Effect of pre-twinning and heat treatment on formability of AZX311 Mg alloy

In this study,the effects of pre-strain-induced tensile twins(TTWs)and controlled heat treatment on the formability behavior of AZX311 Mg alloy sheets were investigated.A 4%compressive strain was applied to pre-strain the sheets using the in-plane compression(IPC)technique along the rolling direction(RD)to introduce TTWs.The pre-strained(PS)samples were subsequently heat-treated at 250℃,350℃,and 400℃ independently for 1 hr,and are termed as PSA1,PSA2,and PSA3,respectively.Erichsen cupping tests were conducted to assess the formability of the sheet samples under different initial conditions.The results showed that the PS sample heat-treated at 250℃ for 1hr exhibited a decrease in the Erichsen index(IE)compared to the as-rolled sample,whereas PSA2 and PSA3 samples showed an increase in IE values.Microtexture analysis revealed that most of the TTWs generated through pre-twinning were stable at 250℃;however,the twin volume fraction reduced to 41%at 350℃ compared to the PS samples due to enhanced thermal activity at that temperature.Furthermore,PSA2 samples showed severe grain coarsening in some areas of the sample,and the fraction of such grains increased in the PSA3 samples.The stretch formability(IE value)of PSA2 samples showed a 32.3%increase compared to the as-rolled specimens.Additionally,the analysis of the deformed specimen at failure under the Erichsen test indicated that considerable detwinning occurs in the PS and PSA1 samples,whereas dislocation slip activity dominates in the PSA2 and PSA3 samples during stretch forming.Apart from detwinning and dislocation slip,deformation twins were also observed in all samples after the Erichsen test.Thus,this work highlights the importance of texture control and its underlying mechanisms via pre-twinning followed by heat treatment and their impact on the room temperature(RT)stretch formability of AZX311 Mg alloy sheets.

Unravelling the role of the combined effect of metallic charge transfer channel and SiO_(x) overlayer in the Zr/Si-Fe_(2)O_(3):Au:SiO_(x) nanorod arrays to boost photoelectrochemical water splitting

Hematite(α-Fe_(2)O_(3)) based photoanodes have been extensively studied due to various intriguing features that make them viable candidates for a photoelectrochemical(PEC) water splitting photoanode.Herein,we propose a Zr-doped Fe_(2)O_(3) photoanode decorated with facilely spin-coated Au nanoparticles(NPs) and microwave-assisted attached Si co-doping in conjunction with a SiO_(x) overlayer that displayed a remarkable photocurrent density of 2.01 mA/cm^(2) at 1.23 V vs.RHE.The kinetic dynamics at the photoelectrode/-electrolyte interface was examined by employing systematic electrochemical investigations.The Au NPs played a dual role in increasing PEC water splitting.First,the Schottky interface that was formed between Au NPs and Zr-Fe_(2)O_(3) lectrode ensured the prevention of electron flow from the photoanode to the metal,increasing the number of available charges as well as suppressing surface charge recombination.Second,Au extracted photoholes from the bulk of the Zr-Fe_(2)O_(3) and transported them to the outer SiO_(x) overlayer,while the SiO_(x) overlayer efficiently collected the photoholes and promoted the hole injection into the electrolyte.Further,Si co-doping enhanced bulk conductivity by reducing bulk charge transfer resistance and improving charge carrier density.This study outlines a technique to design a metallic charge transfer path with an overlayer for solar energy conversion.

Effects of Desalination Processes on the Water Circulation and Earth System

Desalination is emerging as a promising alternative among various technologies to resolve water shortage. However, desalination requires a sufficient energy and cooling device and therefore poses limitations for its installation and application. In particular, many countries suffering water deficits are economically underdeveloped and cannot afford the technology. As this technology, which changes seawater into freshwater, has little environmental impact, developed countries will need to assist less developed countries to introduce this technology as a humanitarian effort. This will help reduce the number of countries that have experienced difficulty with development.

Panel Discussion on“Development Trends of Computer Science in the New Era”

At the panel session of the 3rd Global Forum on the Development of Computer Science,attendees had an opportunity to deliberate recent issues affecting computer science departments as a result of the recent growth in the field.6 heads of university computer science departments participated in the discussions,including the moderator,Professor Andrew Yao.The first issue was how universities are managing the growing number of applicants in addition to swelling class sizes.Several approaches were suggested,including increasing faculty hiring,implementing scalable teaching tools,and working closer with other departments through degree programs that integrate computer science with other fields.The second issue was about the position and role of computer science within broader science.Participants generally agreed that all fields are increasingly relying on computer science techniques,and that effectively disseminating these techniques to others is a key to unlocking broader scientific progress.

Expert recommendation system based on analyzing expertise and networks of human resources in National Science & Technology Information Service

This work aims to implement expert and collaborative group recommendation services through an analysis of expertise and network relations NTIS. First of all, expertise database has been constructed by

Transcriptional profiling of dental sensory and proprioceptive trigeminal neurons using single-cell RNA sequencing

Dental primary afferent(DPA)neurons and proprioceptive mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus(MTN)neurons,located in the trigeminal ganglion and the brainstem,respectively,are essential for controlling masticatory functions.Despite extensive transcriptomic studies on various somatosensory neurons,there is still a lack of knowledge about the molecular identities of these populations due to technical challenges in their circuit-validated isolation.Here,we employed high-depth single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq)in combination with retrograde tracing in mice to identify intrinsic transcriptional features of DPA and MTN neurons.Our transcriptome analysis revealed five major types of DPA neurons with cell type-specific gene enrichment,some of which exhibit unique mechano-nociceptive properties capable of transmitting nociception in response to innocuous mechanical stimuli in the teeth.Furthermore,we discovered cellular heterogeneity within MTN neurons that potentially contribute to their responsiveness to mechanical stretch in the masseter muscle spindles.Additionally,DPA and MTN neurons represented sensory compartments with distinct molecular profiles characterized by various ion channels,receptors,neuropeptides,and mechanoreceptors.Together,our study provides new biological insights regarding the highly specialized mechanosensory functions of DPA and MTN neurons in pain and proprioception.

Investigation of the sodium storage mechanism of iron fluoride hydrate cathodes using X-ray absorption spectroscopy and mossbauer spectroscopy

Elucidation of a reaction mechanism is the most critical aspect for designing electrodes for highperformance secondary batteries.Herein,we investigate the sodium insertion/extraction into an iron fluoride hydrate(FeF_(3)·0.5H_(2)O)electrode for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs).The electrode material is prepared by employing an ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-tetrafluoroborate,which serves as a reaction medium and precursor for F^(-)ions.The crystal structure of FeF_(3)·0.5H_(2)O is observed as pyrochlore type with large open 3-D tunnels and a unit cell volume of 1129A^(3).The morphology of FeF_(3)·0.5H_(2)O is spherical shape with a mesoporous structure.The microstructure analysis reveals primary particle size of around 10 nm.The FeF_(3)·0.5H_(2)O cathode exhibits stable discharge capacities of 158,210,and 284 mA h g^(-1) in three different potential ranges of 1.5-4.5,1.2-4.5,and 1.0-4.5 V,respectively at 0.05 C rate.The specific capacities remained stable in over 50 cycles in all three potential ranges,while the rate capability was best in the potential range of 1.5-4.5 V.The electrochemical sodium storage mechanism is studied using X-ray absorption spectroscopy,indicating higher conversion at a more discharged state.Ex-situ M?ssbauer spectroscopy strengthens the results for reversible reduction/oxidation of Fe.These results will be favorable to establish high-performance cathode materials with selective voltage window for SIBs.

Elucidating the evolution of long-period stacking ordered phase and its effect on deformation behavior in the as-cast Mg-6Gd-1Zn-0.6Zr alloy

Herein,the evolution of long-period stacking ordered(LPSO)phases in the as-cast Mg-6Gd-1Zn-0.6Zr(wt.%)alloy are investigated via transmission electron microscopy(TEM)and atom probe tomography(APT).The TEM results reveal that two types of LPSO phase(a bulky interdendritic phase and a plate-like matrix LPSO phase)are formed in the as-cast sample.Most of the LPSO phases are confirmed to be of the 14H type,with a smaller proportion being of the 18R LPSO.Further,the APT results reveal that the composition of the interdendritic LPSO phase is closer to that of the ideal 14H phase compared to the matrix LPSO phase,and both the interdendritic and matrix LPSO phases exhibit a Gd/Zn ratio of 2.5,thereby indicating a deficient Zn content compared to the ideal 14H phase(i.e.,1.3).In addition,the influence of the LPSO phases on the deformation behavior is investigated at different compressive plastic strains using electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD)analysis to reveal twinning and slip behavior during deformation.The results indicate that the LPSO phase induces additional work hardening in the late stage of deformation via the suppression of{1011}compressive twinning and the activation of non-basal slip systems.

Correlation between hydration properties and electrochemical performances on Ln cation size effect in layered perovskite for protonic ceramic fuel cells

PrBa_(0.5)Sr_(0.5)Co_(1.5)Fe_(0.5)O_(5+δ)(PrBSCF) has attracted much research interest as a potential triple ionic and electronic conductor(TIEC) electrode for protonic ceramic fuel cells(PCFCs). The chemical formula for Pr BSCF is AA'B_(2)O_(5+δ), with Pr(A-site) and Ba/Sr(A'-site) alternately stacked along the c-axis. Due to these structural features, the bulk oxygen ion diffusivity is significantly enhanced through the disorder-free channels in the PrO layer;thus, the A site cations(lanthanide ions) play a pivotal role in determining the overall electrochemical properties of layered perovskites. Consequently, previous research has predominantly focused on the electrical properties and oxygen bulk/surface kinetics of Ln cation effects,whereas the hydration properties for PCFC systems remain unidentified. Here, we thoroughly examined the proton uptake behavior and thermodynamic parameters for the hydration reaction to conclusively determine the changes in the electrochemical performances depending on LnBa_(0.5)Sr_(0.5)Co_(1.5)Fe_(0.5)O_(5+δ)(LnBSCF,Ln=Pr, Nd, and Gd) cathodes. At 500 ℃, the quantitative proton concentration of PrBSCF was 2.04 mol% and progressively decreased as the Ln cation size decreased. Similarly, the Gibbs free energy indicated that less energy was required for the formation of protonic defects in the order of Pr BSCF < Nd BSCF < Gd BSCF. To elucidate the close relationship between hydration properties and electrochemical performances in LnBSCF cathodes, PCFC single cell measurements and analysis of the distribution of relaxation time were further investigated.

Helping People and Changing the World with CS

What should academic institutions be doing in order to benefit students,the community at large,and society in the new era?Particularly,as computing is impacting all aspects of human society,it also brings many challenges and opportunities for the academic departments of computer science.Some of these challenges include the increasing impact of software on society,issues involving privacy and data abuse,and ethical issues concerning AI.Towards addressing these challenges,the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology(KAIST)leverages its position as an educator in order to train the future computing workforce to be more aware of these issues.To achieve this goal,KAIST mainly adopts three strategies:Combining science&technology and humanities together;putting academy and industry together;training software experts while making them understand people and the world.

Distinction of white,beige and brown adipocytes derived from mesenchymal stem cells

Adipose tissue is a major metabolic organ, and it has been traditionally classified as either white adipose tissue(WAT) or brown adipose tissue(BAT). WAT and BAT are characterized by different anatomical locations, morphological structures, functions, and regulations. WAT and BAT are both involved in energy balance. WAT is mainly involved in the storage and mobilization of energy in the form of triglycerides, whereas BAT specializes in dissipating energy as heat during cold- or diet-induced thermogenesis. Recently, brownlike adipocytes were discovered in WAT. These brownlike adipocytes that appear in WAT are called beige or brite adipocytes. Interestingly, these beige/brite cells resemble white fat cells in the basal state, but they respond to thermogenic stimuli with increased levels of thermogenic genes and increased respiration rates. In addition, beige/brite cells have a gene expressionpattern distinct from that of either white or brown fat cells. The current epidemic of obesity has increased the interest in studying adipocyte formation(adipogenesis), especially in beige/brite cells. This review summarizes the developmental process of adipose tissues that originate from the mesenchymal stem cells and the features of these three different types of adipocytes.

Are human dental papilla-derived stem cell and human brain-derived neural stem cell transplantations suitable for treatment of Parkinson’s disease?

Transplantation of neural stem cells has been reported as a possible approach for replacing impaired dopaminergic neurons. In this study, we tested the efficacy of early-stage human dental papilla-derived stem cells and human brain-derived neural stem cells in rat models of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced Parkinson's disease. Rats received a unilateral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into right medial forebrain bundle, followed 3 weeks later by injections of PBS, early-stage human dental papilla-derived stem cells, or human brain-derived neural stem cells into the ipsilateral striatum. All of the rats in the human dental papilla-derived stem cell group died from tumor formation at around 2 weeks following cell transplantation. Postmortem examinations revealed homogeneous malignant tumors in the striatum of the human dental papilla-derived stem cell group. Stepping tests revealed that human brain-derived neural stem cell transplantation did not improve motor dysfunction. In apomorphine-induced rotation tests, neither the human brain-derived neural stem cell group nor the control groups (PBS injection) demonstrated significant changes. Glucose metabolism in the lesioned side of striatum was reduced by human brain-derived neural stem cell transplantation. [18 F]-FP-CIT PET scans in the striatum did not demonstrate a significant increase in the human brain-derived neural stem cell group. Tyrosine hydroxylase (dopaminergic neuronal marker) staining and G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 2 (A9 dopaminergic neuronal marker) were positive in the lesioned side of striatum in the human brain-derived neural stem cell group. The use of early-stage human dental papilla-derived stem cells confirmed its tendency to form tumors. Human brain-derived neural stem cells could be partially differentiated into dopaminergic neurons, but they did not secrete dopamine.

Numerical simulation on the microstress and microstrain of low Si-Mn-Nb dual-phase steel

根据单相的马氏体和单相的铁酸盐钢的压力紧张曲线，其作文在低 Si-Mn-Nb 双阶段的钢类似于马氏体和铁酸盐的那些，低 Si-Mn-Nb 双阶段的钢的压力紧张曲线用模仿的结果与测量的那相比的有限元素 methodFEM.The 被模仿，他们与对方一起仔细适合，它证明 FE 模型是 dual-pha 的 FE 模型， microstress 和 microstrain 上的 correct.Based 同时，象马氏体和收益的体积部分那样的有效因素强调在双阶段的钢的压力紧张曲线上的马氏体和铁酸盐阶段之间的比率被模仿，模仿的 too.The 结果显示为低 Si-Mn-Nb 双阶段的钢，最大的压力发生在马氏体区域，当最大的紧张在双阶段的 s 的压力紧张曲线上发生在 martensitefm 和收益压力比率的体积部分的铁酸盐 one.The

Hydrothermal decomposition of pentachlorophenol in subcritical and supercritical water with sodium hydroxide addition

Hydrothermal decomposition of pentachlorophenol(PCP,C6HCl5O),as the probable human carcinogen,was investigated in atubular reactor under subcritical and supercritical water with sodium hydroxide(NaOH)addition.The experiments were conductedat a temperature range of 300-420°C and a fixed pressure of 25 MPa,with a residence time that ranged from 10 s to 70 s.Under thereaction conditions,the initial PCP concentrations were varied from 0.25 to 1.39 mmol/L and the NaOH concentrations were variedfrom 2.5 to 25 times of the concentrations of PCP.The result of this study showed that PCP conversion in supercritical water was highlydependent on the reaction temperature,residence time,and NaOH concentration.PCP conversion in subcritical water is,however,only dependent on reaction temperature.NaOH concentration and residence times were found to have little effect on PCP conversionin subcritical condition.It was found that NaOH concentration affected the dechlorinations of PCP in the supercritical water.Theintermediates detected were proposed to be tetrachlorophenol and trichlorophenol,respectively.

Simulation of Storm Surge and Wave Due to Typhoon Isewan(5915)

An integrally coupled wave-tide-surge model was developed and then applied to the simulation of the wave-typhoon surge for the typhoon Isewan(typhoon Vera(5915)), which is the strongest typhoon that has struck Japan and caused incalculable damage. An integrally coupled tide-surge-wave model using identical and homogeneous meshes in an unstructured grid system was used to correctly resolve the physics of wave-circulation interaction in both models. All model components were validated independently. The storm surge and wave properties such as the surge height, the significant wave height, wave period and direction were reproduced reasonably under the meteorological forcing, which was reprocessed to be close to the observations. The resulting modeling system can be used extensively for the prediction of the storm surge and waves and the usual barotropic forecast.

Detection of Apple Marssonina Blotch with PLSR, PCA, and LDA Using Outdoor Hyperspectral Imaging

In this study, hyperspectral images were used to detect a fungal disease in apple leaves called Marssonina blotch(AMB). Estimation models were built to classify healthy, asymptomatic and symptomatic classes using partial least squares regression(PLSR), principal component analysis(PCA), and linear discriminant analysis(LDA) multivariate methods. In general, the LDA estimation model performed the best among the three models in detecting AMB asymptomatic pixels, while all the models were able to detect the symptomatic class. LDA correctly classified asymptomatic pixels and LDA model predicted them with an accuracy of 88.0%. An accuracy of 91.4% was achieved as the total classification accuracy. The results from this work indicate the potential of using the LDA estimation model to identify asymptomatic pixels on leaves infected by AMB.

Effects of casting speed on microstructure and segregation of electromagnetically stirred Aluminum alloy in continuous casting process

Recently, a semi-solid metal processing has been acknowledged as a cost-effective technique to be able to manufacture high quality product for the transportation industry. In this study a hypo-eutectic Al alloy was fabricated by means of an electromagnetic stirrer in continuous casting process and the microstructural change during solidification due to a fluid flow by electromagnetic stirring was examined. Due to the forced fluid flow during solidification a dendritic phase of primary α phase of Al alloy was turned into a globular phase, which can make the Al alloy get a thixotropic behavior in the semi-solid region. In order to establish the quantitative relationship between microstructure and the process parameters, the morphology shape, a silicon distribution and a size of primary α phase were observed according to casting speed in continuous casting machine. The primary α phase was turned into the degenerate dendrites approaching a spherical configuration with increasing casting speed. The fine-grained and equiaxed microstructure appeared at higher casting speed. A segregation behavior of Si element was declined with increasing casting speed and a very uniform distribution of Si element was observed on the billet at a casting speed of 600 mm·min-1. A thickness of the solidifying shell of the billet was shortened with increasing the casting speed.

Effects of nanopores and sulfur doping on hierarchically bunched carbon fibers to protect lithium metal anode

Studies on three-dimensional structured carbon templates have focused on how to guide homogeneous lithium metal nucleation and growth for lithium metal anodes(LMAs).However,there is still insufficient evidence for a key factor to achieve their high electrochemical performance.Here,the effects of nanopores and sulfur doping on carbon-based nanoporous host(CNH)electrode materials for LMAs were investigated using natural polymer-derived CNHs.Homogeneous pore-filling behaviors of lithium metal in the nanopores of the CNH electrode materials were first observed by ex situ scanning electron microscopy analysis,where the protective lithium metal nucleation and growth process led to significantly high Coulombic efficiency(CE)of~99.4%and stable 600 cycles.In addition,a comparison study of CNH and sulfurdoped CNH(S-CNH)electrodes,which differ only in the presence or absence of sulfur,revealed that sulfur doping can cause lower electrochemical series resistance,higher CE value,and better cycling stability in a wide range of current densities and number of cycles.Moreover,S-CNH-based LMAs showed high electrochemical performance in full-cell Li-S battery tests using a sulfur copolymer cathode,where a high energy density of 1370Wh kgelectrode−1 and an excellent power density of 4120Wkgelectrode−1 were obtained.

Evaluation of Estrogenic Activity and Measurement of EDCs in Wastewater Treatment Plants

Correlations between estrogenic activity and DOC/UV260 ratio in wastewater treatment processes were investigated to propose a simple, reliable and comprehensive indicator for the presence of estrogenic substances. Contrary to this, when short-term bioassays such as the E-SCREEN, receptor binding and reporter gene expression assays are used for detecting estrogenic activity in the wastewater sample, they require a long time, at least a few days. The major factors contributing to the estrogenic activity were found to be 17[JX*8]β [KG-*4][JX-*8]-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1). A good relationship between the DOC/UV260 ratio and the concentration of estrogens (E1 and E2) in the effluent of the activated sludge process was found: the E2 concentration increased as the DOC/UV260 ratio increased while the E1 concentration decreased. The relative estrogenic activity and DOC/UV260 ratio showed a good correlation (R2=0.84) for all sewage samples except the ozonized samples in the sewage treatment plants. This study shows that the estrogenic compounds are hard to be mineralized by the conventional biological processes. Advanced oxidation processes are required to further remove estrogenic substances in the secondary effluent. By analysis of DOC and UV260, the estrogenic activity in the wastewater can be rapidly estimated.