Understanding Factors of Bias in the Way Information Is Processed Through a Metamemetic and Multilogical Approach

Training in complex thinking is required in fields like computer science and discussing sensitive topics that can easily polarize internet users’ propensities. Multilogicality and Metamemetic reasoning are strongly suggested as an approach to identifying and analyzing factors related to AI Bias and human biases. This approach entails identifying problems and deducting invalid premises, distinguishing them from valid premises or those we are uncertain about. The theme of this paper focuses on four groups of people: curators, developers, businesses, and users (the fourth group being the main focus). This approach offers a new way to apply critical thinking strategies in the context of living in a digital age.

Methods and Practices for Institutional Benchmarking based on Research Impact and Competitiveness: A Case Study of ShanghaiTech University

Purpose: To develop and test a mission-oriented and multi-dimensional benchmarking method for a small scale university aiming for internationally first-class basic research.Design/methodology/approach: An individualized evidence-based assessment scheme was employed to benchmark ShanghaiTech University against selected top research institutions,focusing on research impact and competitiveness at the institutional and disciplinary levels.Topic maps opposing ShanghaiTech and corresponding top institutions were produced for the main research disciplines of ShanghaiTech. This provides opportunities for further exploration of strengths and weakness. Findings: This study establishes a preliminary framework for assessing the mission of the university. It further provides assessment principles, assessment questions, and indicators.Analytical methods and data sources were tested and proved to be applicable and efficient.Research limitations: To better fit the selective research focuses of this university, its schema of research disciplines needs to be re-organized and benchmarking targets should include disciplinary top institutions and not necessarily those universities leading overall rankings.Current reliance on research articles and certain databases may neglect important research output types.Practical implications: This study provides a working framework and practical methods for mission-oriented, individual, and multi-dimensional benchmarking that ShanghaiTech decided to use for periodical assessments. It also offers a working reference for other institutions to adapt. Further needs are identified so that ShanghaiTech can tackle them for future benchmarking.Originality/value: This is an effort to develop a mission-oriented, individually designed,systematically structured, and multi-dimensional assessment methodology which differs from often used composite indices.

Dietary intake in patients with chronic pancreatitis:A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND A progressive reduction in the secretion of pancreatic enzymes in patients with chronic pancreatitis(CP)results in malabsorption and ultimate malnutrition.However,the pathogenesis of malnutrition is multifactorial and other factors such as chronic inflammation,alcohol excess and poor dietary intake all contribute.Patients may restrict their dietary intake due to poor appetite or to avoid gastrointestinal symptoms and abdominal pain.Whilst up to half of patients with chronic pancreatitis are reportedly malnourished,the dietary intake of patients with CP is relatively understudied and has not been systematically reviewed to date.AIM To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the dietary intakes of patients with CP compared to healthy controls,and to compare the dietary intake of patients with alcohol-related CP and non-alcohol-related CP.METHODS A systematic literature search was performed using EMBASE,MEDLINE,and Cochrane review on studies published between 1946 and August 30th,2019.Adult subjects with a diagnosis of CP who had undergone dietary assessment were included in the systematic review(qualitative analysis).Studies on patients with other pancreatic diseases or who had undergone pancreatic surgery were not included.Studies comparing the dietary intake of patients with CP to that of healthy controls were included in the meta-analysis(quantitative analysis).Metaanalysis was performed using Review Manager 5.3.Newcastle Ottawa Scale(NOS)was used to assess quality of studies.RESULTS Of 6715 studies retrieved in the search,23 were eligible for qualitative analysis while 12 were eligible for quantitative analysis.In the meta-analysis,the total energy(calorie)intake of patients with CP was similar to that of healthy controls[mean difference(MD):171.3;95%confidence interval(CI):-226.01,568.5;P=0.4],however patients with CP consumed significantly fewer non-alcohol calories than controls[MD:-694.1;95%CI:-1256.1,(-132.1);P=0.02].CP patients consumed more protein,but carbohydrate and fat intakes did not differ significantly.Those with alcohol-related CP consumed more mean(standard deviation)calories than CP patients with a non-alcohol aetiology[2642(1090)kcal and 1372(394)kcal,respectively,P=0.046],as well as more protein,fat,but not carbohydrate.CONCLUSION Although patients with CP had similar calorie intake to controls,studies that analysed the contribution of alcohol to energy intake showed that patients with CP consumed fewer non-alcohol calories than healthy controls.A high calorie intake,made up to a large degree by alcohol,may in part contribute to poor nutritional status in CP.

Reflections on Tools and Methods for Differentiated Assessments of Individual Scientists, Groups of Scientists and Scientific Journals

Requirements for research assessments There are huge differences in mission, emphasis, inherent capability, and targeted utilization of research among scientific institutions. Hence, when it comes to assessments, a one-size-fits-all approach cannot meet the goal(s) of these assessments. Probably even larger differences exist between individuals, research teams and departments.

Applying Multilogical and Metamemetic Approaches to Understand How We Think and Feel in Space

First, this paper suggests a hypothetical formula that aims to explain how we are conditioned to think. Finding different ways to think about relevant decisions and problems through multilogical approaches could help make the decision-making or problem easier to understand and manage than any conventional one-directional way of thinking (or monological thinking). Secondly, one theory to help understand the quality of how we think is through associating ideas of reality with what we observe. This is helpful through a theory such as Memetics, or the study of memes (and evolutionary replicator points [genes, memes, tremes]), as coined by Richard Dawkins in his 1976 book, The Selfish Gene, and proposed by other authors including Dr. Susan Blackmore (“The meme machine”, 1999). Plenty of indications and evidences seem to show how we are entering the third replicator point (technomemes), consisting in a psycho-sociological process of merging human beings and societies (memeplexes) with technological advancement. Digital and non-digital relationships to our values/ideas/ideologies and beliefs make us think differently and often via manners that can damage our reasoning skills and proper ways to process information (see problematic topics such as “post-truth era”, disinformation, information overload, anti-science and anti-intellectual trends, conspiracies and so on), but we still do not have any educational and/or individual training to understand critically and apply such an understanding in such relationships (through states of mind). This paper intends to explore a theory of Metamemetics and Multilogical Thinking theorized by Diego Fontanive (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memetics see: *terminology, see: *Meta-memetic thinking). Lastly, this approach is explored and applied with examples of approaches to problems people hypothetically have. This exploration is put into the context of space exploration and studying the psychology of individuals who are in solitary situations for long periods.

呈现科研数据知识库：re3data．org注册机制

科研人员在钻研科研问题与分享科研数据的过程中,需要某种基础设施来确保数据最大程度的获取性、稳定性和可用性。这类基础设施可以统称为科研数据知识库(Research Data Repository,RDR)。自2012年启动的re3data.org项目,主要从事科研数据知识库的登记注册,以及为科研人员、科研资助组织、图书馆和出版商等提供有关异构科研数据知识库的全景概述。截至2013年7月,已有400个科研数据知识库向re3data.org登记,其中288个采用re3data.org的信息图标,以协助科研人员遴选合适的知识库,并且存储与重用他们的数据。这篇论文描绘异构RDR的全景,表述机构的、学科的、跨学科的以及项目专业的RDR类型。深入描述re3data.org的特性,以及这套注册系统如何协助科研人员分辨适合存储和搜索科研数据的知识库。

以知识服务推动图书情报工作的创新发展——《图书情报工作》2012年发文评述

2012年,《图书情报工作》注重自身定位的调整,通过自由来稿和约稿组稿,反映当前图书馆学情报学理论与实践的重大变化。全年共发表文章651篇。这些文章的研究体现以下特点:加强知识服务研究,推动向知识服务转型;发挥理论引领作用,促进理论与实践结合;力推专题研究,支持对重大问题的深度探索;坚持信息技术牵引、用户需求驱动的业务范式;重视情报分析与研究,深化图书情报服务内容。