Didelphid marsupials are considered a morphologically unspecialized group with a generalist diet that includes vertebrates,invertebrates,and plant matter.While cranium and scapula variation has alreadybeen examined wi...Didelphid marsupials are considered a morphologically unspecialized group with a generalist diet that includes vertebrates,invertebrates,and plant matter.While cranium and scapula variation has alreadybeen examined within Didelphidae,variation inmandible shape,usually associated with diet or phylogeny in other mammalian groups,has not yet been properly assessed in the family.We evaluated the variation in mandible shape and size of didelphids(2470 specimens belonging to 94 species)using 2D geometric morphometrics.We classified the diet of the didel-phids into four broad categories to assess whether morphospace ordination relates to dietary habits.We also provided the most comprehensive phylogeny for the family(i23 out of the 126 living species)using 10 nuclear and mitochondrial genes.We then mapped mandible size and shape onto that phylogeny for 93 selected taxa and ancestral size and shapes were reconstructed by parsimony.We found phylogenetically structured variation in mandible morphology between didelphid groups,and our results indicate that they have a significant phylogenetic signal.The main axis of shape variation is poorly related to size,but the second is strongly allometric,indicating that allometry is not the main factor in shaping morphological diversity on their mandibles.Our results indicate that the shape and size of the ancestral mandible of didelphids would be similar to that of the current species of the genus Marmosa.展开更多
Among the factors thar may influence parasitism are ecological and phylogenetic aspects(Krasnov et al.2005),where a host species may acquire a parasite by contact with other hosts co-occurring in a given environment o...Among the factors thar may influence parasitism are ecological and phylogenetic aspects(Krasnov et al.2005),where a host species may acquire a parasite by contact with other hosts co-occurring in a given environment or because of its ancestor(Hoberg and Brooks 2008).Thus,the parasite community can be considered a reflection of the ecological characteristics and the phylogeny of the host(Krasnov et al.2005).展开更多
文摘Didelphid marsupials are considered a morphologically unspecialized group with a generalist diet that includes vertebrates,invertebrates,and plant matter.While cranium and scapula variation has alreadybeen examined within Didelphidae,variation inmandible shape,usually associated with diet or phylogeny in other mammalian groups,has not yet been properly assessed in the family.We evaluated the variation in mandible shape and size of didelphids(2470 specimens belonging to 94 species)using 2D geometric morphometrics.We classified the diet of the didel-phids into four broad categories to assess whether morphospace ordination relates to dietary habits.We also provided the most comprehensive phylogeny for the family(i23 out of the 126 living species)using 10 nuclear and mitochondrial genes.We then mapped mandible size and shape onto that phylogeny for 93 selected taxa and ancestral size and shapes were reconstructed by parsimony.We found phylogenetically structured variation in mandible morphology between didelphid groups,and our results indicate that they have a significant phylogenetic signal.The main axis of shape variation is poorly related to size,but the second is strongly allometric,indicating that allometry is not the main factor in shaping morphological diversity on their mandibles.Our results indicate that the shape and size of the ancestral mandible of didelphids would be similar to that of the current species of the genus Marmosa.
基金We are grateful to the Universidade Federal de Sergipe(PROAP/CAPESAJFS)for logistical supportThis study was financed in part by the Coordenaqao de Aperfeiqoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior-Brasil(CAPES)-Finance Code 001.
文摘Among the factors thar may influence parasitism are ecological and phylogenetic aspects(Krasnov et al.2005),where a host species may acquire a parasite by contact with other hosts co-occurring in a given environment or because of its ancestor(Hoberg and Brooks 2008).Thus,the parasite community can be considered a reflection of the ecological characteristics and the phylogeny of the host(Krasnov et al.2005).
