Minimum dose path planning for facility inspection based on the discrete Rao-combined ABC algorithm in radioactive environments with obstacles

Workers who conduct regular facility inspections in radioactive environments will inevitably be affected by radiation.Therefore,it is important to optimize the inspection path to ensure that workers are exposed to the least amount of radiation.This study proposes a discrete Rao-combined artificial bee colony(ABC)algorithm for planning inspection paths with minimum exposure doses in radioactive environments with obstacles.In this algorithm,retaining the framework of the traditional ABC algorithm,we applied the directional solution update rules of Rao algorithms at the employed bee stage and onlooker bee stage to increase the exploitation ability of the algorithm and implement discretion using the swap operator and swap sequence.To increase the randomness of solution generation,the chaos algorithm was used at the initialization stage.The K-opt operation technique was introduced at the scout bee stage to increase the exploration ability of the algorithm.For path planning in an environment with complex structural obstacles,an obstacle detour technique using a recursive algorithm was applied.To evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm,we performed experimental simulations in three hypothetical environments and compared the results with those of improved particle swarm optimization,chaos particle swarm optimization,improved ant colony optimization,and discrete Rao’s algorithms.The experimental results show the high performance of the proposed discrete Rao-combined ABC algorithm and its obstacle detour capability.

cDNA-Amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis reveals differential gene expression induced by exogenous MeJA and GA_3 in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) flowers

The transition of a plant from vegetative to reproductive stage is controlled by a large group of genes, which respond to environmental and endogenous stimuli. Application of methyl jasmonate （MeJA） and gibberellins （GA3） to oilseed plants （Brassica napus L.） interrupts the delicate endogenous balance and results in various floral organ abnormalities. Exogenous MeJA or GA3 influences the transcriptome at the initial fiowenng stage in Arabidopsis, but the corresponding changes of transcriptome in floral tissues of oilseed rape remain unknown. In this study, cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism （cDNA-AFLP） was analyzed to identify genes whose expression was modulated by application of MeJA and GA3 to flower buds. A total of 2 787 cDNA fragments were counted using 64 primer pair combinations, and bands larger than 50 bp were compared among four treatments, namely, water control, MeJA （50 μmol L-1）, MeJA （100 μmol L-1）, and GA3 （50 μmol L-1）. Overall, 168 transcript-derived fragments （TDFs） were differentially expressed among the treatments. The expression pattern of some TDFs was confirmed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis, and a group of 106 differentially displayed TDFs was cloned and sequenced. Homologs of Arabidopsis genes were identified and classified into 12 functional categories. A total of 34, 39, and 24 TDFs were responsive to GA3, MeJA, and both GA3 and MeJA, respectively. This finding indicated that cross-talk between these two hormones may be involved in regulating flower development. This study provides potential target genes for manipulation in terms of flowering time and floral organ initiation, important agronomic traits of oilseed rape.

Exploratory Data Analysis Applied in Mapping Multi-element Soil Geochemical Anomalies for Drill Target Definition:A Case Study from the Unpha Layered Non-magmatic Hydrothermal Pb-Zn Deposit,DPR Korea

A factor analysis was applied to soil geochemical data to define anomalies related to buried Pb-Zn mineralization.A favorable main factor with a strong association of the elements Zn,Cu and Pb,related to mineralization,was selected for interpretation.The median+2 MAD(median absolute deviation)method of exploratory data analysis(EDA)and C-A(concentration-area)fractal modeling were then applied to the Mahalanobis distance,as defined by Zn,Cu and Pb from the factor analysis to set the thresholds for defining multi-element anomalies.As a result,the median+2 MAD method more successfully identified the Pb-Zn mineralization than the C-A fractal model.The soil anomaly identified by the median+2 MAD method on the Mahalanobis distances defined by three principal elements(Zn,Cu and Pb)rather than thirteen elements(Co,Zn,Cu,V,Mo,Ni,Cr,Mn,Pb,Ba,Sr,Zr and Ti)was the more favorable reflection of the ore body.The identified soil geochemical anomalies were compared with the in situ economic Pb-Zn ore bodies for validation.The results showed that the median+2 MAD approach is capable of mapping both strong and weak geochemical anomalies related to buried Pb-Zn mineralization,which is therefore useful at the reconnaissance drilling stage.

Effects of increasing the degree of building height asymmetry on ventilation and pollutant dispersion within street canyons

Rational urban design helps to build sustainable cities with high ventilation capacity and pollutant removal ca-pacity,but the effect of building height on ventilation and pollutant dispersion inside asymmetric canyons has not been fully studied.In this paper,we studied the effect of increasing the degree of building height asym-metry(DBHA)on canyon ventilation and pollutant diffusion in shallow and deep asymmetric street canyons by considering six different building height ratios(BHR=3/4,1/2,1/3,4/3,2/1 and 3/1).The results show that increasing the DBHA in asymmetric canyons can improve the ventilation and pollutant removal capacity.For step-up canyons,increasing the downwind building height is very useful to improve ventilation and pollutant re-moval.For shallow/deep step-up canyons with BHR=1/3,the air exchange rate(ACH)increased to 211.2%and 380.1%of the flat canyons,respectively.The spatially-average pollutant concentration in the pedestrian zones(leeward Kavg∗ang windward Kavg∗)decreases significantly with the increase of DBHA,especially for the deep step-up canyon with BHR=1/3,the leeward Kavg∗and windward Kavg∗decrease to 15.3%and 3%,respectively.Also,increasing the upwind building height can also improve the ventilation capacity in the step-down canyons.For the deep step-down canyon with BHR=3/1,the leeward Kavg∗and windward Kavg∗decreased to 40.6%and 24.1%of the deep flat canyon,respectively.Notably,the ventilation capacity is very low for step-down canyons with BHR=4/3,and for step-down canyons with BHR≥2/1,the ventilation capacity and pollutant removal capacity increase significantly with the increase of DBHA.Therefore,in urban planning,step-down canyons with BHR=4/3 should be avoided and designed to satisfy the condition of BHR≥2/1.These findings will be a valuable reference for urban designers to build sustainable cities with high ventilation capacity.

Microstructure and properties of ultrafine WC-10Co composites with chemically doped VC

Vanadium carbide is the most effective grain growth inhibitor for ultrafine WC-Co composites due to its high solubility and mobility in the cobalt phase at relatively low temperatures; however, there are still some debates over the best way to introduce it into the WC-Co formula- tion. In this paper, the differences between admixed and chemically doped grain growth inhibitors on the microstructural development and properties of an ultrafine WC-IOCo composite are discussed. The densification rate of chemically doped samples is slower in the early stage of sintering and the WC grain sizes of the sintered alloys are finer than those of admixed samples, leading to the increase of hardness and transverse rupture strength of the sintered alloys. The effectiveness of the chemically doped inhibitor is attributed to the formation of vana- dium rich layers on the surfaces of tungsten carbide powders during reduction and carbonization, which alters the surface and interface energies of WC grains, impedes the contact with each other of WC grains and contributes to the resistance to W diffusion across the layer during sintering, resulting in the inhibition of nanosized particle coalescence.

Numerical Simulation for Two-Phase Water Hammer Flows in Pipe by Quasi-Two-Dimensional Model

The features of a quasi-two-dimensional( quasi-2D) model for simulating two-phase water hammer flows with vaporous cavity in a pipe are investigated. The quasi-2D model with discrete vaporous cavity in the pipe is proposed in this paper. This model uses the quasi-2D model for pure liquid zone and one-dimensional( 1D) discrete vapor cavity model for vaporous cavity zone. The quasi-2D model solves two-dimensional equations for both axial and radial velocities and 1D equations for both pressure head and discharge by the method of characteristics. The 1D discrete vapor cavity model is used to simulate the vaporous cavity occurred when the pressure in the local pipe is lower than the vapor pressure of the liquid. The proposed model is used to simulate two-phase water flows caused by the rapid downstream valve closure in a reservoir-pipe-valve system.The results obtained by the proposed model are compared with those by the corresponding 1D model and the experimental ones provided by the literature,respectively. The comparison shows that the maximum pressure heads simulated by the proposed model are more accurate than those by the corresponding 1D model.

New Evidence for a Cretaceous Age for a Mesozoic Nonmarine Bivalve Assemblage from Paekto-dong, Sinuiju City, The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

The Sinuiju Formation in Paekto-dong,Sinuiju City in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea has yielded Mesozoic nonmarine bivalve fossils,which is the first occurrence of such in the DPRK.Based on these fossil specimens,a new Cretaceous bivalve assemblage,the Arguniella yanshanensis-Sphaerium anderssoni Assemblage is erected.This assemblage includes Arguniella yanshanensis,A.lingyuanensis and Sphaerium anderssoni and can be compared with the Jehol Biota.The age of the Sinuiju Formation is also clarified and on the basis of the bivalves and the presence of a Eosestheria–Ephemeropsis–Lycoptera(E–E–L)assemblage,the formation is not Upper Jurassic,but Lower Cretaceous in age.

Two new species, new distributional data and a key to Chinese species of Pseudoligosita(Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

Eight species of Pseudoligosita(Hymenoptera:Trichogrammatidae)from China are reviewed,including two new species:P.processa sp.nov.and P.qiluensis sp.nov.New distributional data for six species and a key to all the Chinese species of the genus are provided.

A Ne 633nm LASER WITH AN UNSTABLE CAVITY

The way to find the eigenfield of a negative unstable cavity filled with a radial variable and self-adjustable gain medium is suggested.The calculated results based on this method fit the experimental data of the Ne 633nm laser satisfactorily.

ERGODIC THEOREM FOR INFINITE ITERATED FUNCTION SYSTEMS

A set of contraction maps of a metric space is called an iterated function systems. Iterated function systems with condensation, can be considered infinite iterated function systems. Infinite iterated function systems on compact metric spaces were studied. Using the properties of Banach limit and uniform contractiveness, it was proved that the random iterating algorithms for infinite iterated function systems on compact metric spaces-satisfy ergodicity. So the random iterating algorithms for iterated function systems with condensation satisfy ergodicity, too.

Portfolio Selection Using Double GAs Searching for Cardinality and Integer Multiplied Optimal Weights

This paper studied cardinality constrained portfolio with integer weight.We suggested two optimization models and used two genetic algorithms to solve them.In this paper,after finding well matching stocks,according to investor’s target by using first genetic algorithm,we gave optimal integer weight of portfolio with well matching stocks by using second genetic algorithm.Through numerical comparisons with other feasible portfolios,we verified advantages of designed portfolio with two genetic algorithms.For a numerical comparison,we used a prepared data consisted of 18 stocks listed in S&P 500 and numerical example strongly supported the designed portfolio in this paper.Also,we made all comparisons visible through all feasible efficient frontiers.

Existence and Uniqueness for Backward Stochastic Differential Equation to Stopping Time

In this paper,we prove the existence and uniqueness for Backward Stochastic Differential Equations with stopping time as time horizon under the hypothesis that the generator is bounded.We first prove for the stopping time with finite values and for the general stopping time we prove the result taking limit.We suggest a new approach to generalize the results for the case of constant time horizon to the case of stopping time horizon.

Influence of Long-term Climate on Fatigue Life of Bridge Pier Concrete and a Reinforcement Method

This paper quantitatively evaluated the fatigue life of concrete around the air-water boundary layer of bridge piers located in inland rivers,considering the long-term climate.The paper suggests a method to predict the low-cycle fatigue life by demonstrating a thermal-fluid-structural analysis of bridge pier concrete according to long-term climate such as temperature,velocity and pressure of air and water in the process of freezing and thawing in winter.In addition,it proposes a reinforcing method to increase the life of damaged piers and proves the feasibility of the proposed method with numerical comparison experiment.

Cosmological constraints on the background dynamics of a two-field nonsingular bounce model

In this study,we consider a nonsingular two-field bounce scenario with non-minimal kinetic coupling between two scalar fields.We derive constraints on the model parameters from the finiteness of the physical quantities at the classical level and from the relation between the late-time accelerated expansion and particle production up to the bounce phase.We then determine the allowed parameter space for the model.

Analytical solution for one-dimensional nonlinear consolidation of saturated multi-layered soil under time-dependent loading

This paper presents analytical solutions for one-dimensional nonlinear consolidation of saturated multi-layered soil under time-dependent loading.Analytical solutions are derived for one-dimensional nonlinear consolidation of multi-layered soil subjected to constant loading and ramp loading.The proposed solutions are verified through the comparison with the existing solutions for double-layered soil and singlelayered soil,which shows the proposed solutions are more general ones for one-dimensional nonlinear consolidation of saturated soils subjected to time-dependent loading.Based on the proposed solutions,nonlinear consolidation behavior of saturated multi-layered soil under time-dependent loading is investigated.

Late Pleistocene spore-pollen record and climatic change at the Chongphadae Cave Site,Democratic People's Republic of Korea

We present a detailed pollen record and interpretations of late Pleistocene climatic change at the Chongphadae Cave Site, Democratic People's Republic of Korea. The mean annual paleotemperature and mean annual paleoprecipitation of the site were calculated using the temperature index and precipitation index based on ecological features and geographical distribution of each taxon. Temperature index and precipitation index range from 8.8℃ to 10.4℃ and from 805.0 mm to 963.1 mm, respectively. Four dates(radiocarbon, uranium series, fission track, and paleomagnetic excursion dating) of the deposit profile investigated yield a range of ~21.3 ka BP to ~117 ka BP, geochronologically corresponding to the late Pleistocene, and extend from the last interglacial highstand through the Last Glacial Maximum. Our results are thus consistent with the climatic shift from interglacial to glacial conditions, provide evidence that the environments of the region, which was reconstructed from the paleoclimatic index, changed from a mild and humid to a cool and dry climate during the late Pleistocene, and suggest trends similar to those of several parts of the Northern Hemisphere which lie in the same latitudinal zone as our study area.

Anomalous plasmon coupling and Fano resonance under structured light

Structured light carrying orbital angular momentum(OAM)opens up a new physical dimension for studying light–matter interactions.Despite this,the complex fields created by OAM beams still remain largely unexplored in terms of their effects on surface plasmons.This paper presents a revelation of anomalous plasmon excitations in single particles and plasmon couplings of neighboring nanorods under OAM beams,which are forbidden using non-OAM sources.The plasmon excitation of single nanoparticles is determined both by photon spin angular momentum(SAM)and OAM and influenced by the locations of the nanoparticles.Specifically,when SAM and OAM are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction,a pure plasmon excitation along light propagation direction is achieved.Two plasmon dipoles show end-to-end antibonding coupling and side-by-side bounding coupling,which are the opposite of the typical couplings.Furthermore,we observe Fano resonance with a nanorod dimer:one aligned along light propagation direction acting as the bright mode and the other aligned along the global polarization direction of light acting as the dark mode,which is the opposite of the usual plasmonic Fano resonance.By taking advantage of the unique property of the OAM source,this investigation presents a novel way to control and study surface plasmons,and the research of plasmon behavior with OAM would open new avenues for controlling electromagnetic waves and enriching the spectroscopies with more degrees of freedom.

Comprehensive evaluation of marine waste heat recovery technologies based on Hierarchy-Grey correlation analysis

In this study,comprehensive evaluation of the technologies on waste heat recovery technologies for maritime applications has been carried out.We have focused our research on exhaust gas turbine system(EGT),thermodynamic organic rankine cycle(RC),Kalina cycle(KC)and thermoelectric generators(TG),which are the most appropriate and most up-to-date techniques for recovering power from marine engines.Each technology has its own advantages and disadvantages,so the comprehensive evaluation of these technologies is essential to accurately determine which technology will be applied to which target.This belongs to the multi-criteria decision(MCDM)process.The combined assessment methodology,consisting of gray correlation and analysis hierarchy processes,has been applied to evaluate four waste heat recovery techniques in terms of technical,economic,social and environmental aspects.According to the comparison results,the exhaust gas turbine system has been evaluated as the most promising technology among the various WHR technologies that can be applied to marine engines.Sensitivity analysis suggests that if investment cost of TG falls to about the same level as the one of EGT,TG could be the best method among these technologies.Reduction of investment cost of TG technology could be realized by development of low cost thermoelectric material.We have analyzed the correlation between each cost through DOE analysis and investigate the effect of individual costs on the total cost.This work helps in identifying the most suitable heat recovery technologies for marine engine.

Some Conditions for Matrices over an Incline To Be Invertible and General Linear Group on an Incline

Inclines are the additively idempotent semirings in which products are less than or equal to either factor. In this paper, some necessary and sufficient conditions for a matrix over L to be invertible are given, where L is an incline with 0 and 1. Also it is proved that L is an integral incline if and only if GLn（L） = PLn （L） for any n （n 〉 2）, in which GLn（L） is the group of all n × n invertible matrices over L and PLn（L） is the group of all n × n permutation matrices over L. These results should be regarded as the generalizations and developments of the previous results on the invertible matrices over a distributive lattice.

Highly transparent low resistance Ga doped ZnO/Cu grid double layers prepared at room temperature

Ga doped ZnO （GZO）/Cu grid double layer structures were prepared at room temperature （RT）. We have studied the electrical and optical characteristics of the GZO/Cu grid double layer as a function of the Cu grid spacing distance. The optical transmittance and sheet resistance of the GZO/Cu grid double layer are higher than that of the GZO/Cu film double layer regardless of the Cu grid spacing distance and increase as the Cu grid spacing distance increases. The calculated values for the transmittance and sheet resistance of the GZO/Cu grid double layer well follow the trend of the experimentally observed transmittance and sheet resistance ones. For the GZO/Cu grid double layer with a Cu grid spacing distance of 1 mm, the highest figure of merit （ФTC = 6.19 × 10^-3 Ω^-1） was obtained. In this case, the transmittance, resistivity and filling factor （FF） of the GZO/Cu grid double layer are 83.74%, 1.10 ×10^-4Ω.cm and 0.173, respectively.