Hepatoprotective effect of Geranium schiedeanum against ethanol toxicity during liver regeneration

AIM: To evaluate the effect of an extract of Geranium schiedeanum(Gs) as a hepatoprotective agent against ethanol(Et OH)-induced toxicity in rats. METHODS: Male Wistar rats weighing 200-230 g were subjected to a 70% partial hepatectomy(PH); they were then divided into three groups(groups 1-3). During the experiment, animals in group 1 drank only water. The other two groups(2-3) drank an aqueous solution of Et OH(40%, v/v). Additionally, rats in group 3 received a Gs extract daily at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight intragastically. Subsequently, to identify markers of liver damage in serum, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, albumin and bilirubin were measured by colorimetric methods. Glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations were also determined. In addition, oxidative damage was estimated by measuring lipid peroxidation [using thiobarbituric-acid reactive substances(TBARS)] in both plasma and the liver and by measuring the total concentration of antioxidants in serum and the total antioxidant capacity in the liver. In addition, a liver mass gain assessment, total DNA analysis and a morpho-histological analysis of the liver from animals in all three groups were performed and compared. Finally, the number of deaths observed in the three groups was analyzed.RESULTS: Administration of the Geranium shiedeanum extract significantly reduced the unfavorable effect of ethanol on liver regeneration(restitution liver mass: PHEt OH group 60.68% vs PH-Gs-Et OH group 69.22%). This finding was congruent with the reduced levels of hepatic enzymes and the sustained or increased levels of albumin and decreased bilirubin in serum. The extract also modified the metabolic processes that regulate glucose and lipid levels, as observed from the serum measurements. Lower antioxidant levels and the liver damage induced by Et OH administration appeared to be mitigated by the extract, as observed from the TBARs(PH-Et OH group 200.14 mmol/mg vs PH-Gs-Et OH group 54.20 mmol/mg; P < 0.05), total status of antioxidants(PH-Et OH group 1.43 mmol/L vs PH-Gs-Et OH group 1.99 mmol/L; P < 0.05), total antioxidant capacity values, liver mass gain and total DNA determination(PH-Et OH group 4.80 mg/g vs PH-Gs-Et OH 9.10 mg/g; P < 0.05). Overall, these processes could be related to decreased mortality in these treated animals.CONCLUSION: The administered extract showed a hepatoprotective effect, limiting the Et OH-induced hepatotoxic effects. This effect can be related tomodulating oxido-reduction processes.

Morphological and biochemical effects of weekend alcohol consumption in rats: Role of concentration and gender

AIM To examine the association between weekend alcohol consumption and the biochemical and histological alterations at two different concentrations of alcohol in both genders in rats.METHODS Wistar rats weighing 170-200 g were divided into groups as follows:(1) Control groups; and(2) weekend alcohol-consumption group: 2 d/weekly per 12 wk, at two different concentrations:(1) Group of males or females with a consumption of a solution of alcohol at 40%; and(2) group of males or females with a consumption of a solution of alcohol at 5%. At the end of the experiment, serum and liver samples were obtained. The following enzymes and metabolites were determined in serum: Alanine Aminotransferase(ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase(AST), Lactate Dehydrogenase, and Gamma-Glutamyltransferase, and glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, bilirubin, and albumin. Liver samples from each group were employed to analyze morphological abnormalities by light microscopy.RESULTS In all of the weekend alcohol-consumption groups, AST activity presented a significant, 10-fold rise. Regarding ALT activity, the groups with weekend alcohol consumption presented a significant increase that was six times greater. Bilirubin levels increased significantly in both groups of females. We observed a significant increase in the parameters of fatty change and inflammation due to weekend alcohol consumption. Only the group of females that consumed alcohol at 40% presented slight hepatocel ular disorganization CONCLUSION The results obtained herein provide solid evidence that weekend alcohol consumption gives rise to liver damage, demonstrated by biochemical and histological alterations, first manifested acutely, and prolonged weekend alcohol consumption can cause greater, irreversible damage.

Population Dynamics of Colonizing Fauna and Its Effect on Growth Rates of the Farmed Red Alga Alsidium triquetrum (S. G. Gmelin) Trevisan

Herbivores can drastically alter the morphology of macroalgae by directly consuming tissue and by inflicting structural wounds. Macroalgae host abundant and diverse epibiont communities, the dynamics of which tend to be mostly unknown in space and time. As the cultivation of macroalgae gains momentum worldwide, it is key to measure how epibionts could affect algal performance. We examined the epibiont community associated with farmed Alsidium triquetrum, a red macroalga with growing pharmacological interest. Measurements were conducted over two independent 60-day periods, one in summer and one in winter. Epibionts showed different patterns of succession in both seasons. Crustaceans, mainly amphipods, showed the highest overall density, with deleterious effects on daily growth rates of A. triquetrum in winter. Adverse effects as a function of epibionts were not detected in summer. A. triquetrum is a perennial alga. However, its performance as a crop in the nearshore can be significantly affected by the epibiont community structure that persists in winter. Amphipods and ascoglossan molluscs were risk factors in the mariculture of this agarophyte. In winter, they can destroy plants when they reach more than five individuals per gram of fresh biomass. Results highlight that commercial farming of A. triquetrum would be successful if grown throughout the summer.