Effect of secondary radiation force on aggregation between encapsulated microbubbles

Secondary radiation force can be an attractive force causing aggregates of encapsulated microbubbles in ultrasonic molecular imaging. The influence of the secondary radiation force on aggregation between two coated bubbles is investigated in this study. Numerical calculations are performed based on four simultaneous differential equations of radial and translational motions. Results show that the secondary force can change from attraction to repulsion during approach, and stable microbubble pairs can be formed in the vicinity of resonant regions; the possibility of microbubble aggregations can be reduced by using low exciting amplitude, ultrasonic frequencies deviating from the resonant frequencies or microbubbles with small compressibility.

Influence of limited-view scanning on depth imaging of photoacoustic tomography

We study the influence of limited-view scanning on the depth imaging of photoacoustic tomography. The situation, in which absorbers are located at different depths with respect to the limited-view scanning trajectory, is called depth imaging and is investigated in this paper. The results show that limited-view scanning causes the reconstructed intensity of deep absorbers to be weaker than that of shallow ones and that deep absorbers will be invisible if the scanning range is too small. The concept of effective scanning angle is proposed to analyse that phenomenon. We find that an effective scanning angle can well predict the relationship between scanning angle and the intensity ratio of absorbers. In addition, limited-view scanning is employed to improve image quality.

Enhancement of photoacoustic tomography in the tissue with speed-of-sound variance using ultrasound computed tomography

The speed-of-sound variance will decrease the imaging quality of photoacoustic tomography in acoustically inhomo- geneous tissue. In this study, ultrasound computed tomography is combined with photoacoustic tomography to enhance the photoacoustic tomography in this situation. The speed-of-sound information is recovered by ultrasound computed to- mography. Then, an improved delay-and-sum method is used to reconstruct the image from the photoacoustic signals. The simulation results validate that the proposed method can obtain a better photoacoustic tomography than the conventional method when the speed-of-sound variance is increased. In addition, the influences of the speed-of-sound variance and the fan-angle on the image quality are quantitatively explored to optimize the image scheme. The proposed method has a good performance even when the speed-of-sound variance reaches 14.2%. Furthermore, an optimized fan angle is revealed, which can keep the good image quality with a low cost of hardware. This study has a potential value in extending the biomedical application of photoacoustic tomography.

Cluster Model for Wave-Like Motions of a 2D Vertically Vibrated Granular System

The fact that trapezoid clusters exist in 2D vertically vibrated granular systems leads us to construct a cluster model, in which wave-like motions are explained as the result of cluster-plate and cluster-cluster collisions. By analyzing the collision of one cluster with the plate in detail, we deduce a basic equation from velocity relationship, which could be separated into two correlative equations： one relates wave-like motion with exciting acceleration, and we call it the excitation condition; the other relates wavelength with exciting frequency, viz., the dispersion relation. The theoretical results are in agreement with the experimental ones, which supports the idea of the cluster model. Moreover, from the cluster model, we also predict a possibility of abnormal dispersion relation of a 213 granular system.

Finite element analysis of three-dimensional laser-induced transient thermal grating in diamond/ZnSe system

This paper uses finite element method to obtain the three-dimensional temperature field of laser-induced transient thermal grating （TTG） for two-layered structure of diamond film on ZnSe substrate. The numerical results indicate that unique two-times heating process is gradually experienced in the area between two adjacent grating stripes. However, there is a little change for the temperature field along the depth direction for the diamond film due to its great thermal conductivity. It further finds that the thickness of the diamond film has a significant influence on the temperature field in diamond/ZnSe system. The results are useful for the application of laser-induced TTG technique in film/substrate system.

Perception of Nonlinear Distortion in Music Signals Reproduced by Microspeakers

A lot of work has focused on compensating nonlinear distortions ofthe microspeaker under large excitation, yet it is unclear at which levelthe effect of nonlinear distortion is imperceptible or not annoying. Inthis study virtual listening tests were performed to evaluate thedeterioration of sound quality in music signals with different levels ofnonlinear distortion by a microspeaker. Binaural recordings of themusic played by the microspeaker were made at different voltagelevels, adjusted to the same RMS power, and afterwards reproducedby a low distortion reference headphone. The “double-blind triple-stimuluswith hidden reference” method was used in the listening tests. Listenerswere required to not only discern the distortion, but also rank theseverity of the distortion. The effects of several factors includingsubject, program material and distortion level on the perceiveddistortion are discussed.

Cluster model for wave patterns of a 3D vertically vibrated granular system

Based on the cluster model for wave-like motions of a 2D vertically vibrated granular system we established previously (Chin Phys Lett,2010,27:124501),a generalization of the cluster model for a 3D granular system is presented in this paper.The 3D cluster model proposes frustums of pyramids as clusters of the 3D granular system,and explains wave patterns as the result of the cluster-boundary and cluster-plate collisions.By analyzing the movement of one cluster in a collision period,we derive a basic equation,which relates the internal characteristic parameter to the external driving parameters.The theoretical results reproduce the behaviors of wave patterns as changes in the driving parameters,and the 3D dispersion relation,which agree with the experimental results.

Study of two-section composite chain of beads under vertical vibration

We investigated the dynamic properties of a two-section composite chain of beads under vertical vibration.By analyzing the chain's motion,including phase-shift,mean dilation,center-of-mass displacement,and energy,we found that with different bead arrangements,the chain behaved in different ways.We believe that interaction existing at the interface between bead sections provides the underlying cause.This interaction causes different energy in different arrangements,which leads to different dynamic characteristics.

Formation and transport of granular heaps in vertically vibrated containers with periodic corrugated bottoms

We report the formation and transportation of granular heaps in vertically vibrated containers with two types of periodic corrugated bottoms: one with a periodic array of ten identical plexiglas rectangles mounted (named the periodic container), and the other with a single-step (named the single-step con-tainer). For the periodic container, when the excitation was weaker, several small heaps formed, and the number of them was the same as that of the rectangles on the bottom. As the excitation increased, the system presented three types of states: single well-defined heap, weaker wave, and stronger wave. Some local convections were observed in the interior of heap. For the single-step container, we ob-served the transportation of a heap toward step. We propose that the compressive force from the am-bient gas plays a crucial role in the movement of the heap.

Noninvasive treatment efficacy monitoring and dose control for high-intensity focused ultrasound therapy using relative electrical impedance variation

As an effective therapeutic modality, high-intensity focused ultrasound（HIFU） can destroy tumour tissues by thermocoagulation with less metastasis, but it is still limited by inaccurate non-invasive temperature monitoring and efficacy evaluation. A model of electrical impedance measurement during HIFU therapy was established using the temperatureimpedance relationship. Based on the simulations of acoustic pressure, temperature, and electrical conductivity, the impedance of the phantom was calculated and experimentally demonstrated for different values of acoustic power values and treatment time. We proved that the relative impedance variation（RIV） increases linearly with the increasing treatment time at a fixed acoustic power, and the relative impedance variation rate shows a linear relationship with the acoustic power.The RIV and treatment time required for HIFU treatment efficacy are inversely proportional to the acoustic power and the square of acoustic power, respectively. The favourable results suggest that RIV can be used as an efficient indicator for noninvasive temperature monitoring and efficacy evaluation and may provide new strategy for accurate dose control of HIFU therapy.

Three-stage Nonlinear Thermal Model for Microspeakers in Mobile Phones

Since microspeakers are widely used in mobile phones,high power is usually applied to obtain sufficient output sound pressure.However,the electric power is almost converted into heat,leading to the thermal problem in microspeakers.Compared with large loudspeaker,microspeakers are smaller and the under yoke is relatively closed,causing the heat transfer more complex.In this study,a three-stage nonlinear thermal model was proposed for analyzing the thermal behavior in microspeakers.The inside air is a buffer area between the voice coil and magnet,and modeled as a middle stage of the heat transfer.The forced convection is still significant in microspeakers while the eddy current can be ignored.In order to obtain the thermal parameters of the model,a corresponding parameter identification method was put forward.The basic linear parameters and forced convection parameters were all obtained by measuring and fitting the temperature curves of voice coil at different single tones.A series of experiments were conducted to verify the proposed model and parameter identification method,and the results showed good aggrement between the measured and predicted temperature curves for different input signals.The proposed model was valid and accurate,and may be helpful for the design and application of microspeakers.

Water Surface Wave in a Trough with Periodical Topographical Bottom under Vertical Vibration

We investigate the water surface waves in a vertically vibrated long rectangular trough with several identical Plexiglas rectangles lined periodically on the bottom. The band structure is computed theoretically by the method of transfer matrix. Some interesting phenomena, such as the localized wave, especially the solitary-like wave inside the band gap . are observed in the experiments.

Energy unidirectional transmission in an asymmetrically finite transmission line

The phenomenon of energy unidirectionM transmission is numerically investigated by using a system of two coupled discrete nonlinear electrical transmission lines, each line of the network contains a finite number of cells and has different pass band structures, respectively. Using numerical simulations, we examine the frequency multiplication of the driving frequency and the lattice filtering effect in the line. These lead to the generation of energy unidirectional transmission. In the present work, energy is carried by the second harmonic wave in the pass band. In addition, we also study the dependence of the energy efficiency on the driving amplitude and other parameters of the model, such as the system size and the nonlinear coefficient, by calculation. Furthermore, after detailed numerical simulation, an experimental demonstration is realized. The experimental results agree with those in simulation qualitatively.

Patterns in a Two-Dimensional Annular Granular Layer

Patterns such as periodic subharmonic waves and kink-pairs are observed experimentally in a two-dimensional vertically vibrated granular layer located in an annular channel which has a sawtooth-shaped base.Using the thickness of the granular layer and external excitation as control parameters,we find the transitions between different patterns in the layer.The dependence of the kink-pair's velocity on the external excitation is revealed.The local velocity fields of the granular layer indicate that,in addition to horizontal transport in the layer,there is convection in the node area of a kink.

基于合成磁场的声学非互易

通过设计特定的时空调制,合成磁性的概念最近被提出以实现对光子和声子等电荷中性粒子的非互易操控,但现有方案存在着隔离度低、信号频率变化等问题.本文设计了一种新型耦合共振腔系统,其中动态耦合的相位作为实现声学合成磁场的新机制并打破了系统的时间反演对称性,最终取得了优异的声波非互易传输.基于旋转波近似方法,作者严格推导出了实现系统强非互易声传输的参数条件.通过优化动态耦合之间的相位差以及耦合强度,实验展示了隔离度达45-dB和正向传输率达0.85的优异单向声传输.此外,这种单向声传输具有始末态频率不变和隔离方向可电控等重要特性.该研究突破了现有声波单向操控机制在效率和隔离度方面的局限,并为实现弗洛奎和非线性声学拓扑绝缘体提供了新途径.

An experiment on multibubble sonoluminescence spectra in sodium chloride solution

We investigated experimentally the spectra of MBSL in sodium chloride water solution with krypton as dissolved gas. We observed and compared the spectra of hydroxyl ion at 310 nm and that of sodium atom at 589 nm. It has been found that under the same experimental condition, the intensity of sodium atom spectra is obviously higher than that of the hydroxyl ion spectra, and is more sensitive to the experimental condition. The krypton content, the concentration of sodium chloride solution, and the driving sound pressure obviously affect the spectra intensity in certain range.