COVID-19 Related Organ Damage

Coronavirus particles contain four main structural proteins. These are the spike (S), membrane (M), envelope (E), and nucleocapsid (N) proteins, all of which are encoded within the 3’ end of the viral genome. The S protein (~150 kDa) utilizes an N-terminal signal sequence to gain access to the ER, and is heavily N-linked glycosylated. In view of the increase in death due to COVID-19 (coronavirus disease), it is important to investigate the potential effects the coronavirus on different organs. A literature search was performed from Elsevier, Pubmed, Springer, and Hindawi, and literature is reviewed using customized search strategies. The search strategy included the following terms Cardiovascular effect, Neurological effect, and kidney. Myocardial damage is a common occurrence in patients with COVID-19 disease hospitalisation. This is characterized by a rise in troponin. Vascular endothelial damage in both small and mid-sized pulmonary vessels was noted together with Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and Pulmonary embolism (PE), resulting in pulmonary infarction. Liver damage in patients with coronavirus infections might be directly caused by the viral infection of liver cells. Neuronal pathway is an important vehicle for neurotropic viruses to enter the CNS (Central Nervous system). Recent research studies show that apoptosis is implicated in a variety of ocular disorders, including glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa, cataract development, retinoblastoma, retinal ischemia, diabetic retinopathy, and ocular murine glaucoma. The more the understanding about this new virus and its occurrence, the better the ability of people to cope with it. It’s far hoped that we will conquer COVID-19 soon with the invention of powerful vaccines, pills, and remedies.

Evaluation of the wound healing potential of isoquercetin-based cream on scald burn injury in rats

Background:The present study was designed to evaluate the potential of isoquercetin-based cream formulation on scald burn wound injury in rats.Methods:Four isoquercetin-based cream formulations viz.0.01,0.02,0.04,and 0.06%w/w were prepared.Cream base and standard anti-burn cream containing silver sulfadiazine were also used for comparison.Scald burn was given to rats by pouring water at 90℃on a shaved dorsal area of 20 mm2.Deep second-degree burn injury was produced which was evaluated for the next 21 days for the percentage of wound contraction and period of epithelialization.On day 21,the rats were sacrificed and histopathological slides were prepared using hematoxylin-eosin staining.Burned tissue was also screened for levels of oxidative stress using thiobarbituric acid reactive species(TBARS)and reduced glutathione(GSH)estimation.Results:There was a significant increase in the percentage of wound contraction and a significant decrease in the period of epithelialization in isoquercetin-based cream-treated groups as compared with the control group.However,most significant results were obtained with isoquercetin 0.06%w/w cream.Histological y,isoquercetin 0.06%w/w cream treatment resulted in almost complete re-epithelialization and re-structuring of the wound tissue.There was a significant rise in TBARS and a decrease in GSH levels in the burn injury group which was reversed to a major extent by the application of isoquercetin-based cream.Conclusions:The results indicate the wound healing potential of isoquercetin-based cream.Tissue biochemical studies indicate towards a possible role of free radical scavenging in the observed effects of isoquercetin in wound healing.