The Contribution of the Gravitational Propagation Delay to Orbital and Center of Mass Motions

Recent measurements have shown that gravitational waves and thus the gravitational interaction propagate with the speed of light. The propagation delay of the gravitational interaction in orbiting systems couples the orbital and center of mass motions. This causes the orbits to spiral out and the center of mass to accelerate. It is one of a number of small effects modifying the Kepler orbits. The calculations show that the analytical describable expansion of the semimajor axis started at a time that is less than the age of the systems. This could be caused by a collision of a system component in the past. The effect of this propagation delay on the motion of the Earth Moon and the Brown Dwarf 569Bab binary star system is analyzed. These systems were chosen because a considerable amount of measured astronomical data is available. The calculated results are in excellent agreement with the measured data. In galaxies, too, the energy transfer from the orbit of the star cloud to the center of mass motion causes the galaxies to ac-celerate. If galaxies are considered to be molecules of the universe, then the acceleration of the galaxies will cause the molecular gas to heat and expand. Alternatively, the loss in orbital internal energy of the galaxies should be included in the mass and energy in the calculation of the expanding Universe.

Energy Conservation and Gravitational Wavelength Effect of the Gravitational Propagation Delay Analysis

The motion of objects where the interaction propagated with a finite velocity was analyzed in my previous paper “The Contribution of the Gravitational Propagation Delay to Orbital and Center of Mass Motions”. It is shown here that this analysis is valid for the case when the wavelength of the gravitational wave excited by the motion of the masses is much larger than the system of masses. It is also proven here that the conclusion reached in my previous paper conserves energy. Since this interaction is conservative, the energy is equal to the Hamiltonian. Therefore, the Hamiltonian is calculated and it is shown that the time derivative of the Hamiltonian is equal to zero. Thus, the Hamiltonian and therefore, the energy, are constants.

The Propagation Delay Effect of the Expansion and Inflation of the Universe

The effect of the propagation delay of gravitational interactions results in a singularity of the normalized acceleration of the radius of a sphere representing the Universe. Stephen Hawking in his Inflation Model also discusses a delay type interaction. This term can be used to model the inflationary rapid expansion of the early Universe. Since the Universe is thought to occupy all of space-time, one cannot define a boundary or radius of the Universe. Therefore, the properties of a sphere in the Universe are analyzed. It is assumed that the Universe will behave similarly to this sphere. This analysis is performed by including the effect of the propagation delay of gravitational interactions in Einstein’s equation.

Mechanical response of uterine tissue under the influence of hemostatic clips: A non-linear finite-element approach

A modeling strategy to predict the ability of surgical clips to achieve mechanical hemostasis when applied to the cut edge of a thick and muscular tissue is presented in this work. Although such a model may have broad utility in the design of hemostatic clips and other surgical and wound closure applications, our particular focus was on uterine closure following a Cesarean delivery. Mechanical closure of a blood vessel, which is the first step in the hemostatic process, is established when the compressive forces on the outer surface of a blood vessel are sufficient to overcome the local blood pressure and collapse the vessel. For thick tissue, forces applied to the tissue surface set up a stress distribution within the tissue that, if sufficient to mechanically close all vessels, will lead to cessation of local blood flow. The focus of the current work was on utilization of a planar and nonlinear finite element model to predict the pressure distribution within uterine tissue under the influence of hemostatic clips. After experimental model validation with a polymer tissue phantom, design curves were numerically developed, which consisted of the clip force necessary to achieve hemostasis for a given thickness tissue as well as the resulting deformed tissue thickness. Such curves could form the basis for a preliminary clip design, which would provide initial design guidance before more expensive experimental studies were required.

定量药理学:一个促进药物开发及转换型研究严谨思考的多学科领域

尽管从事定量药理学研究的科学工作者一再强调将定量分析的原则应用于促进新药研发的决策,定量药理学的发展还是超过了上述领域。普通研究和决策领域总是期望着常规和传统的研究范例发生进步,当与定量药理学相关的领域自身在发展并与其交互作用时,自然便产生对临床药理学的协同作用。创新性和可塑性训练计划和策略均是将来临床研究工作中必不可少的要素。掌握定量药理学领域的知识成为对药理科学家的要求,具有定量药理学背景的人员可望获得更高的薪水。目前定量药理学相关培训计划,教学资料,及学术权威均比较贫乏,学生们可以从企业化、调控性的背景的教师等多种机构的教职员那获得指导,此外也可以通过在线课程,可视化教学进修课程,与他们的导师保持联系。对课程和学位的管理可以采取灵活的态度,这样可在短期内培养更多的定量药理学工作者。

连二硫酸金属盐和连二硫酸在电镀和金属精饰领域的应用(英文)

在电镀溶液中使用连二硫酸和连二硫酸金属盐作为可溶性金属离子和电解质的来源具有潜在的应用。为有助于具有创新精神的配方研究者考虑采用诸如连二硫酸这种新型电解质,文章总结了连二硫酸盐电镀液近期的发展,用实例说明了连二硫酸盐在电镀液中的应用。众所周知,连二硫酸在强酸溶液中发生歧化反应,但这并不妨碍在适宜的条件下使用连二硫酸盐以及连二硫酸。(由于篇幅限制,有关连二硫酸及连二硫酸金属盐的化学性质、稳定性、制备方法等补充材料及学术综述、研究报告所涉及的参考文献均在本刊网站上详细全文发表,见http:／／www．plating．org／web／20060901．mht。)

Millimeter Wave and Terahertz Communications: Feasibility and Challenges

In this paper, the challenges with and motivations for developing millimeter wave and terahertz communications are described. A high-bye candidate architecture is presented, and use cases highlighting the potential applicability of high-frequency links are discussed. Mobility challenges at these higher frequencies are also discussed. Difficulties that arise as a result of high carrier frequencies and higher path loss can be overcome by practical, higher-gain antennas that have the added benefit of reducing intercell interference. Simulation methodology and results are given. The results show that millimeter wave coverage is possible in large, outdoor spaces, and only a reasonable number of base stations are needed. Network throughput can exceed 25 Gbit/s, and cell-edge user throuqhput can reach aDoroximatelv 100 Mbit/s.

Reaction Mechanics for Point Objects

The least action principle is used to derive a general mathematical model of the motion of point objects subject to non-instantaneous interactions. A Lagrangian Equation of Motion, a Hamiltonian Formalism, a Poisson Bracket and the Relation of Reaction Mechanics and the General Theory of Relativity are derived here. In the limit of no delay, the equation of motion reverts to Newtonian Mechanics. In the limit of infinitesimal delay, the equation of motion takes the form of the Geodesic Equation of Motion of the General Theory of Relativity. For two objects, the single instantaneous interaction splits into two interactions when the propagation delay is considered. Object ONE experiences the following interactions at the present: it senses an interaction radiated by object TWO in the past. It also radiates an interaction that other objects might or might not sense in the future. It experiences a Recoil interaction equal in magnitude and opposed to the direction of the interaction it radiated. The Recoil interaction is independent of the radiated interaction reaching its target or not reaching its target. The Recoil interaction is causal.

Enhanced Cell-Edge Performance with Transmit Power-Shaping and Multipoint, Multiflow Techniques

In this paper, we present a technique called ＂fuzzy cells＂ that builds on the multicarrier features of Long Term Evolution-Advanced （LTE-A） and high-speed packet access （HSPA）. Multiple carriers are aggregated to create a larger system bandwidth, and these carriers are transmitted at different powers by each sector antenna. This creates a set of cell-edge locations that differ from one frequency to the next. System-level simulations are performed to estimate individual user and average throughput for a hexagonal deployment of 3-sector base stations. For moderately high loads, a fuzzy cell deployment can improve tenth percentile （cell-edge） user throughput by 100% and can improve average throughput by about 30% compared with a reuse 1 scheme. Fuzzy ceils reduce inter-cell interference in the same way as higher-order reuse schemes and allow users to access the full system bandwidth.

Delay Harmonic Oscillator

The motion of two point objects at the end of a spring is analyzed. The objects interact by an elastic wave propagating through the spring. A new comprehensive method, Reaction Mechanics, for the analysis of this motion is used.? This analysis is valid when the propagation of the interaction through the spring wire takes less time than the period of the oscillating frequency. The propagation delay couples the oscillating and center of mass motions. If the masses are equal, the center of mass velocity is a constant, and the objects oscillate with a frequency which is a modification of the oscillation frequency with no delay. If the masses are not equal, the center of mass also oscillates. In the case of zero delay, the motion of the objects reverts to the motion of a Simple Harmonic Oscillator.

Parallel and Hierarchical Mode Association Clustering with an R Package <i>Modalclust</i>

Modalclust is an R package which performs Hierarchical Mode Association Clustering (HMAC) along with its parallel implementation over several processors. Modal clustering techniques are especially designed to efficiently extract clusters in high dimensions with arbitrary density shapes. Further, clustering is performed over several resolutions and the results are summarized as a hierarchical tree, thus providing a model based multi resolution cluster analysis. Finally we implement a novel parallel implementation of HMAC which performs the clustering job over several processors thereby dramatically increasing the speed of clustering procedure especially for large data sets. This package also provides a number of functions for visualizing clusters in high dimensions, which can also be used with other clustering softwares.

Multivariate Modality Inference Using Gaussian Kernel

The number of modes (also known as modality) of a kernel density estimator (KDE) draws lots of interests and is important in practice. In this paper, we develop an inference framework on the modality of a KDE under multivariate setting using Gaussian kernel. We applied the modal clustering method proposed by [1] for mode hunting. A test statistic and its asymptotic distribution are derived to assess the significance of each mode. The inference procedure is applied on both simulated and real data sets.

Space-Time Curvature Mode Quanta

Einstein theorized that Gravity is not a force derived from a potential that acts across a distance. It is a distortion of space and time in which we live by masses and energy. Consistent with Einstein’s theory, a model of space-time curvature modes and associated curvature quanta in slightly warped space-time generated by a light Photon is derived. Both a Schr?dinger and a Second Quantized representation of the space-time curvature mode quanta are calculated and are fourth rank tensors. The eigenvalues of these equations are radii of curvature, not energy. The Eigenfunctions are linear functions of the components of the tensor that describes the curvature of space-time.

干血滴分析的自动化处理和未来的发展方向

在过去的几年中,采用干血滴分析用于小分子定量的做法显著增多。在此领域的科学家们正努力寻求着一种与常规处理液体样品效果相同的方法。越来越多的相关技术已被广泛地应用于采样、储存、运输和生物样品的分析等各个方面。

Information Theory Model for Radiation

Information based models for radiation emitted by a Black Body which passes through a scattering medium are analyzed. In the limit, when there is no scattering this model reverts to the Black Body Radiation Law. The advantage of this mathematical model is that it includes the effect of the scattering of the radiation between source and detector. In the case when the exact form of the scattering mechanism is not known a model using a single scattering parameter is derived. A simple version of this model is derived which is useful for analyzing large data.

建立卡维地洛药代学/药效学模型以预测其对充血性心力衰竭患者的β_1阻滞作用

为明确控释(CR)剂型卡维地洛1次/d是否提供了与目前市场销售的速释(IR)剂型2次/d相似的24hβ1-受体阻滞作用,对自行车测力试验后运动诱导的心率变化进行检测。

控释和速释卡维地洛用于高血压稳定患者的药代学和药效学比较

据悉,卡维地洛可用于治疗原发性高血压和轻至重度慢性心力衰竭,也可降低临床病情稳定的心肌梗死后左室功能异常患者的心血管死亡率。卡维地洛为联合阻断β1-、β2-和α1-肾上腺素能受体的外消旋混合物。

酒精的使用、种族和病毒的交叉感染对美国退伍军人HCV自然清除的影响

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is spontaneously cleared in 15%to 45%of individuals during primary infection. To define the role of alcohol, race, and HBV or HIV co infections in natural HCV clearance, we examined these parameters in 203 spontan eously HCV-recovered subjects (HCV Ab+/RNA-subjects without prior antiviral t herapy) and 293 chronically HCV-infected patients (HCV Ab+/RNA+). Subjects we re identified from 1,454 HCV antibody-seropositive US veterans tested for HCV R NA between January 2000 and July 2002 at the Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medic al Center. In univariate analysis, alcohol use disorder (odds ratio <<OR>> 0.52; 9 5%CI, 0.31-0.85; P = .006) and black race (OR 0.65;95%CI, 0.44-0.96;P = .024 ) were both associated with decreased likelihood of spontaneous HCV clearance. I n multivariate analyses adjusting for race, HIV infection, age, and alcohol use disorder, alcohol remained strongly associatedwith reduced HCV clearance (OR0.49 ;95%CI, 0.30-0.81; P = .005). In contrast, the association between black race and viral clearance was no longer statistically significant (adjusted OR 0.72; 9 5%CI, 0.48-1.09; P = .125). HIV coinfection was negatively associated with HCV clearance (OR 0.37; 95%CI, 0.16-0.83; P = .016), while HBV coinfection was po sitively associated with HCV clearance (unadjusted OR 5.0; 95%CI, 1.26-28.6; P = .008). In conclusion, the likelihood of spontaneous clearance of HCV may be i nfluenced by alcohol and viral coinfections.

An update on the role of intestinal cytochrome P450 enzymes in drug disposition

Oral administration is the most commonly used route for drug treatment.Intestinal cytochrome P450(CYP)-mediated metabolism can eliminate a large proportion of some orally administered drugs before they reach systemic circulation,while leaving the passage of other drugs unimpeded.A better understanding of the ability of intestinal P450 enzymes to metabolize various clinical drugs in both humans and preclinical animal species,including the identification of the CYP enzymes expressed,their regulation,and the relative importance of intestinal metabolism compared to hepatic metabolism,is important for improving bioavailability of current drugs and new drugs in development.Here,we briefly review the expression of drug-metabolizing P450 enzymes in the small intestine of humans and several preclinical animal species,and provide an update of the various factors or events that regulate intestinal P450 expression,including a cross talk between the liver and the intestine.We further compare various clinical and preclinical approaches for assessing the impact of intestinal drug metabolism on bioavailability,and discuss the utility of the intestinal epithelium–specific NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductasenull(IECN) mouse as a useful model for studying in vivo roles of intestinal P450 in the disposition of orally administered drugs.

肺PET图像的定量分析:挑战和机遇

数百万人受呼吸系统疾病的影响,导致巨大的全球性健康困扰。由于目前对导致呼吸系统疾病发展和进展的潜在机制认识不足,治疗选择仍然有限。为克服此局限和理解相关分子变化,将无创影像技术如PET和SPECT用于探索生物标志物,其中18F-脱氧葡萄糖(FDG)PET显像的研究最多。由于肺内组织、气体、血液和水的构成比变异,定量分析肺的分子影像数据仍具挑战性。这些成分的比例随着肺部疾病的不同而不同,因此有不同的定量分析方法来显示这种变化,但迄今为止还没有开发出对数据标准化的方法。该文回顾了肺部疾病中18F-FDG PET定量分析方法的数据,聚焦于解释肺内成分变化的方法,解读衍生参数。分析的疾病包括急性呼吸窘迫综合征、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、肺间质性疾病如特发性肺纤维化。基于对既往文献、进行中的研究以及作者间讨论的回顾,作者提出了建议性的注意事项,以协助解读从这些方法及未来研究设计中衍生的参数。