EFFECTS OF RED LIGHT AT 640nm FROM LIGHT EMITTING DIODES ON THE RESPIRATORY BURST OF HUMAN NEUTROPHILS

Photobiomodulation(PBM)has been reported to have effects on respiratory burst of polymorphonuclear neutrophils(PMNs),but little focus was on the individual differences of human PMNs.The latter was investigated in this study.The PMNs were isolated from peripheral blood of 13 volunteers(10 ordinary persons,3 athletes)and treated by red light(640±15 nm)from light emitting diodes(RLED)at 50,100,300,500 and 1000 J/m^(2)for 100 seconds,respectively.Blood samples of athletes were extracted at different running stages in 10 km non-interrupted long-distance running,before running,1 hour after running began,just finishing the running,resting for 1 hour and 2 hours after running.The PMN respiratory burst was assessed by the nitroblue tetrazolium test.It was found that there were three types of RLED PBM on the respiratory burst of 3 types of PMNs,respectively,inducing for the subactivated PMNs,inhibiting for the overactivated PMNs and none for the PMNs in homeostasis.It was then concluded that there may be RLED PBM on dysfunctional human PMNs while none on those in homeostasis,and RLED at 300 J/m^(2)for 100 seconds may have bi-direction modulation on PMN respiratory burst.

Longevity Chance

Britton Chance pursued his research and sailing until his death at age 97.His 100th anniversary was memorialized in this paperfrom longevity viewpoint.His ielong work was very creative.Hislife was very colorful.His aging was very sucesful.He has lived a longevity.

PHOTOBIOMODULATION-MEDIATED PATHW AY DIAGNOSTICS

Cellular pathways are ordinarily diagnosed with pathway inhibitors,related gene regulation,or fuorescent protein markers.They are also suggested to be diagnosed with pathway activation modulation of photobiomod ulation(PBM)in this paper.A PBM on a biosystem function depends on whether the biosystem is in its function-specific homeostasis(FSH).An FSH,a negative feedback response for the function to be performed perfectly,is maintained by its FSH-essential subfunctions and its FSH-non-essential subfunctions(FNSs).A function in its FSH or far from its FSH is called a normal or dysfunctional function.A direct PBM may self-adaptatively modulate a dysfunctional function until it is normal so that it can be used to discover the optimum pathways for an FSH to be established.An indirect PBM may self adaptatively modulate a dysfunctional FNS of a normal function until the FNS is normal,and the normal function is then upgraded so that it can be used to discover the redundant pathways for a normal function to be upgraded.

EXTRAOCULAR CELLULAR PHOTOTRANSDUCTION

Photobiomodulation(PBM)is a modulation of monochromatic light or laser irradiation(LI)on biosystems.It is reviewed from the viewpoint of extraocular phototransduction in this paper.It was found that LI can induce extraocular phototransduction,and there may be an exact correspondence relationship of LI at different wavelengths and in different dose zones,and cellular signal transduction pathways.The signal transduction pathways can be classified into two types so that the Gs protein-mediated pathways belong to pathway 1,and the other pathways such as protein kinase Cs-mediated pathways and mitogen-activated protein kinase-mediated pathways belong to pathway 2.Almost all the present pathways found to mediate PBM belong to pathway 2,but there should be a pathway 1-mediated PBM.The previous studies were rather preliminary,and therefore further work should be done.