Design and manufacture of emulsion liquid membrane based on various amine extractants for separation and extraction of succinic acid from fermentation broth

The aim of this study was to design a new emulsion liquid membrane(ELM)system for the separation of succinic acid from aqueous solutions.The concentration of succinic acid varied from 20 to 60 mmol·L^(-1).The prepared ELM system includes tributylamine(TBA)as a carrier,commercial kerosene as a solvent,Span 80 as a surfactant,and Na2CO3as a stripping agent.In order to control the membrane swelling,different values of cyclohexanone were added to the membrane phase.The effect of various empirical variables on the extraction of the succinic acid such as acid concentration in the feed solution,initial feed concentration,carrier concentration,the stirring speed of the extraction,Na2CO3,surfactant,and cyclohexanone concentrations,and treat ratio in the ELM system.The best result was obtained when TBA was used as the carrier.The final acid extraction efficiency was independent of pH variations of the aqueous feed solution.The extraction of succinic acid solution with a concentration of 40 mmol·L^(-1)was improved by increasing the treat ratio 1:7-1:3,stripping phase concentration 0.5-1.5 mol·L^(-1),stirring speed 300-500 r·min^(-1)and cyclohexanone concentration in the membrane phase 1.2-1.6 mol·L^(-1).No considerable effect on the extraction rate was observed for the carrier concentration in the membrane phase.But,the surfactant concentration in the feed phase showed a dual effect on the extraction efficiency.

Investigation of Microstructure, Natural Frequencies and Vibration Modes of Dragonfly Wing

In the present work, a thorough investigation on the microstructural and morphological aspects of dragonfly wings was carried out using scanning electron microscope. Then, based on this study and the previous reports, a precise three-dimensional numerical model was developed and natural frequencies and vibration modes of dragonfly forewing were determined by finite element method. The results shown that dragonfly wings are made of a series of adaptive materials, which form a very complex composite structure. This bio-composite fabrication has some unique features and potential benefits. Furthermore, the numerical results show that the first natural frequency of dragonfly wings is about 168 Hz and bending is the predominant deformation mode in this stage. The accuracy of the present analysis is verified by comparison of calculated results with experimental data. This paper may be helpful for micro aerial vehicle design concerning dynamic response.

Surface stress effect on the vibration and instability of nanoscale pipes conveying fluid based on a size-dependent Timoshenko beam model

Presented in this paper is a precise investigation of the effect of surface stress on the vibration characteristics and instability of fluid-conveying nanoscale pipes.To this end,the nanoscale pipe is modeled as a Timoshenko nanobeam.The equations of motion of the nanoscale pipe are obtained based on Hamilton＇s principle and the Gurtin-Murdoch continuum elasticity incorporating the surface stress effect.Afterwards,the generalized differential quadrature method is employed to discretize the governing equations and associated boundary conditions.To what extent important parameters such as the thickness,material and surface stress modulus,residual surface stress,surface density,and boundary conditions influence the natural frequency of nanoscale pipes and the critical velocity of fluid is discussed.

Recent developments on applications of sequential loop closing and diagonal dominance control schemes to industrial multivariable system

With a focus on an industrial multivariable system, two subsystems including the flow and the level outputs are analysed and controlled, which have applicability in both real and academic environments. In such a case, at first, each subsystem is distinctively represented by its model, since the outcomes point out that the chosen models have the same behavior as corresponding ones. Then, the industrial multivariable system and its presentation are achieved in line with the integration of these subsystems, since the interaction between them can not actually be ignored. To analyze the interaction presented, the Gershgorin bands need to be acquired, where the results are used to modify the system parameters to appropriate values. Subsequently, in the view of modeling results, the control concept in two different techniques including sequential loop closing control(SLCC) scheme and diagonal dominance control(DDC) schemes is proposed to implement on the system through the Profibus network, as long as the OPC(OLE for process control) server is utilized to communicate between the control schemes presented and the multivariable system. The real test scenarios are carried out and the corresponding outcomes in their present forms are acquired. In the same way, the proposed control schemes results are compared with each other, where the real consequences verify the validity of them in the field of the presented industrial multivariable system control.

Parikh-Wilczek Tunneling as Massive Particles from Noncommutative Schwarzschild Black Hole

In this paper,we apply the tunneling of massive particle through the quantum horizon of a Schwarzschildblack hole in noncommutative spacetime.The tunneling effects lead to modified Hawking radiation due to inclusionof back-reaction effects.Our calculations show also that noncommutativity effects cause the further modifications tothe thermodynamical relations in black hole.We calculate the emission rate of the massive particles' tunneling from aSchwarzschild black hole which is modified on account of noncommutativity influences.The issues of information lossand possible correlations between emitted particles are discussed.Unfortunately even by considering noncommutativityview point,there is no correlation between different modes of evaporation at least at late-time.Nevertheless,as a resultof spacetime noncommutativity,information may be conserved by a stable black hole remnant.

Synthesis of 6-chloro and 6-fluoro-4-hydroxyl-2-quinolone and their azo disperse dyes

In this study,6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-quinolone and 6-flouro-4-hydroxy-2-quinolone were synthesized from corresponding dianilides.These compounds were coupled with some diazotized aromatic amines to give the corresponding azo disperse dyes.The structures of the quinolone derivatives and new azo dyes were confirmed by UV-vis,FT-IR,;H NMR and elemental analysis.

Interleukin-12 as a Genetic Adjuvant Enhances Hepatitis C Virus NS3 DNA Vaccine Immunogenicity

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) chronic infection is a worldwide health problem, and numerous efforts have been invested to develop novel vaccines. An efficient vaccine requires broad immune response induction against viral proteins. To achieve this goal, we constructed a DNA vaccine expressing nonstructural 3 (NS3) gene (pcDNA3.1-HCV-NS3) and assessed the immune response in C57BL/6 mice. In this study, the NS3 gene was amplified with a nested-reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method using sera of HCV-infected patients with genotype 1a. The resulting NS3 gene was subcloned into a pcDNA3.1 eukaryotic expression vector, and gene expression was detected by western blot. The resultant DNA vaccine was co-administered with interleukin-12 (IL-12) as an adjuvant to female C57BL/6 mice. After the final immunizations, lymphocyte proliferation, cytotoxicity, and cytokine levels were assessed to measure immune responses. Our data suggest that co-administration of HCV NS3 DNA vaccine with IL-12 induces production of significant levels of both IL-4 and interferon (IFN)-γ (p<0.05). Cytotoxicity and lymphocyte proliferation responses of vaccinated mice were significantly increased compared to control (p<0.05). Collectively, our results demonstrated that co-administration of HCV NS3 and IL-12 displayed strong immunogenicity in a murine model.

Determination of captopril in patient human urine using ferrocenemonocarboxylic acid modified carbon nanotubes paste electrode

In this work,we describe a new strategy for the electrochemical determination of captopril（CA） using ferrocenemonocarboxylic acid as a mediator and multiwall carbon nanotubes as sensors in aqueous solution at pH 7.0.The diffusion coefficient（D）,and the kinetic parameters such as electron transfer coefficient（α）.and heterogeneous rate constant（kh）,for CA were also determined using electrochemical approaches.Under the optimized conditions,the electrocatalytic oxidation peak current of captopril showed two linear dynamic ranges with a detection limit of 0.3×10^-6 mol L^-1 captopril.The linear calibration range was 0.8×10^（-6） to 65×10^-6 mol L^-1 using cyclic voltammetry.Finally,this modified electrode was also examined as a selective,simple and precise new electrochemical sensor for the determination of captopril in real samples such as drug and patient human urine.

Simulating Phenology,Growth and Yield of Transplanted Rice at Different Seedling Ages in Northern Iran Using ORYZA2000

Rice crop growth and yield in the north Iran are affected by crop duration and phenology.The purpose of this study was to calibrate and validate the ORYZA2000 model under potential production based on experimental data for simulating and quantifying the phenological development,crop duration and yield prediction of rice crop influenced by different seedling ages.In order to calibrate and validate the crop parameters of ORYZA2000 model,a two-year field experiment was conducted under potential growth condition for transplanted lowland rice during the 2008-2009 rice growing seasons,using three rice varieties with three seedling ages(17,24 and 33 days old).The results showed that the seedling age changed crop duration from 7 to 10 d.The ORYZA2000 model could predict well,but consistently underestimated the length of growing period.The range in normalized root mean square error(RMSEn) values for each phenological stage was between 4% and 6%.From our evaluation,we concluded that ORYZA2000 was sufficiently accurate in simulation of yield,leaf area index(LAI) and biomass of crop organs over time.On average,RMSEn values were 13%-15% for total biomass,18%-21% for green leaf biomass,17%-20% for stem biomass,16%-23% for panicle biomass and 24%-26% for LAI.The RMSEn values for final yield and biomass were 12%-16% and 6%-9%,respectively.Generally,the model simulated LAI,an exceeded measured value for younger seedlings,and best-fit was observed for older seedlings of short-duration varieties.The results revealed that the ORYZA2000 model can be applied as a supportive research tool for selecting the most appropriate strategies for rice yield improvement across the north Iran.

Postbuckling analysis of functionally graded graphene platelet-reinforced polymer composite cylindrical shells using an analytical solution approach

An analytical approach is proposed to study the postbuckling of circular cylindrical shells subject to axial compression and lateral pressure made of functionally graded graphene platelet-reinforced polymer composite (FG-GPL-RPC). The governing equations are obtained in the context of the classical Donnell shell theory by the von K′arm′an nonlinear relations. Then, based on the Ritz energy method, an analytical solution approach is used to trace the nonlinear postbuckling path of the shell. The effects of several parameters such as the weight fraction of the graphene platelet (GPL), the geometrical properties, and distribution patterns of the GPL on the postbuckling characteristics of the FG-GPL-RPC shell are analyzed.

Exogenous Application of Salicylic Acid and Nitric Oxide on the Ionic Contents and Enzymatic Activities in NaCl-Stressed Soybean Plants

The possible protective role of exogenous SA and NO donor (sodium nitroprusside) against salt stress was examined NaCl-induced oxidative stress in Glycine max L. The results indicated that NaCl-induced ionic toxicity led to significant increase of Na+ uptake in root and shoot of soybean, while K+ and Ca2+ uptake was decreased markedly. Application of SA, SNP and the combination of SA with SNP inhibited Na+ uptake, but improved K+ and Ca2+ uptake. Under NaCl salinity, germination percentage (GP) was decreased significantly as compared with control plants. Moreover, the activity of lipoxygenase (LOX) was increased by NaCl, while the application of SA, NO and SA + SNP could decrease LOX activity in this condition. As well, activities of the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) were significantly decreased by 100 mM NaCl, while the application of exogenous SA and NO increased the activities of PPO and PAL. In addition, it was observed that the SA and NO have effective functions in decreasing the damages induced by NaCl salinity. The seeds of G. max cv. Union × Elf (called L17) were obtained from the Institute of Sapling and Seed in Tehran and experiments have been done in Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University. After treatment with SA, SNP and NaCl, the plants were harvested for the estimation of ionic contents and assay of enzyme activities. The results showed that SA and NO act synergistically to reduce the damaging effects of salt tress via enhancing the activity of antioxidative systems.

Recent tectonic activity in Central Alborz Mountain,Iran:morphometric analysis and knickpoint identification

Alborz,as part of the Alpine-Himalayan orogeny belt,has been the result of the convergence of the Central Iranian and Eurasian plate since the late Triassic.The study area located in Central Alborz encompasses different Quaternary faults.Thus,the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of faults on river landforms through morphotectonic indices and the causes of knickpoints and knickzones in the Bedrock Rivers in part of Central Alborz.To this end,six morphometric indices such as longitudinal gradient(SL),hierarchical anomaly(Δα),the bifurcation index(R),hypsometric integral and hypsometric curve(Hi-Hc),relative relief(Bh),and basin shape(Bs) were calculated and analyzed in38 sub-basins of the area.Finally,the area was divided into extremely high,high,medium,and low tectonic activity areas using the relative tectonic activity(IAT).Normalized steepness and concavity indices along with the longitudinal profiles of the streams were obtained using Matlab and Arc GIS software.Based on the findings,the existence of slope-break knickpoints at the mountain piedmont at the outlet of large rivers through active faults demonstrated that most of these landforms were created by movements along the main faults such as Khazar,Nusha,Soheil,Deylaman,Kashachal,representing high tectonic activity in the central and southern parts of the study area.However,the values of these indices were extremely low and indicated low tectonic activity in the northern parts located in the embayment part of the Caspian Sea.Finally,the findings revealed that these classes correspond well to the areas with landforms such as V-shaped and narrow valleys,gorges,deflected and offset streams,deformed Neogene,and Quaternary units that indicate the post-Neogene activity.

Analytical solution approach for nonlinear buckling and postbuckling analysis of cylindrical nanoshells based on surface elasticity theory

The size-dependent nonlinear buckling and postbuckling characteristics of circular cylindrical nanoshells subjected to the axial compressive load are investigated with an analytical approach. The surface energy effects are taken into account according to the surface elasticity theory of Gurtin and Murdoch. The developed geometrically nonlinear shell model is based on the classical Donnell shell theory and the von Karman＇s hypothesis. With the numerical results, the effect of the surface stress on the nonlinear buckling and postbuckling behaviors of nanoshells made of Si and Al is studied. Moreover, the influence of the surface residual tension and the radius-to-thickness ratio is illustrated. The results indicate that the surface stress has an important effect on prebuckling and postbuekling characteristics of nanoshells with small sizes.

Numerical Solution of the Distributed-Order Fractional Bagley-Torvik Equation

In this paper, two numerical methods are proposed for solving distributed-order fractional Bagley-Torvik equation.This equation is used in modeling the motion of a rigid plate immersed in a Newtonian fluid with respect to the nonnegative density function. Using the composite Boole's rule the distributedorder Bagley-Torvik equation is approximated by a multi-term time-fractional equation, which is then solved by the GrunwaldLetnikov method(GLM) and the fractional differential transform method(FDTM). Finally, we compared our results with the exact results of some cases and show the excellent agreement between the approximate result and the exact solution.

Application of Different Image Processing Techniques on Aster and ETM+ Images for Exploration of Hydrothermal Alteration Associated with Copper Mineralizations Mapping Kehdolan Area (Eastern Azarbaijan Province-Iran)

The Kehdolan area is located at 20 kilometers to the?south-east of Dozdozan Town (Eastern Azarbaijan Province). According to structural geology, volconic rocks are situated in Alborz-Azarbyjan zone, and faults?are?observed?in?the?same direction to this system with SE-NW trend. The results show that kaolinite alteration trend with Argilic and propylitic veins?is the?same direction with SW-NE faults in this area. Therefore, these faults with these trends can be considered as the mineralization control for determination of the alterations. Different image processing techniques,?such as false color composite?(FCC), band ratios, color ratio composite?(CRC), principal component?analysis?(PCA), Crosta technique, supervised spectral angle mapping?(SAM), are used for?identification of the alteration zones associated with copper mineralization. In this project ASTER?data are process and spectral analysis to fit for recognizing intensity and kind of argillic, propylitic,?philic, and ETM+ data?which?are process and to fit for iron oxide and relation to metal mineralization of the area. For recognizing different alterations of the study area, some chemical and mineralogical analysis data from the samples showed that ASTER data and ETM+ data were?capable of hydrothermal alteration mapping with copper mineralization.?Copper mineralization in the region is in agreement with argillic alteration. SW-NE trending faults controlled the mineralization process.

Evaluation of imatinib mesylate(Gleevec) on KAI1/CD82 gene expression in breast cancer MCF-7 cells using quantitative real-time PCR

Objective: To evaluate the effect of imatinib mesylate on cell viability, anti cancer effect through modulation of KAI1/CD82 gene expression in breast cancer MCF-7 cell line.Methods: The effects of imatinib mesylate on cell viability in MCF-7 cell line were assessed using MTT assay and IC_(50) value was determined. GAPDH and KAI1/CD82 were selected as reference and target genes, respectively. Quantitative real time PCR technique was applied for investigation of KAI1/CD82 gene expression in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Subsequently, the quantity of KAI1 compared to GAPDH gene expressions were analyzed using the formula; 2^(-DDCt).Results: Imatinib was showed to have a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the viability of MCF-7 cells. CD82/GAPDH gene expression ratios were 1.322 ± 0.030(P > 0.05),2.052 ± 0.200(P < 0.05), 2.151 ± 0.270(P < 0.05) for 10, 20 and 40 mmol/L of imatinib concentrations.Conclusions: Based on the present data, imatinib mesylate might modulate metastasis by up-regulating KAI1/CD82 gene expression in human breast MCF-7 cancer cell line.

Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Tertiary Volcanic Rocks of the Eastern Roodbar, Alborz Mountain, North of Iran

In the Alborz Mountains of the eastern Roodbar (north of Iran), Tertiary volcanic rocks have a variety of composition between olivine basalt, basaltic andesite, pyroxene andesite and andesite. The presence of different xenoliths and xenocrysts is among the evidence of crustal contamination of these rocks. The positive correlations of CaO/Al2O3 vs to MgO and Al2O3 vs. SiO2 are of signs of the olivine and clinopyroxene fractionation in the variation trend of the area rocks. Positive correlations K2O/P2O5 vs with SiO2 and La/Sm vs. K2O/P2O5 demonstrate contamination of magma with the continental crust. The incompatible trace element patterns and their comparison with crustal contents indicate contamination of the rocks of the area with the lower and upper continental crust. Linear trends in the variation diagram of Nb/Y vs. Zr/Y, introduce two different source regions: a MORB source and the other continental crust for the rocks which are the genesis. The variations of Y/Nb vs. Zr/Nb and Rb/Y vs. Nb/Y reveal a crustal contamination of the magma originated from the MORB source. Geochemical studies represent that the area’s rocks were derived from the 15% melting of a mantle source of MORB type with spinel facies within a continental environment, which was contaminated by varying degrees of continental crustal rocks.

Square wave voltammetric quantification of folic acid,uric acid and ascorbic acid in biological matrix

Nowadays, modified electrodes with metal nanoparticles have appeared as an alternative for the electroanalysis of various compounds. In this study, gold nanoparticles（GNPs） were chosen as interesting metal nanoparticles for modifying carbon paste electrode（CPE）. GNPs and the gold nanoparticles-modified carbon paste electrode（GNPs/CPE） were characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy（TEM） and scanning electron microscopy（SEM）. GNPs/CPE as a simple and sensitive electrode was used to study three important biological molecules： folic acid（FA）, uric acid（UA） and ascorbic acid（AA）. Square wave voltammetry（SWV） was used as an accurate technique for quantitative measurements. A good linear relation was observed between anodic peak current（ipa） and FA（5.2 × 10（-6）– 2.5 × 10（-5）M）, UA（1.2 × 10（-6）– 2.1 × 10（-5）M） and AA（1.2 × 10（-6）– 2.5 × 10（-5）M） concentrations in simultaneous determination of these molecules.

Noncommutative Singular Black Holes

在这份报纸，使用并列协调状态的方法描述 Vaidya 黑洞的一个 noncommutative 模型导致一准确(t r ) 答案的依赖以 noncommutative 参数。在这安装，在长时间没有黑洞残余。

Noncommutative Inspired Reissner-Nordstrm Black Holes in Large Extra Dimensions

We propose an alternative scheme for generation of atomic Schrodinger cat states in an optical cavity. In thescheme the atoms are always populated in the two ground states and the cavity remains in the vacuum state. Therefore,the scheme is insensitive to the atomic spontaneous emission and cavity decay. The scheme may be generalized to thedeterministic generation of entangled coherent states for two atomic samples. In contrast with the previously proposedschemes of [Commun. Theor. Phys. 40 (2003) 103 and Chin. Phys. B 18 (2009) 1045], the required interaction time inour scheme is greatly shortened and thus the decoherenee can be effectively suppressed.