长QT综合征(一)

长QT综合征（LQTS）是一种心律紊乱疾病,表现为QT间期延长和T波异常,与尖端扭转型室性心动过速（TdP）的易感性增加相关,可导致晕厥、心脏骤停甚至猝死等心脏事件。先天性LQTS的发生率约为1/2 500,由编码或调节心脏钠、钾和钙离子通道的基因突变引起。至今已发现14个亚型,其中12个引起Romano-Ward综合征,2个引起伴耳聋的Jervell and Lange-Nielsen综合征,总共有1 200多个突变。大部分已知的基因突变在编码钾离子通道的基因上。疾病的严重程度受基因突变类型、突变位点和离子通道的生物物理特性影响。临床LQTS相关的症状与年龄、性别和QT间期延长程度相关。心脏事件的发生率在青少年和年轻的成年人中最高。女性比男性问题更多。QT间期越长,心脏事件发生率越高。在已知基因型的个体中,LQT1~3占90%~95%。在LQT1~3和LQT7个体存在基因特异性的心电图（ECG）表现。心脏事件的触发因素也因基因型的不同而不同。认识到基因特异的临床特征和ECG模式之间的关系可提高诊断的精确性。家族筛查、系列ECG跟踪随访、运动试验等不仅对先证者的诊断很重要,对于其他受累家族成员的确认也很重要。在所有亚型中,β阻滞剂对LQT1型患者最有效。左心交感神经切除术（LCSD）可增加心室颤动阈值从而显示可降低心脏事件的发生率。微创的LCSD术式比传统的方法更安全,患者恢复更快。植入式心脏复律除颤器（ICD）可对致命性心律失常提供最好的保护,但有必要使用ICD的危险分层,因为有50%的LQTS患者会终身无心脏事件发生。获得性LQTS在普通人群更常见,女性对延长QT间期的药物和电解质紊乱引起的TdP更易感。去除诱因是矫正获得性LQTS的最好办法。避免延长QT间期的药物和基因特异性的触发因素也能降低遗传性LQTS的心脏事件发生率。

Transepithelial leak in Barrett's esophagus patients: The role of proton pump inhibitors

AIM: To determine if the observed paracellular sucrose leak in Barrett's esophagus patients is due to their proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use. METHODS: The in vivo sucrose permeability test was administered to healthy controls, to Barrett's patients and to non-Barrett's patients on continuous PPI therapy. Degree of leak was tested for correlation with presence of Barrett's, use of PPIs, and length of Barrett's segment and duration of PPI use. RESULTS: Barrett's patients manifested a near 3-fold greater, upper gastrointestinal sucrose leak than healthy controls. A decrease of sucrose leak was observed in Barrett's patients who ceased PPI use for 7 d.Although initial introduction of PPI use (in a PPI-na ve population) results in dramatic increase in sucrose leak, long-term, continuous PPI use manifested a slow spontaneous decline in leak. The sucrose leak observed in Barrett's patients showed no correlation to the amount of Barrett's tissue present in the esophagus. CONCLUSION: Although future research is needed to determine the degree of paracellular leak in actual Barrett's mucosa, the relatively high degree of leak observed with in vivo sucrose permeability measurement of Barrett's patients reflects their PPI use and not their Barrett's tissue per se .

Omeprazole induces gastric transmucosal permeability to the peptide bradykinin

AIM:To investigate omeprazole-induced transepithelial gastric leak and its effects on the permeability of the peptides bradykinin and oxytocin.METHODS:Rat gastric corpus tissue was isolated and mounted in an Ussing chamber apparatus to evaluate the permeability of 3H-bradykinin,3H-oxytocin,and 14CEDTA in the presence or absence of omeprazole.Thinlayer chromatography was performed to identify any metabolic breakdown products of the peptides resulting from permeation through the gastric tissue,and thereby calculate the true flux of the peptide.RESULTS:The flux rate ofintact 3H-bradykinin increased substantially after omeprazole addition (109.5%) compared to the DMSO vehicle control (14%).No corresponding change in flux ofintact 3H-oxytocin was observed under the same conditions (11.9% and 6.4% in the DMSO-and omeprazole-treated conditions,respectively).After exposure to omeprazole,the flux rate of 14C-EDTA also increased dramatically (122.3%) compared to the DMSO condition (36.3%).CONCLUSION:The omeprazole-induced gastric leak allows for transmucosal permeability to charged molecules as well as non-electrolytes.This induced leak will allow certain peptides to permeate.

Absence of Na^+/sugar cotransport activity in Barrett's metaplasia

AIM:To evaluate the presence of Na+-dependent, active, sugar transport in Barrett's epithelia as an intestinal biomarker, based on the well-documented, morphological intestinal phenotype of Barrett's esophagus (BE). METHODS: We examined uptake of the nonmeta- bolizable glucose analogue, alpha-methyl-D-glucoside (AMG), a substrate for the entire sodium glucose cotransporter (SGLT) family of transport proteins. During upper endoscopy, patients with BE or with uncomplicated gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) allowed for duodenal, gastric fundic, and esophageal mucosal biopsies to be taken. Biopsies were incubated in bicarbonate-buffered saline (KRB) containing 0.1 mmol/L 14C-AMG for 60 min at 20℃. Characterized by abundant SGLT, duodenum served as a positive control while gastric fundus and normal esophagus, known to lack SGLT, served as negative controls. RESULTS: Duodenal biopsies accumulated 249.84 ± 35.49 (SEM) picomoles AMG/μg DNA (n = 12), gastric fundus biopsies 36.20 ± 6.62 (n = 12), normal esophagus 12.10 ± 0.59 (n = 3) and Barrett's metaplasia 29.79 ± 5.77 (n = 8). There was a statistical difference (P < 0.01) between biopsies from duodenum and each other biopsy site but there was no statistically significant difference between normal esophagus and BE biopsies. 0.5 mmol/L phlorizin (PZ) inhibited AMG uptake into duodenal mucosa by over 89%, but had nosignificant effect on AMG uptake into gastric fundus, normal esophagus, or Barrett's tissue. In the absence of Na+ (all Na+ salts replaced by Li+ salts), AMG uptake in duodenum was decreased by over 90%, while uptake into gastric, esophageal or Barrett's tissue was statistically unaffected. CONCLUSION: Despite the intestinal enterocyte phenotype of BE, Na+-dependent, sugar transport activity is not present in these cells.

Advances in reducing cardiovascular risk in the management of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Treatment intended to lower cardiovascular (CV) risk in patients with diabetes has always been a primary goal of diabetes treatment. Due to the subdued effects of reducing hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) on macrovascular complications, controlling other CV risk factors such as hypertension and hyperlipidemia instead of hyperglycemia has been the mainstay treatment to improve CV outcome in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) until recent years. This review is intended to summarize and compare the results from the available cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) for the two classes of glucose lowering drug: sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA). The results including the EMPA-REG, CANVAS program and DECLARE-TIMI 58 trials for SGLT2i, and the ELIXA, LEADER, SUSTAIN-6, EXSCEL and HARMONY trials for GLP-1 RA were summarized. The potential mechanisms of these CV beneficial effects and the optimal CV risk reduction treatment in patients with T2DM based on patient risk stratification and evidence from these CVOTs in real-world setting were discussed.