Hyphodontia yunnanensis,Khaleijomyces umikazeana,Laboulbenia divisa,Laboulbenia triarthronis,Laccaria populina,Lactarius pallidozonarius,Lepidosphaeria strobelii,Longipedicellata megafusiformis,Lophiotrema lincangensis,Marasmius benghalensis,M.jinfoshanensis,M.subtropicus,Mariannaea camelliae,Mel-anographium smilaxii,Microbotryum polycnemoides,Mimeomyces digitatus,Minutisphaera thailandensis,Mortierella solitaria,Mucor harpali,Nigrograna jinghongensis,Odontia huanrenensis,O.parvispina,Paraconiothyrium ajrekarii,Par-afuscosporella niloticus,Phaeocytostroma yomensis,Phaeoisaria synnematicus,Phanerochaete hainanensis,Pleopunctum thailandicum,Pleurotheciella dimorphospora,Pseudochaetosphaeronema chiangraiense,Pseudodactylaria albicolonia,Rhexoacrodictys nigrospora,Russula paravioleipes,Scolecoleotia eriocamporesi,Seriascoma honghense,Synandromyces makranczyi,Thyridaria aureobrunnea,Torula lancangjiangensis,Tubeufia longihelicospora,Wicklowia fusiformispora,Xenovaginatispora phichaiensis and Xylaria apiospora.One new combination,Pseudobactrodesmium stilboideus is pro-posed.A reference specimen of Comoclathris permunda is designated.New host or distribution records are provided for Acrocalymma fici,Aliquandostipite khaoyaiensis,Camarosporidiella laburni,Canalisporium caribense,Chaetoscutula juniperi,Chlorophyllum demangei,C.globosum,C.hortense,Cladophialophora abundans,Dendryphion hydei,Diaporthe foeniculina,D.pseudophoenicicola,D.pyracanthae,Dictyosporium pandanicola,Dyfrolomyces distoseptatus,Ernakula-mia tanakae,Eutypa flavovirens,E.lata,Favolus septatus,Fusarium atrovinosum,F.clavum,Helicosporium luteosporum,Hermatomyces nabanheensis,Hermatomyces sphaericoides,Longipedicellata aquatica,Lophiostoma caudata,L.clematidis-vitalbae,Lophiotrema hydei,L.neoarundinaria,Marasmiellus palmivorus,Megacapitula villosa,Micropsalliota globocys-tis,M.gracilis,Montagnula thailandica,Neohelicosporium irregulare,N.parisporum,Paradictyoarthrinium diffractum,Phaeoisaria aquatica,Poaceascoma taiwanense,Saproamanita manicata,Spegazzinia camelliae,Submersispora variabi-lis,Thyronectria caudata,T.mackenziei,Tubeufia chiangmaiensis,T.roseohelicospora,Vaginatispora nypae,Wicklowia submersa,Xanthagaricus necopinatus and Xylaria haemorrhoidalis.The data presented herein are based on morphological examination of fresh specimens,coupled with analysis of phylogenetic sequence data to better integrate taxa into appropriate taxonomic ranks and infer their evolutionary relationships.展开更多
Protoplast-based transient gene expression system has been widely used in plant genome editing because of its simple operation and less time-consuming.In order to establish a universal protoplast-based transient trans...Protoplast-based transient gene expression system has been widely used in plant genome editing because of its simple operation and less time-consuming.In order to establish a universal protoplast-based transient transfection system for verifying activities of genome editing vectors containing targets in Brassica,we systematically optimized factors affecting protoplast isolation and transient gene expression.We established an efficient protoplast-based transient gene expression system(PTGE)in Chinese cabbage,achieving high protoplast yield of 4.9×10^(5)·g^(-1)FW,viability over 95%,and transfection efficiency of 76%.We showed for the first time that pretreatment of protoplasts with a hypotonic MMG could significantly enhance the transfection efficiency.Furthermore,protoplasts incubated at 37℃ for 6 min improved the transfection efficiency to 86%.We also demonstrated that PTGE worked well(more than 50%transfection efficiency)in multiple Brassica species including cabbage,Pak Choi,Chinese kale,and turnip.Finally,PTGE was used for validating the activities of CRISPR/Cas9 vectors containing targets in Chinese cabbage,cabbage,and pak choi,demonstrating the broad applicability of the established PTGE for genome editing in Brassica crops.展开更多
Chinese cabbage(Brassica rapa ssp.pekinensis)is an economically important vegetable crop throughout the world,especially in Asia.High-quality genome sequences are available for Chinese cabbage,but gene functional stud...Chinese cabbage(Brassica rapa ssp.pekinensis)is an economically important vegetable crop throughout the world,especially in Asia.High-quality genome sequences are available for Chinese cabbage,but gene functional studies remain challenging.To promote functional genomic studies of Chinese cabbage,we generated an ethyl methane sulfonate(EMS)mutant population of~8000 M_(2) plants using the double haploid inbred line A03 as the parent.The genome of A03 was sequenced and used as a reference for high-throughput functional characterization of gene mutations at the whole-genome level.A total of 300 M_(2) to M_(5) EMS mutants were phenotypically screened and then sequenced,revealing 750629 SNPs and 46272 InDel mutations that cover 98.27%of all predicted genes in the A03 genome.A forward-genetics approach was successfully used to identify two genes with chloroplast-related functions that are responsible for the yellow leaf mutant trait.A reverse-genetics approach was also used to identify associations between mutations in five genes of the glucosinolate biosynthetic pathway and variations in glucosinolate content of the mutant plants.In addition,we built the Chinese cabbage EMS mutation database(CCEMD,www.bioinformaticslab.cn/EMSmutation/home)to increase the usability of this mutant population resource.In summary,we performed large-scale screening of a heading Chinese cabbage EMS mutant collection at the phenotypic and genotypic levels,which will facilitate gene mining of Chinese cabbage and might also be useful for the study of other Brassica crops.展开更多
Brassica species have been reported to possess cancer preventive activity due to glucosinolates(GLS) and their derived properties. Many studies on GLS have focused on Brassica oleracea and Brassica rapa. However, info...Brassica species have been reported to possess cancer preventive activity due to glucosinolates(GLS) and their derived properties. Many studies on GLS have focused on Brassica oleracea and Brassica rapa. However, information on GLS in progeny between Chinese cabbage(B. rapa ssp. pekinensis) and cabbage(B. oleracea var. capitata) remains limited. In this study, eight GLS were detected in the self-crossed progenies of monosomic cabbage alien addition lines in Chinese cabbage(Chinese cabbage–cabbage MAALs) and parental Chinese cabbage, and nine GLS were detected in the parental cabbage. The variation of GLS content ranges was greater in the progeny than in the parental Chinese cabbage. The nine GLS identified were subjected to PCA to evaluate the differences among progeny and parents. Eight progeny samples had a comprehensive principal component score closer to or greater than that of cabbage, and four of them exhibited glucoraphanin(GRA) and total GLS contents greater than that of Chinese cabbage with the relative content of total indolic GLS was greater than 50%. These results offered new opportunity to improve GLS-containing of Chinese cabbage using genes from cabbage.展开更多
Species delimitation is one of the most fundamental processes in biology.Biodiversity undertakings,for instance,require explicit species concepts and criteria for species delimitation in order to be relevant and trans...Species delimitation is one of the most fundamental processes in biology.Biodiversity undertakings,for instance,require explicit species concepts and criteria for species delimitation in order to be relevant and translatable.However,a perfect species concept does not exist for Fungi.Here,we review the species concepts commonly used in Basidiomycota,the second largest phylum of Fungi that contains some of the best known species of mushrooms,rusts,smuts,and jelly fungi.In general,best practice is to delimitate species,publish new taxa,and conduct taxonomic revisions based on as many independent lines of evidence as possible,that is,by applying a so-called unifying(or integrative)conceptual framework.However,the types of data used vary considerably from group to group.For this reason we discuss the different classes of Basidiomycota,and for each provide:(i)a general introduction with difficulties faced in species recognition,(ii)species concepts and methods for species delimitation,and(iii)community recommendations and conclusions.展开更多
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province-Innovation Group Research Project(Grant No.C2020204111)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31930098)+3 种基金the Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of Hebei Province(Grant No.C2021204049)the Hebei Province Outstanding Youth Fund(Grant No.BJ2021024)the Hebei Provincial Key Research Projects(21326344D)Hebei International Joint Research Base of Modern Agricultural Biotechnology.
文摘Chinese cabbage(Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) has a long cultivation history and is one of the vegetable crops with the largest cultivation area in China. However, salt stress severely damages photosynthesis and hormone metabolism, nutritional balances, and results in ion toxicity in plants. To better understand the mechanisms of salt-induced growth inhibition in Chinese cabbage, RNA-seq and physiological index determination were conducted to explore the impacts of salt stress on carbon cycle metabolism and photosynthesis in Chinese cabbage. Here, we found that the number of thylakoids and grana lamellae and the content of starch granules and chlorophyll in the leaves of Chinese cabbage under salt stress showed a time-dependent response, first increasing and then decreasing. Chinese cabbage increased the transcript levels of genes related to the photosynthetic apparatus and carbon metabolism under salt stress, probably in an attempt to alleviate damage to the photosynthetic system and enhance CO_(2) fixation and energy metabolism. The transcription of genes related to starch and sucrose synthesis and degradation were also enhanced;this might have been an attempt to maintain intracellular osmotic pressure by increasing soluble sugar concentrations. Soluble sugars could also be used as potential reactive oxygen species(ROS) scavengers, in concert with peroxidase(POD)enzymes, to eliminate ROS that accumulate during metabolic processes. Our study characterizes the synergistic response network of carbon metabolism and photosynthesis under salt stress.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32372733,32172594)Natural Science Foundation of Hebei(Grant No.C2020204111)+2 种基金S&T Program of Hebei(Grant No.21326344D)State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation(Grant No.NCCIR2023ZZ-1)the Starting Grant from Hebei Agricultural University(Grant No.YJ201920).
文摘Properly regulated flowering time is pivotal for successful plant reproduction.The floral transition from vegetative growth to reproductive growth is regulated by a complex gene regulatory network that integrates environmental signals and internal conditions to ensure that flowering takes place under favorable conditions.Brassica rapa is a diploid Cruciferae species that includes several varieties that are cultivated as vegetable or oil crops.Flowering time is one of the most important agricultural traits of B.rapa crops because of its influence on yield and quality.The transition to flowering in B.rapa is regulated by several environmental and developmental cues,which are perceived by several signaling pathways,including the vernalization pathway,the autonomous pathway,the circadian clock,the thermosensory pathway,and gibberellin(GA)signaling.These signals are integrated to control the expression of floral integrators BrFTs and BrSOC1s to regulate flowering.In this review,we summarized current research advances on the molecular mechanisms that govern flowering time regulation in B.rapa and compare this to what is known in Arabidopsis.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31930098 and 32172560)the Hebei Provincial Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(Grant No.C2020204063)the Innovative Research Group Project of Hebei Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.C2020204111).
文摘The genus Brassica contains a rich diversity of species and morphological types,including leaf,root,and oil crops,all of which show substantial phenotypic variation.Both Chinese cabbage and cabbage are typical leaf-type crops with normal roots.We created translocation lines based on interspecific crosses between Chinese cabbage and cabbage and identified qdh225,which exhibited a swollen-root phenotype.The swollen root of qdh225 contained a large number of granular substances,and the formation of its irregular morphological tissue was caused by a thickening of the phloem.Transcriptomic and metabolomic data suggested that differential expression of genes encoding nine types of enzymes involved in starch and sucrose metabolism caused changes in starch synthesis and degradation in the swollen root.These genes jointly regulated sucrose and starch levels,leading to significant enrichment of starch and soluble proteins in the swollen root and a reduction in the content of soluble sugars such as d-glucose and trehalose 6-phosphate.A significant increase in auxin(IAA)and abscisic acid(ABA)contents and a decrease in gibberellin(GA)content in the swollen root likely promoted the differential expression of genes associated with hormone signal transduction,thereby regulating the development of the swollen root.Taken together,our data suggest that accumulation of IAA and ABA and reduction in GA promote swollen root formation by regulating hormone-mediated signaling,leading to a thickening of phloem,root enlargement,and substantial accumulation of starch and soluble proteins.The latter provide materials,energy,and nutrient sources for the development of swollen roots.
基金This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(C2021204015)the 2021 Project for the Introduction of Oversea Students in Hebei Province(C20210510)+4 种基金science and technology research projects of colleges and universities in Hebei Province(ZD2022111)the Introduction of Talents Start-up fund of the State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation(NCCIR2020RC-13)the Introduction of Talents Start-up fund of Hebei Agricultural University(YJ2020067)the Hebei Fruit Vegetables Seed Industry Science and Technology Innovation Team Project(21326309D)the Vegetable Innovation Team Project of Hebei Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System(HBCT2018030203).
文摘Fleshy fruit shape is an important external quality trait influencing the usage of fruits and consumer preference.Thus,modification of fruit shape has become one of the major objectives for crop improvement.However,the underlying mechanisms of fruit shape regulation are poorly understood.In this review we summarize recent progress in the genetic basis of fleshy fruit shape regulation using tomato,cucumber,and peach as examples.Comparative analyses suggest that the OFP-TRM(OVATE Family Protein-TONNEAU1 Recruiting Motif)and IQD(IQ67 domain)pathways are probably conserved in regulating fruit shape by primarily modulating cell division patterns across fleshy fruit species.Interestingly,cucumber homologs of FRUITFULL(FUL1),CRABS CLAW(CRC)and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase 2(ACS2)were found to regulate fruit elongation.We also outline the recent progress in fruit shape regulation mediated by OFP-TRM and IQD pathways in Arabidopsis and rice,and propose that the OFP-TRM pathway and IQD pathway coordinate regulate fruit shape through integration of phytohormones,including brassinosteroids,gibberellic acids,and auxin,and microtubule organization.In addition,functional redundancy and divergence of the members of each of the OFP,TRM,and IQD families are also shown.This review provides a general overview of current knowledge in fruit shape regulation and discusses the possible mechanisms that need to be addressed in future studies.
基金supported by the fundings from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31930098,32172594)Hebei Provincial Department of Human Resources and Social Security (C20210363)+1 种基金Hebei Provincial Department of Science and Technology (216Z2904G)the Natural Science Foundation of Heibei (C2020204111).
文摘With the complementation of whole-genome sequencing of Chinese cabbage,it is necessary to develop genome-wide Simple Sequence Repeat(SSR)markers and analyse their characteristics,which will bring a revolution in the molecular marker-assisted breeding of Chinese cabbage.In this study distribution and characteristics of SSR loci in the genome of Chinese cabbage'Chiifu'was analyzed.Finally,a total of 173,892 SSR markers that occurred in 10 chromosomes were identified,and Perfect Repeat Motifs(P type)which is a main form of SSR loci with a mean distance of 1.89 kb/SSR was identified.Among them,mono-,di-,and tri-nucleotide repeat motifs were equally distributed across chromosomes compared with tetra-,penta-,and hexa-nucleotide repeat motifs.The largest proportion of SSR loci consisted of mono-and dinucleotide repeat motifs,which accounted for 93.04%of the total SSR loci.A/T and AT/TA were the most abundant motifs,accounting for 97.61%and 64.05%of the mono-and dinucleotide repeats,respectively.Furthermore,200 SSR markers were used for the amplification of 12 Chinese cabbage germplasm,in which 30 were highly polymorphic.These SSR markers were further used for the association analyses of flowering time of 190 Chinese cabbage accessions.The results revealed that 9 and 10 alleles were associated with bolting and flowering time,respectivley.The results show that development of SSR markers is feasible and useful in marker assisted selection of Chinese cabbage.
基金financed by the Hebei Natural Science Foundation(C2015301055)Hebei Science and Technology Plan Project(16226308D)+1 种基金National Bulk Vegetable Industry Technology System Project(CARS-23-G-05)Hebei Vegetable Industry Technology System(HBCT2018030203).
文摘The naturally occurring mutant eggplant line 05ms was identified with reverse thermosensitive genic male sterility(rTGMS),but its temperature-responsive fertility mechanisms remain largely unknown.Here,we studied the flower morphology,anther cellular structure,and genome-wide gene expression of this rTGMS line.Candidate genes for thermosensitive male sterility during the microspore development of 05ms and the temperature-insensitive line S63 under low-temperature(LT)and high-temperature(HT)conditions were identified.Under LT,tapetum cells were vacuolated and had delayed disintegration in 05ms.RNA-seq analysis indicated that DEGs were enriched in the KEGG pathways‘plant hormone signal transduction’,‘starch and sucrose metabolism’,and‘phenylpropanoid biosynthesis’.We identified two genes,4CLL1(Sme2.5_00368.1_g00010.1)and CKI1(Sme2.5_10056.1_g00002.1),which could potentially regulate eggplant anther development and may be candidate genes for rTGMS.Finally,we propose a working model of anther abortion for rTGMS in eggplant.CKI1 responds to LT stress and causes expression changes in genes related to anther development,such as 4CLL1,and the cellular structure of the tapetum becomes abnormal,causing male sterility.The findings of this study explain the underlying molecular mechanisms of male sterility in eggplant rTGMS lines.
基金supported by the China Scholarship Council(CSC,No.201608130113)the work of Ningwen Zhang was financially supported by the Program Strategic Alliances of the Dutch Royal Academy of Sciences(KNAW,PSA program 08-PSA-BD-02).
文摘Brassica species are characterized by their tremendous intraspecific diversity,exemplified by leafy vegetables,oilseeds,and crops with enlarged inflorescences or above ground storage organs.In contrast to potato tubers that are edible storage organs storing energy as starch and are the vegetative propagation modules,the storage organs of turnips,grown from true seed,are swollen hypocotyls with varying degrees of root and stem that mainly store glucose and fructose.To highlight their anatomical origin,we use the term“hypocotyl-tuber”for these turnip vegetative storage organs.We combined cytological,physiological,genetic and transcriptomic approaches,aiming to identify the initial stages,molecular pathways and regulatory genes for hypocotyl-tuber induction in turnips(B.rapa subsp.rapa).We first studied the development of the hypocotyl zone of turnip and Pak choi and found that 16 days after sowing(DAS)morphological changes occurred in the xylem which indicated the early tuberization stage.Tissue culture experiments showed a clear effect of auxin on hypocotyl-tuber growth.Differentially expressed genes between 1 and 6 weeks after sowing in turnip hypocotyls,located in genomic regions involved in tuber initiation and/or tuber growth defined by QTL and selective sweeps for tuber formation,were identified as candidate genes that were studied in more detail for their role in hypocotyl-tuber formation.This included a Bra-FLOR1 paralogue with increased expression 16 DAS,when the hypocotyl starts swelling,suggesting dual roles for duplicated flowering time genes in flowering and hypocotyltuber induction.Bra-CYP735A2 was identified for its possible role in tuber growth via trans-zeatin.Weigthed Coexpression Network Analysis(WGCNA)identified 59 modules of co-expressed genes.Bra-FLOR1 and Bra-CYP735A2 were grouped in a module that included several genes involved in carbohydrate transport and metabolism,cell-wall growth,auxin regulation and secondary metabolism that serve as starting points to illuminate the transcriptional regulation of hypocotyl-tuber formation and development.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32002054,31930098,and 31801857)he National Key R&D of China(Grant No.2016YFD0100204-17)+2 种基金the Science and Technology Support Program of Hebei(Grant No.360108)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei(Grant No.C2020204122)the International Cooperation Project in the Science and Technology Support Program of Hebei(Grant Nos.2019YX023A and 17396315D)。
文摘The agricultural and consumer quality of Chinese cabbage is determined by its shape.The shape is defined by the folding of the heading leaves,which defines the head top shape(HTS).The overlapping HTS,in which the heading leaves curve inward and overlap at the top,is the shape preferred by consumers.To understand the genetic regulation of HTS,we generated a large segregating F 2 population from a cross between pak choi and Chinese cabbage,with phenotypes ranging from nonheading to heading with either outward curving or inward curving overlapping heading leaves.HTS was correlated with plant height,outer/rosette leaf length,and petiole length.A high-density genetic map was constructed.Quantitative trait locus(QTL)analysis resulted in the identification of 22 QTLs for leafy head-related traits,which included five HTS QTLs.Bulked segregant analysis(BSA)was used to confirm HTS QTLs and identify candidate genes based on informative single-nucleotide polymorphisms.Interestingly,the HTS QTLs colocalized with QTLs for plant height,outer/rosette leaf,and petiole length,consistent with the observed phenotypic correlations.Combined QTL analysis and BSA laid a foundation for molecular marker-assisted breeding of Chinese cabbage HTS and directions for further research on the genetic regulation of this trait.
基金supported by the National Key R&D of China[Grant No.2017YFD0101802,2016YFD0100204-17]the National Natural Science Foundation of China[Grant No.31672151 and 31772324]+6 种基金the Hundred-Talents Program of Hebei Universities[Grant No.SLRC2017040]the Basic Research Program of Hebei[Grant No.18966925D]the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei[C2016204170]the Science and Technology Support Program of Hebei[16226304D-2]the Science and Technology Research Project of Hebei Colleges and Universities[Grant No.QN2017084 and ZD2017236]the International Cooperation Project in the Science and Technology Support Program of Hebei[Grant No.17396315D]the Graduate Student Innovation Fund Project in Hebei Province[CXZZBS2017067].
文摘Pectobacterium carotovorum ssp.carotovorum(Pcc)is a necrotrophic bacterial species that causes soft rot disease in Chinese cabbage.In this study,plants harboring the resistant mutant sr gene,which confers resistance against Pcc,were screened from an 800 M2 population mutated by ethyl methane sulfonate(EMS)and scored in vitro and in vivo for lesion size.The transcript profiles showed~512 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)between sr and WT plants occurring between 6 and 12 h postinoculation(hpi),which corresponded to the important defense regulation period(resistance)to Pcc in Chinese cabbage.The downstream defense genes(CPK,CML,RBOH MPK3,and MPK4)of pathogen pattern-triggered immunity(PTI)were strongly activated during infection at 12 hpi in resistant mutant sr;PTI appears to be central to plant defense against Pcc via recognition by three putative pattern recognition receptors(PRRs;BrLYM1-BrCERK1,BrBKK1/SERK4-PEPR1,BrWAKs).Pcc triggered the upregulation of the jasmonic acid(JA)and ethylene(ET)biosynthesis genes in mutant sr,but auxins and other hormones may have affected some negative signals.Endogenous hormones(auxins,JAs,and SA),as well as exogenous auxins(MEJA and BTH),were also verified as functioning in the immune system.Concurrently,the expression of glucosinolate and lignin biosynthesis genes was increased at 12 hpi in resistant mutant sr,and the accumulation of glucosinolate and lignin also indicated that these genes have a functional defensive role against Pcc.Our study provides valuable information and elucidates the resistance mechanism of Chinese cabbage against Pcc infection.
基金support for this research was provided by the Dutch Royal Academy of Sciences China Exchange Program(Grant number 530-4CDP08)the China International Postdoctoral Exchange Fellowship Program,and the International Cooperation Project in the Science and Technology Support Program of Hebei(Grant numbers 17396315D and 2019YX023A).
文摘Chinese cabbage plants go through seedling and rosette stages before forming their leafy head.Chinese cabbage plants resemble pak-choi plants at their seedling stage,but in their rosette stage the leaves of Chinese cabbage differentiate,as they increase in size with shorter petioles.In order to understand the molecular pathways that play a role in leafy head formation,transcript abundance of young emerging leaves was profiled during development of two Chinese cabbage genotypes and a single pak-choi genotype.The two Chinese cabbages differed in many aspects,among others earliness,leaf size and shape,leaf numbers,and leafy head shape.Genome-wide transcriptome analysis clearly separated the seedling stages of all three genotypes together with the later stages from pak-choi,from the later developmental stages of both Chinese cabbages(rosette,folding,and heading).Weighted correlation network analysis and hierarchical clustering using Euclidean distances resulted in gene clusters with transcript abundance patterns distinguishing the two Chinese cabbages from pak-choi.Three clusters included genes with transcript abundance affected by both genotype and developmental stage,whereas two clusters showed only genotype effects.This included a genotype by developmental stage cluster highly enriched with the MapMan category photosynthesis,with high expression during rosette and folding in Chinese cabbages and low expression in the heading inner leaves that are not exposed to light.The other clusters contained many genes in the MapMan categories Cell,showing again differences between pak-choi and both Chinese cabbages.We discuss how this relates to the differences in leaf blade growth between Chinese cabbage and pak-choi,especially at the rosette stage.Overall,comparison of the transcriptome between leaves of two very different Chinese cabbages with pak-choi during plant development allowed the identification of specific gene categories associated with leafy head formation.
基金Introduction of Talents for Scientific Research of State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation (Grant No.NCCIR2020RC-11)Hebei Fruit Vegetables Seed Industry Science and Technology Innovation Team Project (Grant No.21326309D)+2 种基金Vegetable Innovation Team Project of Hebei Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System (Grant No.HBCT2018030203)Introduction of Talents for Scientific Research of Hebei Agriculture University (Grant No.YJ2020048)Basic Scientific Research Funds of Provincial Universities of Hebei Province (Grant No.KY2021056) for the provision of funds。
文摘Low temperature is the most common abiotic stress factors during the eggplant cultivation in solar greenhouses.Melatonin plays important roles in plant resistance to low temperature.However,the role of melatonin in regulating chilling tolerance and extending the preharvest shelf life of eggplant fruits is still unknown.In this study,we investigated the effects of exogenous melatonin on eggplant plants and fruits in response to low temperature.Under simulated low-temperature conditions,exogenous melatonin significantly relieved the chilling symptoms of seedlings by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and relative leakage rates.These reductions were caused by higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and increased endogenous polyamine and melatonin levels compared with those in untreated seedlings.Notably,the expression levels of SOD,CAT1/2,and polyamine synthesis genes (ADC and ODC) were also increased by 100μmol·L~(-1)melatonin,as well as those of genes involved in melatonin synthesis (TDC,T5H,SNAT,ASMT,and COMT) and cold regulation (COR1,CBFa/b,and ZAT2/6/12).To further investigate the effects of melatonin on eggplant leaves and fruits under natural low temperature conditions,100μmol·L~(-1)melatonin was sprayed on the functional leaves at three days before commodity maturation.Melatonin significantly alleviated chilling injury in the leaves and pericarp and extended the preharvest shelf life of the fruit by increasing the expression of COR1,CBF,ZAT2/6/12,and API5 and decreasing the expression of senescence-related genes (NCED1/2 and SAG12).Therefore,100μmol·L~(-1)melatonin improved chilling tolerance and fruit shelf life by upregulating ZAT2/6/12 to affect ROS-and senescence-related processes,which provides a reference for alleviating cold stress and extending the preharvest fruit shelf life in eggplant.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31672151 and 31902005)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2019M651059)+4 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei,China(C2020204111)the International Cooperation Project in the Science and Technology Support Program of Hebei,China(2019YX023A)the International Cooperation Base Project in the Technology of Hebei,China(20592901D)100 Foreign Experts Plan of Hebei Province and the Starting Grant from Hebei Agricultural University,China(YJ201955)the Science and Technology Research Project of Universities in Hebei Province,China(QN2021074)。
文摘Soft rot caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum(Pc)is a devastating disease of Brassica rapa,causing substantial reductions in crop yield and quality.Identifying genes related to soft rot resistance is the key to solving this problem.To characterize soft rot resistance,we screened a soft rot-susceptible Chinese cabbage(A03),a resistant pakchoi(‘Huaguan’),and a resistant mutant(sr).An F_(2) population was generated by crossing susceptible Chinese cabbage A03and resistant pakchoi‘Huaguan’to identify quantitative trait loci(QTLs)that confer soft rot resistance.A high-density genetic map was constructed and the three QTLs identified contain 166 genes.Based on available transcriptome data,we analyzed the expression of the 166 genes during an important defense regulatory period in Pc infection in both A03and the resistant mutant sr.Among the 166 genes,six candidate genes were related to the soft rot defense response in B.rapa.TIFY10B(JAZ2,BraA07g038660.3C)was located in the major soft rot resistance QTL,DRQTL-3 on A07,and we speculate that this gene may play an important role in the defense mechanism against soft rot in B.rapa.This study lays the foundation for further investigations on the mechanism of soft rot resistance in B.rapa crops.
基金the National Key Research and Development Project(2016YFD0100204-17)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei(C2020204111)and the Starting Grant from Hebei Agricultural University,China(YJ201920)。
文摘Leaf size influences plant development and biomass and is also an important agricultural trait in Brassica crops,in which leaves are the main organ produced for consumption.Leaf size is determined by the coordinated regulation of cell proliferation and cell expansion during leaf development,and these processes are strictly controlled by various integrated signals from the intrinsic regulatory network and the growth environment.Understanding the molecular mechanism of leaf size control is a prerequisite for molecular breeding for crop improvement purposes.Although research on leaf size control is just beginning in Brassica,recent studies have identified several genes and QTLs that are important in leaf size regulation.These genes have been proposed to influence leaf growth through different pathways and mechanisms,including phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling,transcription regulation,small RNAs,and others.In this review,we summarize the current findings regarding the genetic regulators of leaf size in Brassica and discuss future prospects for this research.
基金supported by the State Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31930098,31772324)Hebei Provincial Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young(Grant No.C2020204063)+6 种基金Natural Science Foundation and basic research project in Hebei Province(Grant No.18966925D)the Innovative Research Group Project of Hebei Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.C2020204111)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of CAAS(Grant No.CAASXTCX2019025)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31672151)the Science and Technology Support Program of Hebei(Grant No.16226304D-2)Science and Technology Research Project of Universities in Hebei Province(BJ2019020)the International Science and Technology Cooperation base Special Project of Hebei(Grant No.20592901D)。
文摘Flowering time is an important agronomic trait of Chinese cabbage with late flowering being a primary breeding objective.In our previous work,we obtained Chinese cabbage-cabbage translocation lines that contained several beneficial cabbage genes.Cabbage-specific molecular markers show that these genes were coming from chromosome C01 of cabbage.In this study,we investigated the inheritance of flowering time in a couple of translocation lines and analyzed the transmission rate of molecular markers in the offspring.Consequently,we obtained the late flowering Chinese cabbage-cabbage translocation line‘AT7–4’in which the flowering time was later than that of‘85–1’by about 7 days under 4-week vernalization.Based on previous studies of the genomes of Chinese cabbage and cabbage,we located the cabbage-specific molecular markers that were closely linked at the top of the chromosome A01 in the F2mapping population generated by self-crossing F1s derived from a cross between the translocation line‘AT7–4’and Chinese cabbage‘14–36’.Five flowering-related genes in the alien fragment were found by functional annotation and their molecular markers were developed.This study lays the foundation for the future improvement of Chinese cabbage varieties using A-C translocation lines.
基金supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Hebei(21372901D,216Z2904G,21326344D)Hebei Provincial Natural Science Foundation for Excellent Young Scholar(C2020204062)+3 种基金Hebei Innovative Research_Group,Project(C202020411)Program for Young Talents of Hebei Education Department(BJ2021025)International Science and Technology Cooperation base Special Project of Hebei(20592901D)Starting Grant from Hebei Agricultural University(YJ201958).
文摘Brassica species are a global source of nutrients and edible vegetable oil for humans.However,all commercially important Brassica crops underwent a whole-genome triplication event,hindering the development of functional genomics and breeding programs.Fortunately,clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat(CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated(Cas)technologies,by allowing multiplex and precise genome engineering,have become valuable genome-editing tools and opened up new avenues for biotechnology.Here,we review current progress in the use of CRISPR/Cas technologies with an emphasis on the latest breakthroughs in precise genome editing.We also summarize the application of CRISPR/Cas technologies to Brassica crops for trait improvements.Finally,we discuss the challenges and future directions of these technologies for comprehensive application in Brassica crops.Ongoing advancement in CRISPR/Cas technologies,in combination with other achievements,will play a significant role in the genetic improvement and molecular breeding of Brassica crops.
基金the Thailand Research Fund(Grant No.TRG6180001)the Mae Fah Luang University Fund(Grant No.631C15001)+42 种基金Plant Genetic Conserva-tion Project under the Royal Initiation of Her Royal Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn-Mae Fah Luang Universitythe Mushroom Research Foundation.Kevin D.Hyde thanks the 2019 high-end foreign expert introduction plan to Kunming Institute of Botany(Granted by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China,Grant No.G20190139006)the future of specialist fungi in a changing climate:baseline data for generalist and specialist fungi associated with ants,Rhododendron species and Dra-caena species(Grant No.DBG6080013)Impact of climate change on fungal diversity and biogeography in the Greater Mekong Subregion(Grant No.RDG6130001)Dhanushka Wanasinghe thanks CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)for funding his postdoctoral research(Grant No.2021FYB0005)the Postdoctoral Fund from Human Resources and Social Security Bureau of Yunnan Province.the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31870011,31750001,31770028 and 31970017).CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)for young staff(Grant No.Y9215811Q1)Provincial Science and Tech-nology Department(grant no.202003AD150004)Yunnan Provincial Key Programs of Yunnan Eco-friendly Food International Cooperation Research Center(Grant No.2019ZG00908)Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences“Response of Asian mountain ecosystems to global change”,CAS,Grant No.QYZDY-SSWSMC014”the Agreement ENDESA and San Ignacio de Huinay Foundations and Consejo Superior de Investiga-ciones Científicas,CSIC(Projects No.2011HUIN10,2013CL0012)and DGICYT projects CGL2005-01192/BOS,CGL2009-07231,CGL2015-67459-P,CSIC project PIE202030E059the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education(grant No.N N305299640)the support from UIDB/04046/2020 and UIDP/04046/2020 Centre grants from FCT,Portugal(to BioISI).the University of Southern Queensland and the Grains Research and Development Corporation projects DAQ00186 and DAQ00194the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS)for the award of post-doctoral fellowship and the research grants(No.185701000001 and No.18-06620)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31500013,30770013)Talent Introduction Scientific Research Special Project of Hebei Agricultural University(YJ201849)the Ear-marked Fund for Hebei Edible Fungi Innovation Team of Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System(Project ID:HBCT2018050205).SERB,Department of Science and Technology,Government of India,for funding a project(SERB/SB/SO/PS/18/2014 dt.19.5.2015)the Department of Biotechnology,Pondicherry Univer-sity for facilitiesSERB,Department of Science and Technology,Government of India for providing financial support under the project YSS/2015/001590the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)Program[Grant No.2019QZKK0503]the open research project of“Cross Cooperative Team”of the Germplasm Bank of Wild Species,Kunming Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences[Grant No.292019312511043]Science and Technology Ser-vice Network Initiative,Chinese Academy of Sciences[KFJ-STS-QYZD-171]S.N.Wijesinghe would like to acknowledge Mae Fah Luang University,National Science Foundation of China(NSFC)pro-ject code 31851110759National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31972222,31560489)Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities of China(111 Program,D20023)Talent Project of Guizhou Science and Technology Cooperation Platform([2017]5788-5,[2019]5641 and[2020]5001)Guizhou Science,Tech-nology Department International Cooperation Basic project([2018]5806)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project ID:31970021 and 32060005)Fungal Diversity Conservation and Utilization Innovation Team of Dali University(ZKLX2019213)for financial support.the National Natural Sci-ence Foundation of China(NSFC 32060013)Youth Science and Technology Talent Development Project from Guizhou Provincial Department of Education(QJHKYZ[2021]263)Dan-Feng Bao would like to thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project ID:31660008 and 31860006)Fungal diversity conservation and uti-lization innovation team(ZKLX2019213)the Thailand Research Fund grant“impact of climate change on fungal diversity and bioge-ography in the Greater Mekong Sub-region(RDG6130001)”for finan-cial and laboratory support.Higher Educa-tion Commission,Pakistan for financial support through NRPU research project no.20-3383/NRPU/R&D/HEC/14/184.the Széchenyi 2020 Programme(Grant No.GINOP 2.2.1-15-2017-00042)the FWF and the Land Tirol for funding the MICINSNOW project(P31038)the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China(Project No.2019HJ2096001006)the Science and Technology Support Project of Guizhou Province(Project No.20192451-2)for research support.Yusufjon Gafforov acknowledges Ministry of Innovative Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan(Project no.P3-2014-0830174425 and PЗ-20170921183)CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)for a Visiting Scientist grant(no.:2018VBB0021).
文摘This article is the 13th contribution in the Fungal Diversity Notes series,wherein 125 taxa from four phyla,ten classes,31 orders,69 families,92 genera and three genera incertae sedis are treated,demonstrating worldwide and geographic distri-bution.Fungal taxa described and illustrated in the present study include three new genera,69 new species,one new com-bination,one reference specimen and 51 new records on new hosts and new geographical distributions.Three new genera,Cylindrotorula(Torulaceae),Scolecoleotia(Leotiales genus incertae sedis)and Xenovaginatispora(Lindomycetaceae)are introduced based on distinct phylogenetic lineages and unique morphologies.Newly described species are Aspergillus lan-naensis,Cercophora dulciaquae,Cladophialophora aquatica,Coprinellus punjabensis,Cortinarius alutarius,C.mammil-latus,C.quercoflocculosus,Coryneum fagi,Cruentomycena uttarakhandina,Cryptocoryneum rosae,Cyathus uniperidiolus,Cylindrotorula indica,Diaporthe chamaeropicola,Didymella azollae,Diplodia alanphillipsii,Dothiora coronicola,Efibula rodriguezarmasiae,Erysiphe salicicola,Fusarium queenslandicum,Geastrum gorgonicum,G.hansagiense,Helicosporium sexualis,Helminthosporium chiangraiensis,Hongkongmyces kokensis,Hydrophilomyces hydraenae,Hygrocybe boertmannii,Hyphoderma australosetigerum,Hyphodontia yunnanensis,Khaleijomyces umikazeana,Laboulbenia divisa,Laboulbenia triarthronis,Laccaria populina,Lactarius pallidozonarius,Lepidosphaeria strobelii,Longipedicellata megafusiformis,Lophiotrema lincangensis,Marasmius benghalensis,M.jinfoshanensis,M.subtropicus,Mariannaea camelliae,Mel-anographium smilaxii,Microbotryum polycnemoides,Mimeomyces digitatus,Minutisphaera thailandensis,Mortierella solitaria,Mucor harpali,Nigrograna jinghongensis,Odontia huanrenensis,O.parvispina,Paraconiothyrium ajrekarii,Par-afuscosporella niloticus,Phaeocytostroma yomensis,Phaeoisaria synnematicus,Phanerochaete hainanensis,Pleopunctum thailandicum,Pleurotheciella dimorphospora,Pseudochaetosphaeronema chiangraiense,Pseudodactylaria albicolonia,Rhexoacrodictys nigrospora,Russula paravioleipes,Scolecoleotia eriocamporesi,Seriascoma honghense,Synandromyces makranczyi,Thyridaria aureobrunnea,Torula lancangjiangensis,Tubeufia longihelicospora,Wicklowia fusiformispora,Xenovaginatispora phichaiensis and Xylaria apiospora.One new combination,Pseudobactrodesmium stilboideus is pro-posed.A reference specimen of Comoclathris permunda is designated.New host or distribution records are provided for Acrocalymma fici,Aliquandostipite khaoyaiensis,Camarosporidiella laburni,Canalisporium caribense,Chaetoscutula juniperi,Chlorophyllum demangei,C.globosum,C.hortense,Cladophialophora abundans,Dendryphion hydei,Diaporthe foeniculina,D.pseudophoenicicola,D.pyracanthae,Dictyosporium pandanicola,Dyfrolomyces distoseptatus,Ernakula-mia tanakae,Eutypa flavovirens,E.lata,Favolus septatus,Fusarium atrovinosum,F.clavum,Helicosporium luteosporum,Hermatomyces nabanheensis,Hermatomyces sphaericoides,Longipedicellata aquatica,Lophiostoma caudata,L.clematidis-vitalbae,Lophiotrema hydei,L.neoarundinaria,Marasmiellus palmivorus,Megacapitula villosa,Micropsalliota globocys-tis,M.gracilis,Montagnula thailandica,Neohelicosporium irregulare,N.parisporum,Paradictyoarthrinium diffractum,Phaeoisaria aquatica,Poaceascoma taiwanense,Saproamanita manicata,Spegazzinia camelliae,Submersispora variabi-lis,Thyronectria caudata,T.mackenziei,Tubeufia chiangmaiensis,T.roseohelicospora,Vaginatispora nypae,Wicklowia submersa,Xanthagaricus necopinatus and Xylaria haemorrhoidalis.The data presented herein are based on morphological examination of fresh specimens,coupled with analysis of phylogenetic sequence data to better integrate taxa into appropriate taxonomic ranks and infer their evolutionary relationships.
基金financially supported by the Key project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.32330096)Innovative Research Group Project of Hebei Natural Science Foundation (Grant No.C2024204246)+3 种基金S&T Program of Hebei (Grant Nos.21372901D23567601H)Natural Science Foundation of Hebei (Grant No.C2023204119)the Starting Grant from Hebei Agricultural University (Grant No.YJ201958)。
文摘Protoplast-based transient gene expression system has been widely used in plant genome editing because of its simple operation and less time-consuming.In order to establish a universal protoplast-based transient transfection system for verifying activities of genome editing vectors containing targets in Brassica,we systematically optimized factors affecting protoplast isolation and transient gene expression.We established an efficient protoplast-based transient gene expression system(PTGE)in Chinese cabbage,achieving high protoplast yield of 4.9×10^(5)·g^(-1)FW,viability over 95%,and transfection efficiency of 76%.We showed for the first time that pretreatment of protoplasts with a hypotonic MMG could significantly enhance the transfection efficiency.Furthermore,protoplasts incubated at 37℃ for 6 min improved the transfection efficiency to 86%.We also demonstrated that PTGE worked well(more than 50%transfection efficiency)in multiple Brassica species including cabbage,Pak Choi,Chinese kale,and turnip.Finally,PTGE was used for validating the activities of CRISPR/Cas9 vectors containing targets in Chinese cabbage,cabbage,and pak choi,demonstrating the broad applicability of the established PTGE for genome editing in Brassica crops.
基金supported by the Innovative Research Group Project of Hebei Natural Science Foundation(grant no.C2020204111)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.32002054,31902005,31930098,31972411,31722048,31872947)+7 种基金the International Science and Technology Cooperation base Special Project of Hebei(grant no.20592901D)Key R&D Project of Hebei(grant no.21326344D)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei(grant nos.C2020204122,C2021204163)the Introducing Foreign Intellectual Project of Hebei(grant no.2019YX023A)the Post doctoral Science Foundation of China(grant no.2020M680901)the Science and Technology Research Project of University in Hebei(grant no.BJ2019020)the Post-graduate's Innovation Fund Project of Hebei(grant no.CXZZBS2017069)the State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation(NCCIR20202KF-2).
文摘Chinese cabbage(Brassica rapa ssp.pekinensis)is an economically important vegetable crop throughout the world,especially in Asia.High-quality genome sequences are available for Chinese cabbage,but gene functional studies remain challenging.To promote functional genomic studies of Chinese cabbage,we generated an ethyl methane sulfonate(EMS)mutant population of~8000 M_(2) plants using the double haploid inbred line A03 as the parent.The genome of A03 was sequenced and used as a reference for high-throughput functional characterization of gene mutations at the whole-genome level.A total of 300 M_(2) to M_(5) EMS mutants were phenotypically screened and then sequenced,revealing 750629 SNPs and 46272 InDel mutations that cover 98.27%of all predicted genes in the A03 genome.A forward-genetics approach was successfully used to identify two genes with chloroplast-related functions that are responsible for the yellow leaf mutant trait.A reverse-genetics approach was also used to identify associations between mutations in five genes of the glucosinolate biosynthetic pathway and variations in glucosinolate content of the mutant plants.In addition,we built the Chinese cabbage EMS mutation database(CCEMD,www.bioinformaticslab.cn/EMSmutation/home)to increase the usability of this mutant population resource.In summary,we performed large-scale screening of a heading Chinese cabbage EMS mutant collection at the phenotypic and genotypic levels,which will facilitate gene mining of Chinese cabbage and might also be useful for the study of other Brassica crops.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.3110155231171964)+2 种基金the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education in China(Grant No.20101302120006)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(Grant No.C2013204118C2014204093)
文摘Brassica species have been reported to possess cancer preventive activity due to glucosinolates(GLS) and their derived properties. Many studies on GLS have focused on Brassica oleracea and Brassica rapa. However, information on GLS in progeny between Chinese cabbage(B. rapa ssp. pekinensis) and cabbage(B. oleracea var. capitata) remains limited. In this study, eight GLS were detected in the self-crossed progenies of monosomic cabbage alien addition lines in Chinese cabbage(Chinese cabbage–cabbage MAALs) and parental Chinese cabbage, and nine GLS were detected in the parental cabbage. The variation of GLS content ranges was greater in the progeny than in the parental Chinese cabbage. The nine GLS identified were subjected to PCA to evaluate the differences among progeny and parents. Eight progeny samples had a comprehensive principal component score closer to or greater than that of cabbage, and four of them exhibited glucoraphanin(GRA) and total GLS contents greater than that of Chinese cabbage with the relative content of total indolic GLS was greater than 50%. These results offered new opportunity to improve GLS-containing of Chinese cabbage using genes from cabbage.
基金This project was performed with financial support of the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2018YFD0400200)the Biodiversity Survey and Assessment Project of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment,China(Grant No.2019HJ2096001006)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31961143010,31970010)the Beijing Innovative Consortium of Agriculture Research System(no.BAIC05-2021)the CAS Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Microbial Technology of Agriculture(Grant No.KFJ-PTXM-016).D.Haelewaters and N.Schoutteten are supported by the Research Foundation-Flanders(Junior Postdoctoral Fellowship No.1206620N to D.H.,Fundamental Research Fellowship No.11E0420N to N.S.).M.Thines is supported by the LOEWE initiative of the government of Hessen,in the framework of the Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics(TBG).
文摘Species delimitation is one of the most fundamental processes in biology.Biodiversity undertakings,for instance,require explicit species concepts and criteria for species delimitation in order to be relevant and translatable.However,a perfect species concept does not exist for Fungi.Here,we review the species concepts commonly used in Basidiomycota,the second largest phylum of Fungi that contains some of the best known species of mushrooms,rusts,smuts,and jelly fungi.In general,best practice is to delimitate species,publish new taxa,and conduct taxonomic revisions based on as many independent lines of evidence as possible,that is,by applying a so-called unifying(or integrative)conceptual framework.However,the types of data used vary considerably from group to group.For this reason we discuss the different classes of Basidiomycota,and for each provide:(i)a general introduction with difficulties faced in species recognition,(ii)species concepts and methods for species delimitation,and(iii)community recommendations and conclusions.