On a Vector Version of a Fundamental Lemma of J.L.Lions

Let ? be a bounded and connected open subset of R^N with a Lipschitzcontinuous boundary,the set ? being locally on the same side of ??.A vector version of a fundamental lemma of J.L.Lions,due to C.Amrouche,the first author,L.Gratie and S.Kesavan,asserts that any vector field v =(vi) ∈(D′(?))~N,such that all the components 1/2(?_jv_i + ?_iv_j),1 ≤ i,j ≤ N,of its symmetrized gradient matrix field are in the space H^(-1)(?),is in effect in the space(L^2(?))~N.The objective of this paper is to show that this vector version of J.L.Lions lemma is equivalent to a certain number of other properties of interest by themselves.These include in particular a vector version of a well-known inequality due to J.Neˇcas,weak versions of the classical Donati and Saint-Venant compatibility conditions for a matrix field to be the symmetrized gradient matrix field of a vector field,or a natural vector version of a fundamental surjectivity property of the divergence operator.

眼科常用实验动物视网膜血管的比较

目的比较眼科常用实验动物视网膜血管尤其是视网膜毛细血管的情况,为实验时正确选择动物模型提供基础。方法取猕猴、家猪、新西兰大白兔、犬、猫、SD大鼠、C57小鼠以及豚鼠的正常眼球数个,完整剥离整个视网膜,用ADPase法进行血管染色,对视网膜血管进行形态学的比较。结果猕猴视网膜大血管从视盘穿出,分成四支分别供应视网膜四个象限,每条血管逐级分支最后成为毛细血管,其毛细血管呈网状分布,在赤道处分成两层,至周边变成一层,且有发育良好的黄斑区毛细血管拱环结构。家猪视网膜大血管由视盘发出后放射状走行,毛细血管也呈网状分布,无黄斑拱环结构。兔仅视盘两侧部分视网膜可见血管,毛细血管网状不明显。犬的视网膜血管也放射状走行,但迂曲明显,毛细血管不成网状。猫、大鼠、小鼠的视网膜大血管均由视盘发出,猫的分成上、鼻下、颞下三支,大鼠、小鼠的各方向均有,区域性不明显,三者的毛细血管网均发育良好,至周边部仍很密集,呈两层分布。豚鼠视网膜无可见的血管。结论用于研究人视网膜血管尤其是毛细血管时,可选用猕猴、家猪、猫、大鼠和小鼠作为动物模型;但要研究人黄斑区血管时,仅可选用猕猴等灵长类动物。

正常猕猴与人视网膜血管的比较

目的比较正常猕猴与人视网膜血管的异同,为进一步利用猕猴建立动物模型来研究视网膜血管打下基础。方法取健康成年猕猴眼球6只和人角膜移植供体剩余眼杯8只的视网膜,用ADP酶法进行血管染色,对两者视网膜血管的走行、血管分级、毛细血管分层以及黄斑区血管拱环等进行比较,测量结果进行统计学检验。结果猕猴与人的视网膜铺片经ADP酶法染色后见视网膜血管自穿出视盘后的一级血管逐渐分支变细,直至五级血管即毛细血管;在视盘旁、赤道部、周边部两者血管面积百分比没有差异;视盘旁血管分为多层,赤道部有两层,且深浅层间相互交通,周边部仅见一层毛细血管且较稀疏;两者黄斑区毛细血管均较密集,有形态完整呈不规则状的血管拱环,血管面积百分比以及血管拱环的面积、周长和直径没有差异。结论猕猴与人在视网膜血管走行、分级、毛细血管分层以及黄斑区血管拱环等多方面有良好的相似性,可用作人类视网膜血管、尤其是黄斑区视网膜血管研究的良好动物模型。

高渗盐水诱导大鼠高眼压模型的建立和应用价值

采用高渗盐水注入到大鼠眼的房水流出途径诱导的大鼠慢性高眼压性青光眼模型是近年发展起来的新技术,本文就该模型的建立和应用进行了综述。

CYCLOSPORIN A对角膜移植排斥反应的实验研究

应用大直径(10mm)环钻进行异种(牛→兔)板层角膜移植,观察时间20天。第一组(对照组):4只兔,术后7—10天全部发生了典型的排斥反应,表现有水肿,混浊和血管新生。显微镜下有大量的炎症细胞浸润。第二组:1% CsA 点眼治疗组(4只兔),2只无排斥反应,1只术后16天出现轻度排斥反应。第三组:CsA 肌肉注射组(4只兔),在观察期间均未发生排斥反应。因此,可以看出:CsA 可以:(1)抑制排斥反应;(2)延长植片存活时间;(3)抑制血管新生;(4)付作用较小。

高眼压性青光眼动物模型

青光眼是一类非常复杂的眼病，高眼压是青光眼发生，发展的重要因素。本文就高眼压性青光眼模型，尤其是各种实验性青光眼的特点、诱导方法及结果进行综述，并介绍根据不同的研究目的。

棕色挪威鼠慢性高眼压性青光眼模型

目的建立高渗盐水诱导的棕色挪威鼠慢性高眼压性青光眼模型。方法 23只棕色挪威鼠23眼。使用玻璃微针头将50微升1.75M 高渗盐水注入实验眼的巩膜表面静脉。动物在清醒状态下,定期测量眼压及角膜直径以及眼底视神经乳头情况,并将其分别与同期对侧对照眼比较。结束观察后,剜出鼠眼,行组织病理检查。结果高渗盐水注射后,17只鼠眼发生了明显的眼压升高。10眼发生了眼球扩大(角膜直径增大超过1mm),且出现了明显的杯凹(平均杯盘比值为0.83±0.12),角膜扩大与杯凹出现的时间基本相同。结论采用1.75M 高渗盐水能成功诱导出鼠眼慢性眼压升高,并产生确定的类似人类青光眼的视神经乳头杯凹。

Comparison of visual acuity outcomes between ranibizumab and bevacizumab treatment in neovascular age-related macular degeneration

AIM: To compare visual acuity (VA) outcomes between intravitreal injection of bevacizumab and ranibizumab in the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS: We conducted a consecutive, retrospective case series study in patients with newly diagnosed all type choroidal neovascularization (CNV) secondary to AMD who received an intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (1.25mg) or ranibizumab (0.3mg) at Lions Eye Institute, Western Australia from Mar. 2006 to May 2008. All patients received injection at baseline with additional monthly injections given at the discretion of the treating physician. Main outcome measures were changes in VA. RESULTS: There were 371 consecutive patients received injection at least in one eye with at least 6 months of follow up (median of 12.0 months). Bevacizumab treatment prevented 221 out of 278 (79.5%) patient from losing < 15 letters in VA compared with 79 out of 93 (84.9%) of ranibizumab treated patients (P=0.25). While 68 (24.5%) of bevacizumab treated patients gained 15 letters of VA compared with 24 (25.8%) of ranibizumab treated patients (P=0.79). 75.3% and 66.2% patients benefited from ranibizumab and bevacizumab respectively with final VA better than 6/60 (P=0.10). Multivariate analysis showed that pre-treatment VA was negatively associated with benefit outcome. Assignment of injection was not associated with VA outcome of benefit after adjusting the covariate (P=0.857). CONCLUSION: There are no difference in treatment efficacy in terms of VA between bevacizumab and ranibizumab in routine clinical condition.

Therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells administered at later phase of recurrent experimental autoimmune uveitis

AIM：To test the therapeutic effects of delayed treatment of mesenchymal stem cells（MSCs） in recurrent experimental autoimmune uveitis（r EAU）.METHODS： The efficacy of different regimens of MSC administration in r EAU were tested by evaluation of clinical and pathological intraocular inflammation,as well as retinal structural and functional integrity using optical coherence tomography（OCT） and electroretinogram（ERG）.The retinal sections were also immunostained with antibodies to glial fibrillary acidic protein（GFAP）and rhodopsin（RHO）. RESULTS： Delayed treatment of MSCs effectively alleviated the severity of intraocular inflammation with relative intact of outer retinal structure and function.Moreover,double therapies with longer interval led to an even better clinical evaluation,as well as a trend of decrease in relapse and amelioration of retinal function.MSC therapies also effectively reduced GFAP expression and increased RHO expression in the retina.CONCLUSION： MSC administration can effectively treat developed diseases of rEAU,and multiple therapies can provide additional therapeutic benefits.

A hypothesis for treating inflammation and oxidative stress with hydrogen sulfide during age-related macular degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration（AMD） is a leading cause of blindness and is becoming a global crisis since affected people will increase to 288 million by 2040.Genetics,age,diabetes,gender,obesity,hypertension,race,hyperopia,iris-color,smoking,sun-light and pyroptosis have varying roles in AMD,but oxidative stress-induced inflammation remains a significant driver of pathobiology.Eye is a unique organ as it contains a remarkable oxygengradient that generates reactive oxygen species（ROS） which upregulates inflammatory pathways.ROS becomes a source of functional and morphological impairments in retinal pigment epithelium（RPE）,endothelial cells and retinal ganglion cells.Reports demonstrated that hydrogen sulfide（H2S） acts as a signaling molecule and that it may treat ailments.Therefore,we propose a novel hypothesis that H2S may restore homeostasis in the eyes thereby reducing damage caused by oxidative injury and inflammation.Since H_2S has been shown to be a powerful antioxidant because of its free-radicals＇ inhibition properties in addition to its beneficial effects in age-relatedconditions,therefore,patients may benefit from H2S salubrious effects not only by minimizing their oxidant and inflammatory injuries to retina but also by lowering retinal glutamate excitotoxicity.

Hydrogen sulfide intervention in cystathionine-β-synthase mutant mouse helps restore ocular homeostasis

AIM: To investigate the applications of hydrogen sulfide(H2 S) in eye-specific ailments in mice.METHODS: Heterozygous cystathionine-β-synthase(CBS+/-) and wild-type C57 BL/6 J(WT) mice fed with or without high methionine diet(HMD) were administered either phosphate buffered saline(PBS) or the slow-release H2 S donor: GYY4137. Several analyses were performed to study GYY4137 effects by examining retinal lysates for key protein expressions along with plasma glutamate and glutathione estimations. Intraocular pressure(IOP) was monitored during GYY4137 treatment; barium sulfate and bovine serum albumin conjugated fluorescein isothiocyanate(BSA-FITC) angiographies were performed for examining vasculature and its permeability post-treatment. Visionguided behavior was also tested employing novel object recognition test(NORT) and light-dark box test(LDBT) recordings.RESULTS: CBS deficiency(CBS+/-) coupled with HMD led disruption of methionine/homocysteine(Hcy) metabolism leading to hyperhomocysteinemia(HHcy) in CBS+/-mice as reflected by increased Hcy, and s-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase(SAHH) levels. Unlike CBS, cystathionine-γ lyase(CSE), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase(MTHFR) levels which were reduced but compensated by GYY4137intervention. Heightened oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum(ER) stress responses were mitigated by GYY4137 effects along with enhanced glutathione(GSH) levels. Increased glutamate levels in CBS+/-strain were prominent than WT mice and these mice also exhibited higher IOP that was lowered by GYY4137 treatment. CBS deficiency also resulted in vision-guided behavioral impairment as revealed by NORT and LDBT findings. Interestingly, GYY4137 was able to improve CBS+/-mice behavior together with lowering their glutamate levels. Blood-retinal barrier(BRB) appeared compromised in CBS+/-with vessels' leakage that was mitigated in GYY4137 treated group. This corroborated the results for occludin(an integral plasma membrane protein of the cellular tight junctions) stabilization.CONCLUSION: Findings reveal that HHcy-induced glutamate excitotoxicity, oxidative damage, ER-stress and vascular permeability alone or together can compromise ocular health and that GYY4137 could serve as a potential therapeutic agent for treating HHcy induced ocular disorders.

Assessment of posterior vitreous detachment on enhanced high density line optical coherence tomography

The state of the vitreo-retinal interface affects various retinal diseases, and the presence or absence of a posterior vitreous detachment （PVD） is one of the most important factors. As such, various studies studying PVD in relation to retinal disease have been performed.

In-vitro antimicrobial activity screening of some ethnoveterinary medicinal plants traditionally used against mastitis,wound and gastrointestinal tract complication in Tigray Region,Ethiopia

Objective:To screen the antibacterial activity of nine ethnoveterinary plants traditionally used for the treatment of mastitis,wound and gastrointestinal complications.Methods:Hydroalcoholic exctracts of medicinal plants namely,Achyranthes aspera(A.aspera) L.(Family Asparagaceae),Ficus caria(F.caria)(Family Moraceae).Malvi parviflora(M.parviflora)(Family Malvaceae),Vernonia species(V.species) docal name Alakit.Family Asteraceae),Solatium hastifolium(S.hastifolium)(Family Solanaceae),Calpurinia aurea(C.aurea)(Ait) Benth(Family Fabaceae),Nicotiana tabacum(N.tabacum) L.(Family Solanaceae),Ziziphus spina-christi(Z.spina-christi)(Family Rhamnaceae).Croton macroslachys(C.macrostachys)(Family Fuphorhiaceae).were screened against clinical bacterial isolates of veterinary importance from October 2007 to April2009.The antibacterial activity was tested using disc diffusion at two concentrations(200 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL) and broth dilution methods using 70%methanol macerated leal extracts.Results:With the exception ol S.hastifolium all plant extracts exhibited antibacterial activity.Among the medicinal plants tested C.aurea.C.macrostachyus,A.aspera,N.tabacum and vcrnonia species(Alakit) showed the most promising antimicrobial properties.Conclusions:It can be concluded that many of the tested plants have antibacterial activity and supports the traditional usage of the plants for mastitis,wound and gastrointestinal complications treatment.Further studies into their toxicity and phytochemistry is advocated.

印度亚拉文眼科模式(英文)

印度亚拉文医院是世界卫生组织合作单位,创造了“大规模、高质量、低成本”的眼科医疗模式,2005年,医院门诊量达163万多,手术超过22万例,其中白内障手术达16万多例,为世界之最。如何有效地借鉴印度亚拉文的模式为我所用,成为中国眼科界同仁日益热烈讨论的一个话题。本刊特邀印度亚拉文医院的主要负责人就该模式的特点撰文介绍。

KINETIC FUNCTIONS IN MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS WITH RESISTIVITY AND HALL EFFECT

We consider a nonlinear hyperbolic system of two conservation laws which arises in ideal magnetohydrodynamics and includes second-order terms accounting for magnetic resistivity and Hall effect. We show that the initial value problem for this model may lead to solutions exhibiting complex wave structures, including undercompressive nonclassical shock waves. We investigate numerically the subtle competition that takes place between the hyperbolic, diffusive, and dispersive parts of the system. Following Abeyratne, Knowles, LeFloch, and Truskinovsky, who studied similar questions arising in fluid and solid flows, we determine the associated kinetic function which characterizes the dynamics of undereompressive shocks driven by resistivity and Hall effect. To this end, we design a new class of ＂schemes with eontroled dissipation＂, following recent work by LeFloch and Mohammadian. It is now recognized that the equivalent equation associated with a scheme provides a guideline to design schemes that capture physically relevant, nonclassical shocks. We propose a new class of schemes based on high-order entropy conservative, finite differences for the hyperbolic flux, and high-order central differences for the resistivity and Hall terms. These schemes are tested for several regimes of （co-planar or not） initial data and parameter values, and allow us to analyze the properties of nonclassical shocks and establish the existence of monotone kinetic functions in magnetohydrodynamics.

Transit time ultrasound perivascular flow probe technology is superior to MR imaging on hepatic blood flow measurement in a porcine model

Background: The hepatic hemodynamics is an essential parameter in surgical planning as well as in various disease processes. The transit time ultrasound(TTUS) perivascular flow probe technology is widely used in clinical practice to evaluate the hepatic inflow, yet invasive. The phase-contrast-MRI(PC-MRI) is not invasive and potentially applicable in assessing the hepatic blood flow. In the present study, we compared the hepatic inflow rates using the PC-MRI and the TTUS probe, and evaluated their predictive value of post-hepatectomy adverse events. Methods: Eighteen large white pigs were anaesthetized for PC-MRI and approximately 75% hepatic resection was performed under a unified protocol. The blood flow was measured in the hepatic artery(Qha), the portal vein(Qpv), and the aorta above the celiac trunk(Qca) using PC-MRI, and was compared to the TTUS probe. The Bland-Altman method was conducted and a partial least squares regression(PLS) model was implemented. Results: The mean Qpv measured in PC-MRI was 0.55 ± 0.12 L/min, and in the TTUS probe was 0.74 ± 0.17 L/min. Qca was 1.40 ± 0.47 L/min in the PC-MRI and 2.00 ± 0.60 L/min in the TTUS probe. Qha was 0.17 ± 0.10 L/min in the PC-MRI, and 0.13 ± 0.06 L/min in the TTUS probe. The Bland-Altman method revealed that the estimated bias of Qca in the PC-MRI was 32%(95% CI:-49% to 15%); Qha 17%(95% CI:-15% to 51%); and Qpv 40%(95% CI:-62% to 18%). The TTUS probe had a higher weight in predicting adverse outcomes after 75% resection compared to the PC-MRI( β= 0.35 and 0.43 vs β = 0.22 and 0.07, for tissue changes and premature death, respectively). Conclusions: There is a tendency of the PC-MRI to underestimate the flow measured by the TTUS probes. The TTUS probe measures are more predictive of relevant post-hepatectomy outcomes.

Study of the Discharge Mode in Micro-Hollow Cathode

In this study, micro-hollow cathode discharge （MHCD） is investigated by a fluid model with drift-diffusion approximation. The MHC device is a cathode/dielectric/anode sandwich structure with one hole of a diameter D=200 um. The gas is a Ne/Xe mixture at a pressure p=50-500 Torr. The evolutions of the discharge show that there are two different discharge modes. At larger pD the discharge plasma and high density excited species expand along the cathode surface and, a ringed discharge mode is formed. At smaller pD, the discharge plasma and the excited species expand along the axis of the cathode aperture to form a columnar discharge.

Influence of social upbringing on the activity pattern of captive lion Panthera leo cubs:Benefits of behavior enrichment

The influence of social upbringing on the activity pattern of lion Panthera leo cubs was investigated at three sites. In this study, stimulus objects such as sticks, grass, fresh dung （elephant Loxondota africana, zebra Equus quagga, impala Aepyceros melampus, duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis and wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus） and cardboard boxes, were utilized in an enrichment program aimed at encouraging active behaviors of captive lion cubs at Antelope Park and Masuwe. Lion cubs at Chipangali were not behaviorally enriched. Activity patterns were recorded for 10 days at each site. We recorded moving, resting, playing, grooming, visual exploration and display of hunting instincts. We found that behavioral enrichment enhanced the active behaviors of captive lion cubs. Orphan-raised cubs spent more time moving, playing and displaying hunting instincts than mother-raised cubs, but the time spent grooming was similar across areas and suggests that grooming is not influenced by enrichment. Mother-raised cubs spent more time engaged in visual exploration than orphan-raised cubs and this could be a behavior acquired from mothers or a result of confidence to explore because of their presence. Activity patterns were different among time treatments across our three study sites. Based on these findings, we suggest that lion cubs raised in captivity could benefit from behavioral enrichment to encourage active behaviors essential for eventual reintroduction into the wild

Keratoconus in a patient with Alport syndrome: A case report

BACKGROUND Known ocular manifestations of Alport syndrome include features such as anterior lenticonus and fleck retinopathy. Reports of keratoconus in such patients are limited. We report tomographic findings consistent with keratoconus in a patient with Alport syndrome.CASE SUMMARY A 52-year-old female was referred to our ophthalmology clinic with decreased vision and increased tearing. She was diagnosed with stage Ⅲ Alport syndrome two years prior. Upon examination she was found to have average keratometries of 48D bilaterally with tomographic evidence of keratoconus.CONCLUSION Although a rare presentation, concurrent Alport syndrome and keratoconus should be considered when reviewing the ocular health of Alport syndrome patients and appropriate management steps should be taken upon the diagnosis.

Effects of geometrical characteristics on defect distributions in alloy components produced by selective laser melting

Selective laser melting(SLM)has been applied to manufacture various alloy components with excellent properties,but its further application is restricted by the intrinsic defects.In this work,the internal defect distributions in samples of three alloys(316L stainless steel,AlSi10Mg and Inconel 718)were investigated respectively,considering the effects of geometrical characteristics of the samples.The defects in the 316L stainless steel sample tend to be formed densely in the central part with large wall thickness,indicating a strong sensitivity to heat accumulation.Contrarily,the Inconel 718 sample shows a higher relative density with homogeneous defect distribution,indicating better formability for the SLM process.For the AlSi10Mg sample,the defect density keeps increasing as the deposition goes on.Typically,the defect density located at sample edges shows an abnormally high level comparing with the inner part,especially in the top sections of AlSi10Mg and Inconel 718 samples.The results are helpful for the geometrical design,the adjustment of building orientation and the further optimization of process parameters in the SLM process.