新疆马鹿塔里木亚种的现状与保护

新疆马鹿塔里木亚种高度适应荒漠生境,自20世纪50年代以来,由于自然和人为因素的影响,种群数量急剧下降。栖息地退缩和片段化不仅导致种群遗传多样性的丧失,而且也因遗传漂变和近亲繁殖,不断地加剧了该亚种的濒危程度。为有效的保护该物种,特提出可行的保护措施建议。

中国新疆马鹿亚种头骨形态的地理变化(英文)

新疆马鹿(Cervus elaphus)有3个亚种(塔里木亚种C. e . yarkandensis、天山亚种C. e . songaricus和阿勒泰亚种C. e . sibiricus)。本文报道新疆马鹿3个亚种头骨形态学特征描述和14项形态学指标测定。被测定的指标主要有颅全长(GLC)、颜面长(FL)、鼻骨全长(GLN)、前头长( MFL)、眼窝长(OFW)、基底全长(CBL)、口盖最大幅(GPB)、前臼齿间距离(Pm-P)、眼间最小幅(ZB)、筋突起高(CH)、关筋突起高(LH)、牙齿间隙裂高(DH)、前下颚骨高(HMP2)、后下颚骨高(HMM3) ,采用主成分分析并在这3个亚种之间进行了比较。结果表明: 1)阿勒泰亚种的头骨长度和高度值比塔里木亚种大,宽度值比塔里木亚种小; 2)天山亚种的头骨大小一般处在塔里木亚种和阿勒泰亚种的中间,但三者之间没有显著性差异; 3)阿勒泰亚种和天山亚种的头骨形态测量数据比较接近,塔里木亚种的头骨形态比较特殊(塔里木亚种的头骨短而宽,明显区别于其他两亚种的特征)。在新疆导致马鹿3个亚种头骨形态差异的主要因素有栖息地环境和气候因素的差异。阿勒泰亚种和天山亚种栖息在大陆性气候寒冷区的针叶林中,冬天气候比较寒冷;塔里木亚种栖息在大陆性气候温热区的塔里木河流域胡杨林中,气候干旱炎热。因此,阿勒泰和天山亚种在适应寒冷的气候并适应生软食物的食性过程中头骨变成长细,而塔里木亚种长期适应干旱炎热并适应生硬食物的食性使头骨变的短而宽。

Enhancing Sustainability in Forestry Using Material Flow Cost Accounting

Forestry is an applied science related to the sustainable management of natural resources. Many scientific disciplines influence forest science including ecology, economics and other social sciences. In this paper, it is proposed to promote the sustainable management of forest resources using a method coming from the Environmental Management Accounting discipline. The method is Material Flow Cost Accounting, which assists managers to recognize material and energy inefficiencies in production processes and create cost savings for the organization. Through a study of the methodology and using forestry examples, it is shown that Material Flow Cost Accounting can be a useful tool for forest managers, either in Public Forest Service, or other forestry organizations.

用距离取样技术估算森林生境中的梅花鹿密度(英文)

作者于 1999年 9、 10月在日本国日光国立公园的一个梅花鹿 (Cervusnippon)高密度区域实施了 16次夜间探照样带距离法取样调查。采用车载探照记数和激光测距仪测距 ,记录了梅花鹿的结群大小和距样带中心样线的垂直距离。应用距离取样技术 (Distancesamplingtechnique ,DST)计算的结果表明 ,梅花鹿的密度为12 5 8头 /km2 (95%CI 10 0 7-157 3 ) ,在两侧 80m宽度的调查样带内梅花鹿的总发现率为 52 5% ;对线样带法的传统动物密度计算方法 (King s ,Hayne s ,Leopold s ,Gates sⅠ ,Gates sⅡ ,Gates sⅢ和Frye s方法 )的结果验证表明 ,这些传统密度计算方法过高估算梅花鹿的密度 ,其结果为距离取样技术 (DST)计算结果的 1 76(Frye′s法 ) -6 10 (Hayne′s法 )倍。因此 ,作者建议在使用线样带法测定动物密度时应尽量避免使用这些传统计算方法 ;不同地区间及同一地区不同季节间应用线样带法调查得到的动物个体记数值之间的比较存在偏差 。

Thirty-eight spider species (Arachnida: Araneae) from China, Indonesia, Japan and Vietnam

Four new genera in three spider families are reported, namely Langlibaitiao Lin &Li, gen. nov., of Dictynidae O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871, with Lathys inaffecta Li, 2017(♂♀,China: Guangxi) as the type species;Huoyanluo Lin & Li, gen. nov., of Macrobunidae Petrunkevitch, 1928, with Huoyanluo ruanxiaoqi Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂, China: Yunnan) as the type species and Gushangzao Lin & Li, gen. nov. and Gyro Lin & Li, gen. nov., of Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833, with Gushangzao shiqian Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China: Xizang) and Gyro zeppeli Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♀, China: Yunnan) as the type species, respectively. Further 31 new species in 19 spider families are reported, including Agelenidae C.L. Koch, 1837:Troglocoelotes doul Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♀, China: Guangxi) and T. ruanxiaowu Lin & Li, sp.nov.(♀, China: Guangxi);Dictynidae: Langlibaitiao zhangshun Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂, China:Hainan);Hahniidae Bertkau, 1878: Hahnia zhuyifani Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♀, China: Yunnan);Liocranidae Simon, 1897: Platnick xintongi Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China: Xizang);Macrobunidae: Funny yanqing Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China: Xizang) and Huoyanluo zhangzezhongi Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂, China: Yunnan);Mysmenidae Petrunkevitch, 1928:Phricotelus yangxiong Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China: Chongqing);Nemesiidae Simon, 1889:Raveniola shixiu Lin, Wang & Li, sp. nov.(♀, China: Guangxi) and R. xiezhen Lin, Wang & Li,sp. nov.(♂♀, China: Yunnan);Nesticidae Simon,1894: Speleoticus sicet Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀,China: Sichuan);Ochyroceratidae Fage, 1912: Speocera yiduoi Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂, China:Guangdong);Oecobiidae Blackwall, 1862: Uroctea chenyui Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China:Guangxi);Oonopidae Simon, 1890: Orchestina xiebao Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♀, China:Chongqing);Philodromidae Thorell, 1869: Apollophanes lujiani Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China:Guangxi) and Psellonus dawanqu Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China: Guangdong);Salticidae Blackwall, 1841: Coccorchestes spark Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, Indonesia, West Papua),Onomastus zhuwu Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China: Chongqing) and Synagelides huangxin Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China: Chongqing);Sparassidae Bertkau,1872: Thelcticopis chongzu Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China: Yunnan);Symphytognathidae Hickman,1931: Kirinua zhengqi Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♀, China: Guangxi);Synotaxidae Simon,1895: Tekellina haosiwen Lin & Li, sp.nov.(♂♀, China: Chongqing) and T. huihangi Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China: Zhejiang);Theridiidae: Chrosiothes pengqi Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♀, China: Chongqing), Coscinida hantao Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China: Chongqing), Gushangzao goemon Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, Japan,Iriomotejima Island), Theridion chenzhangfui Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China: Zhejiang) and Yaginumena xuanzan Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China: Chongqing);Theridiosomatidae Simon,1881: Coddingtonia chenyufengi Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♀, Vietnam: Hai Phong) and Sennin zhangxinae Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, Vietnam: Hai Phong);Zodariidae Thorell, 1881: Mallinella zhoushengboi Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China: Chongqing). Four new combinations in three spider families are proposed: Philodromidae: Psellonus kianganensis(Barrion & Litsinger, 1995) comb. nov.;Theridiidae: Gushangzao pelorosus(Zhu, 1998) comb. nov. and Dictynidae: Langlibaitiao chishuiensis(Zhang, Yang & Zhang, 2009) comb. nov. and L. inaffectus(Li, 2017) comb. nov.