Application of Horizontal Well Technology to Liaohe Oilfield

Horizontal well technology has become one of the main technologies enabling Liaohe Oilfield to realize stable development. By the end of 2006, 296 horizontal wells of various kinds had been completed in Liaohe Oil Field, 273 wells had been put into production, Among uhich 237 were horizontal wells (see Table 1). So far, the one- million-ton production capacity for horizontal wells has already been established in Liaohe Oilfield, which

The Oil-Bearing Pore Size Distribution of Lacustrine Shale from E2S42 Sub-Member in Damintun Sag,Liaohe Depression,Bohai Bay Basin,China

1 Introduction There is a set of organic rich shale at E2842 sub-member in damnintun sag. The organic material is typically type I. In recent years, breakthrough was obtained in shale oil exploration. The wettability of organic and inorganic pore is different. As a result, the mobility of oil in organic and inorganic pore is different. So it＇s necessary to distinguish the organic and inorganic pore. While the ratio of organic and inorganic pore in oil-bearing shale is still not clear.

3D Seismic Acquisition Technology and Effect in HX Volcanic Area in Liaohe Depression

Multi-stages volcanic are available in HX area, shielding the seismic waves. Previous seismic acquisitions of large size bin, less fold coverage and narrow azimuth result in indistinct fault images, low S/N ratio and the difficulty of multi-stages volcanic characterization. In reference to the successful experience of domestic and overseas volcanic exploration, the low frequency excitation and receiving, and survey with wide range, high coverage, wide azimuth should be paid more attention, associated with two-dimensional and three-dimensional wave equation forward modeling and real data processing contrast analysis method. The image of underlying strata and fault are remarkably improved in the new method, according to the processing results of new seismic data. The new method will provide technical reference for the similar volcanic development area in the future seismic acquisition design.

The fracture network model of Shen 229 block buried hill:A case study from Liaohe Basin,China

High oil production from the Proterozoic formation of Shen 229 block in Damingtun Depression, Liaohe Basin, China, indicates the presence of natural fractured reservoir whose production potential is dominated by the structural fracture. A con- sistent structural model and good knowledge of the fracture systems are therefore of key importance in reducing risk in the de- velopment strategies. So data from cores and image logs have been collected to account for the basic characteristics of fracture, and then the analyzed results were integrated with the structural model in order to restrict the fracture network development during the structural evolvement. The structural evolution of the Proterozoic reservoir with time forms the basis for understanding the de- velopment of the 3D fracture system. Seismic interpretation and formation correlation were used to build a 3D geological model. The fault blocks that compose the Proterozoic formation reservoir were subsequently restored to their pre-deformation. From here, the structures were kinematically modeled to simulate the structural evolution of the reservoirs. At each time step, the dilatational and cumulative strain was calculated throughout the modelling history. The total strain which records the total spatial variation in the reservoir due to its structural history, together with core data, well data and the lithology distribution, was used to simulate geologically realistic discrete fracture networks. The benefit of this technique over traditional curvature analysis is that the structural evolution is taken into account, a factor that mostly dominates fracture formation.

Optimization on the High Precision 3D Seismic Acquisition Parameters in Leijia Tight Sandstone Oil Area

The main targets of seismic exploration research in Leijia carbonatite tight sandstone oil area of Liaohe depression are thin reservoirs prediction and minor faults identification, which is one of the important representatives of complex exploration objects in Liaohe depression. High precision 3D seismic exploration has significantly improved the ability of thin reservoirs prediction and minor faults identification of this area. Reducing the cost of high precision 3D seismic exploration through optimizing the acquisition parameters is very important for the next step exploration and development of Liaohe depression and similar areas. Based on high precision 3D seismic acquisition data in Leijia tight sandstone oil area, multiple sub-geometries are obtained with different bin sizes, different folds, different aspect ratio, different line intervals by extracting receiver points and shot points, and PSTM processing is performed respectively, obtained PSTM datasets of the sub-geometries, extract time slices, amplitude slices along the layer, coherent slices and so on. We evaluate the data results of the sub-geometries from the aspects of signal-to-noise ratio, thin reservoirs resolution, acquisition footprint and so on. Considering the exploration cost and data effect of each sub-geometry, the optimal direction of the main parameters of high precision seismic exploration in Liaohe depression is put forward, and the acquisition effect of adjacent area by the optimized parameters is given.

Multiple cytokine profiling in serum for early detection of gastric cancer

AIM To investigate the value of multiparameter joint analysis in the early diagnosis of gastric cancer(GC) in clinical practice.METHODS Concentrations of CEA, CA724 and three kinds of cytokines(TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8) in 176 GC patients, 117 atypical hyperplasia patients, and 204 healthy control individuals were used for building the diagnostic model, then 58 GC patients, 41 atypical hyperplasia patients, and 66 healthy control individuals were enrolled independently. The joints of the indicators were analyzed by binary logistic regression analysis method.RESULTS For discriminating the healthy control group and the GC group, IL-6 had the best diagnostic value, and the area under curve(AUC) of joint analysis was 0.95(0.93-0.97). For the early stage and advanced stage GC, the AUC were 0.95(0.92-0.98) and 0.95(0.92-0.97). For discriminating the atypical hyperplasia group and GC group, CA724 had the best diagnostic value, and the AUC of joint analysis was 0.97(0.95-0.99). For the early stage and advanced stage GC groups, the AUC were 0.98(0.96-0.99) and 0.96(0.94-0.98). After evaluation, for discriminating the GC, early stage GC and advanced cancer group from the healthy control group, the diagnostic sensitivity was 89.66%, 84.21% and 92.31%, respectively, and the specificity was 92.42%, 90.91% and 90.91%. For discriminating the GC, early stage GC and advanced cancer groups from the atypical hyperplasia group, the diagnostic sensitivity was 87.93%, 78.95% and 92.31%, respectively, and the specificity was 87.80%, 85.37% and 90.24%.CONCLUSION We have built a diagnostic model including CEA, CA724, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α. It may provide potential assistance as a screening method for the early detection of GC.

Quadrilateral isoparametric finite elements for plane elastic Cosserat bodies

4-node, 8-node and 8（4）-node quadrilateral plane isoparametric elements are used for the solution of boundary value problems in linear isotropic Cosserat elasticity. The patch test is applied to validate the finite elements. Engineering problems of stress concentration around a circular hole in plane strain condition and mechanical behaviors of heterogeneous materials with rigid inclusions and pores are computed to test the accuracy and capability of these three types of finite elements.

Survey of spinal cord injury-induced neurogenic bladder studies using the Web of Science

OBJECTIVE：To identify global trends in research on spinal cord injury-induced neurogenic bladder, through a bibliometric analysis using the Web of Science. DATA RETRIEVAL：We performed a bibliometric analysis of studies on spinal cord injury-induced neurogenic bladder using the Web of Science.Data retrieval was performed using key words＂spinal cord injury＂,＂spinal injury＂,＂neurogenic bladder＂,＂neuropathic bladder＂,＂neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction＂,＂neurogenic voiding dysfunction＂,＂neurogenic urination disorder＂and ＂neurogenic vesicourethral dysfunction＂. SELECTION CRITERIA：Inclusion criteria：（a）published peer-reviewed articles on spinal cord injury-induced neurogenic bladder indexed in the Web of Science;（b）type of articles：original research articles and reviews;（c）year of publication：no limitation.Exclusion criteria：（a）articles that required manual searching or telephone access;（b）Corrected papers and book chapters. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES：（1）Annual publication output;（2）distribution according to journals; （3）distribution according to subject areas;（4）distribution according to country;（5）distribution according to institution;and（6）top cited publications. RESULTS：There were 646 research articles addressing spinal cord injury-induced neurogenic bladder in the Web of Science.Research on spinal cord injury-induced neurogenic bladder was found in the Science Citation Index-Expanded as of 1946.The United States,Ireland and Switzerland were the three major countries contributing to studies in spinal cord injury-induced neurogenic bladder in the 1970s.However,in the 1990s,the United States,the United Kingdom,the Netherlands,Germany and Japan published more papers on spinal cord injury-induced neurogenic bladder than Switzerland,and Ireland fell off the top ten countries list.In this century,the United States ranks first in spinal cord injury-induced neurogenic bladder studies,followed by France,the United Kingdom,Germany,Switzerland and Japan.Subject categories including urology, nephrology and clinical neurology,as well as rehabilitation,are represented in spinal cord injury-induced neurogenic bladder studies. CONCLUSION：From our analysis of the literature and research trends,we conclude that spinal cord injury-induced neurogenic bladder is a hot topic that will continue to generate considerable research interest in the future.

Comparison of iris-fixated foldable lens and scleralfixated foldable lens implantation in eyes with insufficient capsular support

AIM： To compare the outcomes of vision using two different intraocular lens（IOL） replacement techniques,iris-fixated foldable intraocular lens（IF-IOL） and scleralfixated foldable intraocular lens（SF-IOL） in patients with insufficient capsular support.METHODS： Total 63 eyes（62 patients） with insufficient posterior capsule support underwent replacement of IF-IOL or SF-IOL between January 2008 and August 2011.Outcome measures included changes in visual acuity, slit lamp examination, refractive indices and corneal curvatures. RESULTS： The mean improvement of uncorrected visual acuity（UCVA） was greater in IF-IOL group compared to the SF-IOL group（0.43 D±0.19 D vs 0.35 D±0.18 D, P 〈0.05）. Moreover, 12（38.71%） eyes in IF-IOL group and 4（12.50%） in SF-IOL group had a higher postoperative UCVA than preoperative best corrected visual acuity（BCVA） while 9（29.03%） eyes in IF-IOLgroup and 18（56.25%） in SF-IOL group had a lower postoperative UCVA than preoperative BCVA. The myopic mean manifest sphere and mean cylinder magnitude were lower in the IF-IOL group than that in the SF-IOL group（-0.47 D±0.58 D vs 0.50 D±0.43 D, P 〈0.01; 0.84 D ±0.53 D vs 1.23 D ±0.70 D, P 〈0.05）. No difference of corneal astigmatism and surgically induced astigmatism was found between the two groups. In addition, fewer complications were observed in IF-IOL eyes. CONCLUSION： IF-IOL implantation can give a significant improvement in vision with fewer complications than SF-IOL in patients with insufficient capsular support.

Evaluation of corneal graft survival in mice model

AIMTo investigate the characteristics and criterion of graft rejection in mice model.

Evaluation of corneal graft survival in mice model

·AIM: To investigate the characteristics and criterion of graft rejection in mice model. ·METHODS: C57BL/6 or BALB/c mice corneal grafts were grafted onto BALB/c hosts. Each group was divided into two subgroups according to the corneal opacity scores 12d after transplantation. The characteristics of opacity and neovascularization were observed. Mice of the 12 th , 50 th day after transplantation, the grafts biopsy of mice in allogeneic group 1, which opacity score exceed 3, were prepared for histological observation and those restore transparent were endothelial stained. ·RESULTS: There was no difference of corneal opacity score on the 7 th and 12 th day after operation; the histological results had no disparity between syngeneic group and allogeneic group. On the 12 th day after surgery, the turbidity curve was apparent in grafts with opacity score 【2. Mononuclear cells were shown in grafts with opacity score reached 3 in allogeneic group 1. Different rejection performance was observed in tissue sections on the 50 th day after surgery. ·CONCLUSION: Grafts, opacity score exceeds 3 from the 7 th to the 12 th day after operation could not be judged as a rejection. We should pay more attention to the variation of grafts opacity since 12d after corneal transplantation.·

Caustic Failure of Thermal Insulated Tubing in Steam Flooding

The coupling of the pre-stressed thermal insulated tubing string broke down inside the steam flooding welts, after the tubing were used in high temperature and high pressure steam for about two years. With further check, it was found that most of the weld joints between the inner and outer tubing also cracked. The failure analysis for the accidents has been carried out by the analysis of chemical composition for the steels, microstructure observation, mechanical property tests, and the investigation of the service environment etc.. The results show that the early damage of the pre-stressed thermal insulated tubing string is mainly induced by the caustic stress corrosion, which can be strengthened by an unstable microstructure of the coupling serviced at high temperature for a long time. Moreover, the high pre-stress design on the thermal insulated pipe for the cyclic steam injection may be not suitable to the situation of steam flooding, which would result in the weld joint cracking.