The Roles of the Universities in Human Rights Protection and Promotion in China——In the Case of Wuhan University Law School

Human rights is a great term, as well as an arduous undertaking, which needs unremitted efforts from various departments and all walks of life. Because of the advantages in resources and human talents, universities boast irreplaceable functions in the innovation, spread and application of human rights knowledge and can make outstanding contribution to the spread and popularization of human rights researches,

International law obligations for the disposal of Fukushima nuclear-contaminated water under the principles of nuclear safety

The disposal of contaminated water from Japan’s Fukushima nuclear power plant is a significant international nuclear safety issue with considerable cross-border implications.This matter requires compliance not only with the law of the sea but also with the principles of nuclear safety under international law.These principles serve as the overarching tenet of international and China’s domestic nuclear laws,applicable to nuclear facilities and activities.The principle of safety in nuclear activities is fully recognized in international and domestic laws,carrying broad legal binding force.Japan’s discharge of nuclear-contaminated water into the sea violates its obligations under the principle of safety in nuclear activities,including commitments to optimum protection,as low as reasonably practicable,and prevention.The Japanese government and the International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA)have breached the obligation of optimum protection by restricting the scope of assessments,substituting core concepts,and shielding dissenting views.In the absence of clear radiation standards,they have acted unilaterally without fulfilling the obligation as low as reasonably practicable principle.The discharge of Fukushima nuclear-contaminated water poses an imminent and unpredictable risk to all countries worldwide,including Japanese residents.Japan and the IAEA should fulfill their obligations under international law regarding disposal,adhering to the principles of nuclear safety,including optimum protection,the obligation as low as reasonably practicable,and prevention through multilateral cooperation.Specifically,the obligation to provide optimum protection should be implemented by re-evaluating the most reliable disposal technologies and methods currently available and comprehensively assessing various options.The standard of the obligation as low as reasonably practicable requires that the minimization of negative impacts on human health,livelihoods,and the environment should not be subordinated to considerations of cutting costs and expenses.Multilateral cooperation should be promoted through the establishment of sound multilateral long-term monitoring mechanisms for the discharge of nuclear-contaminated water,notification and consultation obligations,and periodic assessments.These obligations under international law were fulfilled after the accidents at the Three Mile Island and Chernobyl nuclear power plants.The implications of the principles of nuclear safety align with the concept of building a community of shared future for nuclear safety advocated by China.In cases of violations of international law regarding the disposal of nuclear-contaminated water that jeopardize the concept of a community of a shared future for nuclear safety,China can also rely on its own strength to promote the implementation of due obligations through self-help.

Addressing Japan’s disposal of nuclear-contaminated water from the perspective of international human rights law

The discharge of nuclear-contaminated water containing radionuclides into the ocean by Japan will lead to its integration into the entire ecosystem through processes of circulation and biomagnification,eventually entering the human body via the food chain.This poses a substantial risk of irreversible damage to both the ecosystem and human health,a situation that will worsen with the ongoing discharge of such water.The respect and protection of human rights represent an international consensus,and safeguarding fundamental human rights is a substantial obligation that states must undertake in accordance with both international and domestic law.Since the Fukushima nuclear disaster,Japan has continuously violated its international legal obligations to protect human rights in several areas,including the resettlement of disaster victims,the reduction of nuclear radiation levels,and the handling of contaminated water.Such actions have compromised and will continue to compromise the basic human rights of not only its citizens but also those of people worldwide,including environmental rights,the right to life,development rights,and food rights.In the aftermath of the Fukushima meltdown,the public and workers involved in handling nuclear contaminants have been continually exposed to high radiation levels,endangering their rights to life,development,and health.Japan’s inadequate efforts in victim resettlement and environmental restoration have jeopardized the environmental and food rights of its citizens to live healthily and access food in an environment unaffected by nuclear radiation.The release of nuclear-contaminated water poses a risk of Japan’s nuclear pollution to the people of neighboring countries and the global population at large.The principle of human rights underpins the theory of a community with a shared future for humanity,and human rights are a crucial area of China’s active participation in United Nations affairs and global governance.By voicing concerns over Japan’s potential human rights violations globally,China demonstrates its role as a responsible major country.In response to Japan’s breach of legal obligations and human rights violations,China can adopt a reasoned and beneficial approach,including calling on the international community to hold Japan criminally accountable for crimes against humanity under the Rome Statute and advancing scholarly discussions on ecocide and crimes against the marine environment.Furthermore,China should persist in seeking advisory opinions from the International Court of Justice and strive for substantive accountability,utilizing the mechanisms of international human rights organizations to make its voice heard.

Changes and Adjustments:The Rule of Law Response to Medical Institution Data Compliance

Medical institution data compliance is an exogenous product of the digital society,serving as a crucial means to maintain and balance the relationship between data protection and data sharing,as well as individual interests and public interests.The implementation of the Healthy China Initiative greatly benefits from its practical significance.In practice,data from medical institutions takes varied forms,including personally identifiable data collected before diagnosis and treatment,clinical medical data generated during diagnosis and treatment,medical data collected in public health management,and potential medical data generated in daily life.In the new journey of comprehensively promoting the Chinese path to modernization,it is necessary to clarify the shift from an individual-oriented to a societal-oriented value system,highlighting the reinforcing role of the trust concept.Guided by the principle of minimizing data utilization,the focus is on the new developments and changes in medical institution data in the postpandemic era.This involves a series of measures such as fulfilling the obligation of notification and consent,specifying the scope of data collection and usage,strengthening the standardized use of relevant technical measures,and establishing a sound legal responsibility system for data compliance.Through these measures,a flexible and efficient medical institution data compliance system can be constructed.

数据产权法律构造论

在数字经济环境中,数据已成为一种新型生产要素,需要更好地挖掘和开发其经济价值。数据不同于传统有体物以及知识产权客体的特征和属性使其在法律制度构建和运行上也具有特殊性。数据产权制度是数据基础制度的核心内容,其应涵盖保护数据主体合法权益、协调和平衡数据利益关系、促进数据有序流动和分享、促进数据要素利益公平分配等内容。数据产权的法律构造旨在建立数据资源持有权、数据加工使用权和数据产品经营权的数据动态流转和价值实现机制,最终服务于数字经济发展目标。

具体犯罪保护法益的确定方法

在基本犯与加重犯的保护法益不同的情形下,应当分别确定基本犯与加重犯的保护法益。如果拟制罪名与基本罪名的构成要件不同,就不应按罪名确定保护法益,而应分别确定拟制罪名与基本罪名的保护法益。阻挡层法益与背后层法益是就不同犯罪或者基本犯与加重犯的关系而言,并不是任何具体犯罪的保护法益都包含阻挡层法益与背后层法益。应当根据法益主体与被害人同意或承诺的有效性等要素区分个人法益与公共法益,不应当在对个人法益的犯罪中随意添加公共法益内容,也不宜随意在对公共法益的犯罪中任意添加个人法益内容。此外,需要区分具体犯罪的保护法益与阻却违法性的优越利益,不应将阻却违法性的优越利益当作相关犯罪的保护法益。

关于《刑事诉讼法》第四次修改的几点思考

近日,刑事诉讼法的第四次修改提上日程。学界对本次修改整体上较为积极,也有部分观点对修改存有隐忧。从整体上看,启动第四次刑事诉讼法修改有其必要性和重要的时代价值,应当抓住此次难得时机,同时,也要对实践中重打击轻保护的氛围保持高度警惕,牢牢把握人权保障和正当程序的目标和方向。刑事诉讼法第四次修改应当将刑事诉讼法典实质化作为目标,采取大修的立法模式,立足当下,着眼长远,系统规划,分步实施,迈出刑事诉讼法典实质化的关键一步。刑事诉讼法修改也要设定改革的亮点,这些亮点可以包括但不限于:重塑刑事诉讼法的篇章体例、以技术主义路径推进以审判为中心和庭审实质化、因应轻罪时代扩大附条件不起诉的适用范围、探索构建律师无效辩护制度、重塑强制措施体系、构建相对独立的涉案财物处置程序、完善证据制度等。

系统重要性金融科技公司的法律规制

随着金融科技的加速应用,金融科技的系统性风险已成为监管重点。金融科技巨头以关键技术服务商、金融基础设施和互联网金融控股集团等样态深度参与金融活动,在规模性、复杂性、可替代性和关联性等方面开始具备系统重要性特征,成为金融科技时代的“大而不能倒”。有必要参考系统重要性金融机构的监管经验,并结合金融科技公司系统性风险的生成机理,对系统重要性金融科技公司予以特殊规制。在有效识别系统重要性金融科技公司的基础上,整合金融监管、数据治理、网络安全和市场竞争等四大规制场域,建立以协调性为目标的监管体制、以可靠性为目标的审慎监管体系、以可承受性为目标的风险处置机制,构建系统重要性金融科技公司的监管框架和规制方案,有效防范其运行失灵给金融稳定带来的冲击。

第四次《刑事诉讼法》修改的法治现代化期待

《刑事诉讼法》第四次修改已经纳入立法规划,本次修法的指导思想是吸收司法解释和解释性文件的合理规定,巩固司法改革成果,回应司法实践需要,遵循联合国刑事司法准则和国际通行的标准,反映社会发展的现实需要。此次改革不应采取“修正案”模式,而是采用法典化模式。该次修改应从体例结构到原则、制度和程序进行全面修改。在基本原则中当务之急是增加“无罪推定”和“直接言词”等原则。此次修法应当大幅度增加相关条文,至少增加至500条以上,一审程序应当增加至70条以上。修改应具有前瞻性,能保证适用30年以上。修改内容除了一审程序外,此次修法重点是辩护制度和证据制度。“特别程序”中应增设“涉案企业合规改革诉讼程序”“涉外犯罪案件诉讼程序”和“涉老案件诉讼程序”。

坚持和发展民主集中制原则推进新时代中国刑事诉讼制度现代化

全国人大已将《刑事诉讼法》的修改列入本届人大的工作规划之中。作为规范刑事诉讼程序、约束诉讼主体行为的基本法律,应该明确刑事诉讼中公权力机关之间职能分工的工作原则。民主集中制是我国《宪法》规定的国家机构组织和活动原则,同时也是我国现行刑事诉讼确立的公权力机关之间职能分工的指导原则,具体表现为公检法等机关在刑事诉讼中“分工负责、互相配合、互相制约”的工作原则。民主集中制决定了我国刑事诉讼中权力的集中本位及其分工的相对性。新时代应该发展刑事诉讼中的民主集中制原则,顺应权力本位向权利本位转变的时代潮流,以实现民主集中制原则与刑事诉讼制度的根本自洽,推进刑事诉讼现代化。

论客体对数据基本产权和分类确权的决定作用

数据二十条构建了基本数据产权,但要进一步确权立法,必须依据数据关系客体的不同对数据基本产权作出总体规定,并应根据客体类型作出分别规定。数据及其产品是新型民事关系客体,可被多人同时使用,其财产关系依合同产生具有相对性,这一客观规律决定数据产权为不同于所有权的有限产权。数据产权包括人格性权利和财产性权利,财产性权利以人格性权利为基础。数据确权立法的基本框架包括数据流通中当事人享有的数据持有权、加工使用权、数据产品经营权等基本数据财产权,著作类电子产品当事人的权利,数据直接生成产品当事人的权利,货币结算与比特币的规定,法院管辖、涉外法律适用、仲裁等内容。

人工智能生成内容的著作权客体性思考——兼论作品判定的独创性标准选择

以基于转换器的生成式预训练模型(GPT)为代表的高阶人工智能凭借其强大的智能型内容生成机制,使得内容产品生产中的技术占比不断上升,人的直接投入占比相对下降,传统著作权法作品的独创性要求、权利人本原则等基本理论受到冲击。面对人工智能生成内容(AIGC)可作品性问题,基于自然人智力投入的创造性本质理论和闭合性作品概念显得力不从心。在过程视角下(主观标准),人工智能内容生成过程符合人类创作的思维特征;在结果视角下(客观标准),人工智能生成内容具有著作权作品的外观形式和信息消费功能,符合著作权作品的本质属性。如果人为割裂人工智能生成内容与著作权作品在产生过程和实质作用上的同质关系,强行区分人工智能生成内容和自然人创作作品的法律性质,则有悖著作权法因应技术发展调整信息消费品利益的制度旨趣,最终将导致著作权法律秩序的混乱。

医疗人工智能应用的法律挑战及其治理

医疗人工智能的高效性和先进性对公共卫生和医疗保健领域的技术创新产生了深刻影响。医疗人工智能有望使公民更好地享有健康权,并对整个公共卫生领域带来裨益,但同时也需注意医疗人工智能的发展速度远超对其监管框架的部署规划,会对个人权利和公共健康构成严重挑战,亟需法律作出相应回应。从相关当事人的尊严和自主性的保护、健康数据处理中的隐私和个人信息保护、医疗人工智能应用的公平性和透明度、问责制度和归责原则等方面分析了医疗人工智能应用的法律挑战,并从明确医疗人工智能的治理原则,建立包含硬法和软法在内的初步立法框架,构建科学、合理、高效的监管体制等角度构思了我国医疗人工智能的治理框架。

高等教育内涵式发展背景下高等教育评估的困境与应对

在应然层面,高等教育评估能够引导高等教育向“内涵式”方向发展、促进教育本体“内涵式”回归、实现教育效益“内涵式”提升。然而,在高等教育内涵式发展视角下高等教育评估存在着量化评估模式与内涵式发展高质量评估的要求错位、评估忽视内源性需求致使高等教育偏离本位、评估模式单一化引发高校发展同质化风险、评估法律规范滞后制约高等教育内涵式发展的现实困境。高校要深刻把握高等教育内涵式发展的核心意蕴,坚持“政府宏观把控、高校协调落实”的高等教育评估方式,以“量化评估”补强“质性评估”实现高等教育高质量评估,通过建立融合高校特色的弹性评估标准破除高校发展同质化风险,从实体与程序两个层面入手保障高等教育评估的法治化运行。

论行政复议的适当性审查

合法性审查、适当性审查是行政复议机关审查被申请行政行为的两个审查标准。适当性审查与行政诉讼合理性审查表述不同但内容一致。合法性审查是形式合法性审查,适当性审查是实质合法性审查,因此,适当性审查与合法性审查构成了一种从“从形式违法到实质违法”的双阶审查方法。在形式合法性已经确认的前提下,针对被申请行政行为的内容,行政复议机关可以从合目的性、结果可接受性和利益权衡三个面向作适当性审查。

ChatGPT的法律人格认定与生成内容性质探讨

随着ChatGPT的广泛运用,关于人工智能的法律问题探讨再次成为舆论焦点。根据ChatGPT系统与人类互动生成相应文字内容的特性,ChatGPT生成内容是否受《著作权法》保护问题备受争议。探讨该问题,有两个不可或缺的前提要件,即ChatGPT是否具有法律人格及其生成内容能否被认定为作品,以此确定其是否应受《著作权法》保护。文本认为,ChatGPT尚不具备法律主体资格,在ChatGPT生成内容被认定为作品对其进行保护时,应明确ChatGPT使用者作为生成内容的著作权主体,通过加强对ChatGPT著作权主体的监管实现对其生成内容的规制,以此加快推进人工智能法治化进程。

数字平台“二选一”行为的反垄断法公共规制

2021年以来,数字平台排他性限定交易的“二选一”行为逐渐成为反垄断执法重点,“阿里巴巴集团垄断案”为考察平台排他性限定交易行为提供了典型范本。规制具有市场支配地位的数字平台排他性交易行为,私法规范显著不足,为公共规制提供了契机;在公共规制体系,《反垄断法》相比《电子商务法》具备更大的制度张力,依循反垄断法规制逻辑可逐一破解相关难题。察究典型案例,“相关市场界定—市场支配地位认定—滥用行为识别—竞争效果分析”四步骤分析方法,依然是当下及未来判断平台商业交易行为是否滥用市场支配地位的共识型“黄金范式”;围绕典型案例的行政处罚决定书展开分析,学界对于法律责任承担部分仍有较多分歧。为有效规制数字平台“二选一”行为,执法机构除了肯定过往严谨的分析范式、完备的程序保障和多元的治理措施等经验以外,还需在贯彻反垄断法的规范适用、破解反垄断法双重规制路径的困扰、坚持反垄断执法与企业合规建设协同推进诸方面进行精细化升级,更好助力数字市场公平竞争和数字经济高质量发展。

基于乡村振兴视角的科技特派员胜任力分析

选取山西省科技特派员为研究对象,利用主成分分析法,从科技特派员和服务对象两个视角进行科技特派员服务乡村振兴活动的调研,构建科技特派员的胜任力模型,并进行指标重要性与满意度的比较分析。研究发现,在乡村振兴背景下,科技特派员的胜任力模型包括知识经验、专业技能、态度价值观、动机特质和服务绩效5个维度34项指标。科技特派员知识经验、专业技能、态度价值观和服务绩效的重要性与科技特派员服务对象满意度之间存在差异。因此,应根据该胜任力模型及服务对象满意度规范科技特派员服务乡村振兴的选拔录用机制、优化培训系统和强化目标考核激励机制。

流域环境司法机制的发展:从环境法庭到环境法院

为促进流域的司法保护,我国一些地方法院成立了专门的流域环境法庭。但从流域环境法庭和流域环境巡回法庭的实践情况来看,还不能满足流域整体性保护的需要,也不能适应流域法的发展需求。我国流域司法机制建设,宜从流域环境法庭逐渐转到流域环境法院。流域环境法院的建立在我国环境司法专门化进程中具有必要性和可行性。按照流域法的保护理念和环境司法专门化的要求,流域环境法院的建设首先要合理设置审判机构,其次要科学设计程序制度,为流域生态环境保护提供强有力的司法保障。

论公共数据授权运营的立法路径

当前,为了释放公共数据价值、培育数据要素市场,公共数据授权运营成为重要的破局之策。然而,公共数据授权运营立法远落后于实践需求,是否立法以及如何立法仍成为悬而未决的难题。在立法条件方面,理论依据的充分、经济条件的具备为授权运营立法提供了可行性,而数据增值、企业利用、政府治理、国家愿景等需求,均证实了立法的必要性。在立法模式方面,权衡中央立法模式和地方立法模式的利弊,应推行“地方先行先试”的立法模式。在具体制度实现方面,地方立法应秉持效率与安全并重的立法理念,采用实用性立法结构,授权主体内容应设计为统一授权模式,运营主体内容应将基本业务能力和安全保障能力设置为准入条件,以法定情形和约定情形设置退出条件,授权运营的公共数据内容应遵循以混合分类法分类、以敏感程度分级的标准,安全监督与管理内容应以安全和效益为监督考核标准。