Genome-wide and candidate gene association studies identify BnPAP17 as conferring the utilization of organic phosphorus in oilseed rape

Phosphorus(P)is essential for living plants,and P deficiency is one of the key factors limiting the yield in rapeseed production worldwide.As the most important organ for plants,root morphology traits(RMTs)play a key role in P absorption.To investigate the genetic variability of RMT under low P availability,we dissected the genetic structure of RMTs by genome-wide association studies(GWAS),linkage mapping and candidate gene association studies(CGAS).A total of 52 suggestive loci were associated with RMTs under P stress conditions in 405 oilseed rape accessions.The purple acid phosphatase gene BnPAP17 was found to control the lateral root number(LRN)and root dry weight(RDW)under low P stress.The expression of BnPAP17 was increased in shoot tissue in P-efficient cultivars compared to root tissue and P-inefficient cultivars in response to low P stress.Moreover,the haplotype of BnPAP17^(Hap3)was detected for the selective breeding of P efficiency in oilseed rape.Over-expression of the BnPAP17^(Hap3)could promote the shoot and root growth with enhanced tolerance to low P stress and organic phosphorus(Po)utilization in oilseed rape.Collectively,these findings increase our understanding of the mechanisms underlying BnPAP17-mediated low P stress tolerance in oilseed rape.

Preparation and Characterization of ZnO-CuO-Bi_(2)O_(3)-B_(2)O_(3)-SiO_(2)System Low Melting Sealing Glasses

Lead-free low melting glasses,ZnO-CuO-Bi_(2)O_(3)-B_(2)O_(3)-SiO_(2)system,with fixed contents of 15 mol%CuO and 20 mol%Bi_(2)O_(3),were prepared by using melt cooling method.Structure and thermal properties of the glasses were studied by using X-ray diffractometer(XRD),infrared spectrometer(FIT-IR),thermal dilatometer and differential thermal analyzer(DTA).Chemical durability of the glasses was studied by using dissolution rate method.Wettability of glasses on substrate was tested by using button sintering experiment.It is found that alkaline resistance of the glass solders is lower than that of plate glass and the water resistance is comparable with that of plate glass.The sealing temperatures are Ts=445-490℃,while the average thermal expansion coefficient from room temperature to 300℃is in the range of(65-82)×10^(−7)℃^(−1).At sealing temperature,the glass solders have good wettability on plate glass or alumina substrate.They are not crystallized even sintered at the sealing temperature for 30 min.The solder glasses are suitable for sealing plate glass,alumina and other inorganic non-metallic materials.

How to promote cooperative innovation in environmentally friendly technology:a case of agricultural biotechnology in China

This study explored the factors influencing cooperative innovation in environmentally friendly agricultural biotechnology in China.First,we constructed an evolutionary game model comprising the factors of net income of cooperative innovation,net income of independent innovation,market constraints,and government subsidies.Using MATLAB simulation,we assigned different values to the aforementioned variables to explore the evolutionary trend of innovators’willingness to cooperate.Results showed that when the values of net income of cooperative innovation,net income of independent innovation,market constraints,and government subsidies exceeded the threshold,innovators’willingness to cooperate was significantly enhanced.Furthermore,the proportion of innovators who cooperated with others gradually increased to 100%;otherwise,it gradually decreased to 0%.Comparing the simulation curve with the real evolution curve of cooperative innovation in agricultural biotechnology in China,we found that the gradual decline in the willingness to cooperate could be due to insufficient subsidies for cooperative innovation,low income from cooperative innovation,weak profitability of innovators,and weak market constraints.

On Nonce Variant of English Idioms

English idiom variant refers to the form of idiom created by means of altering some original components,structures,or meanings of the former idioms.The nonce variant of English idioms can be analyzed from the following three aspects:reasons for formation of nonce variant,types into which it could be divided,and rhetorical functions it is capable of producing.Through the analysis of these three aspects,it is almost likely for language-users to realize the importance and modes of idiom’s renovation,get a better understanding of English idioms,and thus utilize English idioms more skillfully.

The Value of Modern Information Technology in Nursing Emergencies

In first aid, traditional information interchange has numerous shortcomings. For example, delayed information and disorganized departmental communication cause patients to miss out on critical rescue time. Information technology is becoming more and more mature, and as a result, its use across numerous industries is now standard. China is still in the early stages of developing its integration of emergency medical services with modern information technology;despite our progress, there are still numerous obstacles and constraints to overcome. Our goal is to integrate information technology into every aspect of emergency patient care, offering robust assistance for both patient rescue and the efforts of medical personnel. Information may be communicated in a fast, multiple, and effective manner by utilizing modern information technology. This study aims to examine the current state of this field’s development, current issues, and the field’s future course of development.

Long noncoding RNAs HAND2-AS1 ultrasound microbubbles suppress hepatocellular carcinoma progression by regulating the miR-873-5p/tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 axis

BACKGROUND Increasing data indicated that long noncoding RNAs(lncRNAs)were directly or indirectly involved in the occurrence and development of tumors,including hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).Recent studies had found that the expression of lncRNA HAND2-AS1 was downregulated in HCC tissues,but its role in HCC progression is unclear.Ultrasound targeted microbubble destruction mediated gene transfection is a new method to overexpress genes.AIM To study the role of ultrasound microbubbles(UTMBs)mediated HAND2-AS1 in the progression of HCC,in order to provide a new reference for the treatment of HCC.METHODS In vitro,we transfected HAND2-AS1 siRNA into HepG2 cells by UTMBs,and detected cell proliferation,apoptosis,invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)by cell counting kit-8 assay,flow cytometry,Transwell invasion assay and Western blotting,respectively.In addition,we transfected miR-837-5p mimic into UTMBs treated cells and observed the changes of cell behavior.Next,the UTMBs treated HepG2 cells were transfected together with miR-837-5p mimic and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2(TIMP2)overexpression vector,and we detected cell proliferation,apoptosis,invasion and EMT.In vivo,we established a mouse model of subcutaneous transplantation of HepG2 cells and observed the effect of HAND2-AS1 silencing on tumor formation ability.RESULTS We found that UTMBs carrying HAND2-AS1 restricted cell proliferation,invasion,and EMT,encouraged apoptosis,and HAND2-AS1 silencing eliminated the effect of UTMBs.Additionally,miR-873-5p targets the gene HAND2-AS1,which also targets the 3’UTR of TIMP2.And miR-873-5p mimic counteracted the impact of HAND2-AS1.Further,miR-873-5p mimic solely or in combination with pcDNA-TIMP2 had been transformed into HepG2 cells exposed to UTMBs.We discovered that TIMP2 reversed the effect of miR-873-5p mimic caused by the blocked signalling cascade for matrix metalloproteinase(MMP)2/MMP9.In vivo results showed that HAND2-AS1 silencing significantly inhibited tumor formation in mice.CONCLUSION LncRNA HAND2-AS1 promotes TIMP2 expression by targeting miR-873-5p to inhibit HepG2 cell growth and delay HCC progression.

Novel subtype of obesity influencing the outcomes of sleeve gastrectomy:Familial aggregation of obesity

BACKGROUND Differences in the preoperative characteristics and weight loss outcomes after sleeve gastrectomy(SG)between patients with familial aggregation of obesity(FAO)and patients with sporadic obesity(SO)have not been elucidated.AIM To explore the impact of SG on weight loss and the alleviation of obesity-related comorbidities in individuals with FAO.METHODS A total of 193 patients with obesity who underwent SG were selected.Patients with FAO/SO were matched 1:1 by propensity score matching and were categorized into 4 groups based on the number of first-degree relatives with obesity(1 SO vs 1FAO,2SO vs 2FAO).The baseline characteristics,weight loss outcomes,prevalence of obesity-related comorbidities and incidence of major surgeryrelated complications were compared between groups.RESULTS We defined FAO as the presence of two or more first-degree relatives with obesity.Patients with FAO did not initially show significant differences in baseline data,short-term postoperative weight loss,or obesity-related comorbidities when compared to patients with SO preoperatively.However,distinctions between the two groups became evident at the two-year mark,with statistically significant differences in both percentage of total weight loss(P=0.006)and percentage of excess weight loss(P<0.001).The FAO group exhibited weaker remission of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)(P=0.031),hyperlipidemia(P=0.012),and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)(P=0.003)as well as a lower incidence of acid reflux(P=0.038).CONCLUSION FAO patients is associated with decreased mid-to-long-term weight loss outcomes;the alleviation of T2DM,hyperlipidemia and NAFLD;and decreased incidence of acid reflux postoperatively.

Inhibiting effect of Endostar combined with ginsenoside Rg3 on breast cancer tumor growth in tumor-bearing mice

Objective: To study the inhibiting effect of Endostar combined with ginsenoside Rg3 on breast cancer tumor growth in tumor-bearing mice. Methods: Female mice were selected as experimental animals, and breast cancer tumor-bearing mouse models were established and then divided into group A, B, C and D that respectively received saline, recombinant human endostatin, ginsenosides Rg3 and recombinant human endostatin combined with Rg3 intervention; 7 d, 14 d and 21 d after intervention, tumor tissue volume was measured; 21 d after intervention, mice were killed, tumor tissue was collected, and m RNA contents of angiogenesis molecules, invasion molecules, autophagy marker molecules and autophagy signaling pathway molecules were detected. Results: At 7 d, 14 d and 21 d after intervention, tumor tissue volume of group B, C and D was lower than that of group A, and tumor tissue volume of group D was lower than that of group B and C; m RNA contents of VEGFA, VEGFB, VEGFC, MMP2, MMP9, p62, m TOR, PI3 K, Akt, JNK and Beclin-1 in tumor tissue of group B, C and D were significantly lower than those of group A, and LC3-II/LC3-I was significantly higher than that of group A; m RNA contents of VEGFA, VEGFB, VEGFC, MMP2, MMP9, p62, m TOR, PI3 K, Akt, JNK and Beclin-1 in tumor tissue of group D were significantly lower than those of group B and C, and LC3-II/LC3-I was higher than that of group B and C. Conclusions: Endostar combined with ginsenoside Rg3 has stronger inhibiting effect on breast cancer tumor growth in tumor-bearing mice than single drug, and it can inhibit angiogenesis and cell invasion, and enhance cell autophagy.

Identification of an immune-related gene-based signature to predict prognosis of patients with gastric cancer

BACKGROUND Gastric cancer(GC)is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy worldwide.Increasing evidence suggests that it is necessary to further explore genetic and immunological characteristics of GC.AIM To construct an immune-related gene(IRG)signature for accurately predicting the prognosis of patients with GC.METHODS Differentially expressed genes(DEGs)between 375 gastric cancer tissues and 32 normal adjacent tissues were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA)GDC data portal.Then,differentially expressed IRGs from the ImmPort database were identified for GC.Cox univariate survival analysis was used to screen survival-related IRGs.Differentially expressed survival-related IRGs were considered as hub IRGs.Genetic mutations of hub IRGs were analyzed.Then,hub IRGs were selected to conduct a prognostic signature.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve analysis was used to evaluate the prognostic performance of the signature.The correlation of the signature with clinical features and tumor-infiltrating immune cells was analyzed.RESULTS Among all DEGs,70 hub IRGs were obtained for GC.The deletions and amplifications were the two most common types of genetic mutations of hub IRGs.A prognostic signature was identified,consisting of ten hub IRGs(including S100A12,DEFB126,KAL1,APOH,CGB5,GRP,GLP2R,LGR6,PTGER3,and CTLA4).This prognostic signature could accurately distinguish patients into highand low-risk groups,and overall survival analysis showed that high risk patients had shortened survival time than low risk patients(P<0.0001).The area under curve of the ROC of the signature was 0.761,suggesting that the prognostic signature had a high sensitivity and accuracy.Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that the prognostic signature could become an independent prognostic predictor for GC after adjustment for other clinical features.Furthermore,we found that the prognostic signature was significantly correlated with macrophage infiltration.CONCLUSION Our study proposed an immune-related prognostic signature for GC,which could help develop treatment strategies for patients with GC in the future.

Characteristics and runoff volume of the Yangtze River paleo-valley at Nanjing reach in the Last Glacial Maximum

The stratigraphical cross-sections of the Yangtze River incised-valley near the No.l, No.3 and No.4 Nanjing Yangtze River bridges were established with respective bore date and documents. By ^14C age analysis of the samples of four drilling cores near the No.4 Bridge （to be built）, we can find that the time range of paleo-valley is dated in the LGM at a depth of-60 m to -90 m near Nanjing. It is also indicated that the deep incised-valley channel was narrow and the river flowed swiftly. The ancient Yangtze River deep channel presented partially and deeply incised features near the No.1 Bridge. According to previous publications, much research has been done on the main paleo-channel of the Yangtze River, but few results have been achieved on discharge estimation. In this paper, the incipient velocity and average veIocity of the LGM was calculated with Vc=4.60d^1/3h^1/6, Vc=1.281g（ 13.15. h /d95） √gd, V≈6.5u＊｜h/d90｜^1/6 etc., in terms of the river shape, sedimentary grain size and sequences near the No.3 and No.1 bridges. Moreover, the discharge in Nanjing reach of the Yangtze River during the LGM has been estimated to be around 12,000-16,000 m^3/s according to the relationship of discharge, velocity of flow and cross-section.

Selenocysteine antagonizes oxygen glucose deprivation-induced damage to hippocampal neurons

Designing and/or searching for novel antioxidants against oxygen glucose effective strategy for the treatment of human isdlemic stroke. Selenium is deprivation （OGD）-induced oxidative damage represents an an essential trace dement, which is beneficial in the chemo- prevention and chemotherapy of cerebral ischemic stroke. The underlying mechanisms for its therapeutic effects, however, are not well documented. Selenocysteine （SeC） is a selenium-containing amino acid with neuroprotective potential. Studies have shown that SeC can reduce irradiation-induced DNA apoptosis by reducing DNA damage. In this study, the in vitro protective potential and mechanism of action of SeC against OGD-induced apoptosis and neurotoxicity were evaluated in HT22 mouse hippocampal neurons. We cultured HT22 cells in a glucose-free medium containing 2 mM Na2S402, which formed an OGD environment, for 90 minutes. Findings from MTT, flow cytometry and TUNEL staining showed obvious cytotoxicity and apoptosis in HT22 cells in the OGD condition. The activation of Caspa se-7 and Caspase-9 further revealed that OGD-induced apoptosis of HT22 cells was mainly achieved by triggering a mitochondrial-medi- ated pathway. Moreover, the OGD condition also induced serious DNA damage through the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and superoxide anions. However, SeC pre-treatment for 6 hours effectively inhibited OGD-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in HT22 cells by inhibiting reactive oxygen species-mediated oxidative damage. Our findings provide evidence that SeC has the potential to suppress OGD-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis in hippocampal neurons.

Non-noble metal single-atom catalysts prepared by wet chemical method and their applications in electrochemical water splitting

Water splitting by electrolysis is an appealing pathway for sustainable hydrogen production. The practical performance of water splitting is highly dependent on the efficiency of electrocatalysts, which can promote the anodic oxygen evolution reaction(OER) or cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction(HER). Downsizing the metal nanostructures to atomic level to construct single-atom catalysts(SACs) has attracted enormous attention due to its distinct advantages in maximizing the efficiency of metal atom utilization and enhancing activity over corresponding metal nanoparticles. Research on SACs towards electrochemical water splitting application is an emerging field and intensive investigations have been focused on their rational syntheses and applications in HER/OER. In this review, we focus on the wet chemical method developed to prepare non-noble metal based SACs with an emphasis on the synthetic strategies and structure-activity relationship between single metal atoms and catalytic activity. Finally, the challenges and future opportunities for application of single-atom catalysts in water splitting are briefly addressed.

Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of the Triassic rhyolites in the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt, northern Tibetan Plateau

The East Kunlun Orogenic Belt(EKOB),which is in the northern part of the Greater Tibetan Plateau,contains voluminous Late Triassic intermediate-felsic volcanic rocks.In the east end of the EKOB,we identified highly differentiated peralkaline-like Xiangride rhyolites(~209 Ma)that differ from the widespread andesitic-rhyolitic Elashan volcanics(~232–225 Ma)in terms of their field occurrences and mineral assemblages.The older,more common calc-alkaline felsic Elashan volcanics may have originated from partial melting of the underthrust Paleo-Tethys oceanic crust under amphibolite facies conditions associated with continental collision.The felsic Elashan volcanics and syn-collisional granitoids of the EKOB are different products of the same magmatic event related to continental collision.The Xiangride rhyolites are characterized by elevated abundances of high field strength elements,especially the very high Nb and Ta contents,the very low Ba,Sr,Eu,P,and Ti contents;and the variably high ^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr ratios(up to 0.96),exhibiting remarkable similarities to the characteristic peralkaline rhyolites.The primitive magmas parental to the Xiangride rhyolites were most likely alkali basaltic magmas that underwent protracted fractional crystallization with continental crust contamination.The rock associations from the early granitoids and calc-alkaline volcanic rocks to the late alkaline basaltic dikes and peralkaline-like rhyolites in the Triassic provide important information about the tectonic evolution of the EKOB from syn-collisional to post-collisional.We infer that the transition from collisional compression to postcollisional extension occurred at about 220 Ma.

Diagnostic value of different color ultrasound diagnostic method in endometrial lesions

BACKGROUND Endometrial lesions include endometrial cancer and inferior fibroids.Among them,endometrial cancer as a malignant tumor seriously endangers the life and health of patients.Ultrasonography is an important means of diagnosing female reproductive system diseases,and it is of critical value for the early diagnosis of endometrial cancer.However,different ultrasound inspection programs have achieved different results.It is of great significance to choose a suitable inspection program.AIM To explore the diagnostic efficacy of different ultrasonic examination methods in clinical endometrial lesions.METHODS The 140 patients with endometrial lesions who were treated in our hospital from April 2018 to October 2019 were used as the research subjects.All patients underwent transvaginal color ultrasound and transabdominal color ultrasound.We compared the diagnostic coincidence and image display effects of the two different examination methods,and the endometrial thickness,blood flow,uterine effusion and resistance index of different diseases were observed by transvaginal color ultrasound.RESULTS The diagnostic coincidence rate of all types of diseases of transvaginal color ultrasound was significantly higher than that of transabdominal color ultrasound(P=0.001,0.005,0.001 and 0.001).In addition,the excellent and good rate of image display of transvaginal color ultrasound was higher than that of transabdominal color ultrasound(P=0.001).There were significant differences in endometrial thickness in patients with different types of endometrial lesions through the transvaginal color examination(P=0.001).The incidence rate of uterine effusion in patients with endometrial carcinoma was significantly higher than that in patients with other types of endometrial lesions(P=0.001),and the rate of the blood flow was the highest(P=0.001).The comparison of blood flow resistance index indicated that the blood flow resistance index in endometrial cancer patients was the lowest,which shows that the difference was statistically significant(P=0.001).CONCLUSION The overall diagnostic efficacy of transvaginal color ultrasound in the clinical diagnosis of endometrial lesions is better than that of transabdominal color ultrasound,which held higher diagnostic coincidence rate and image display effect.There were significant differences in the thickness of the endometrium and the blood flow in different types of lesions.

Effect of Acidity on Methylation of Benzene with Methanol Catalyzed by HZSM-5:A DFT Study

Different acidic HZSM-5 zeolites were constructed by doping with Al,Ga,or In.The effect of acidity on the adsorption of methylbenzenes and the reaction energy barriers for the methylation of benzene with methanol catalyzed by HZSM-5 zeolite were investigated by using the density functional theory.The results show that acidity exhibits less effect in the adsorption of methylbenzenes,while linear relationships are observed between the acidity and reaction energy barriers.As the acidity increases,the reaction energy barrier decreases linearly,and the stepwise pathway becomes dominant in strong acidity environment,while weak acidity is conducive to the concerted pathway.The calculation results could contribute to understanding the relationship between the acidity and the zeolite-catalyzed alkylation reaction of methylbenzenes.

Asymptotic Behavior of the Drift Coefficient Estimator of Stochastic Differential Equations Driven by Small Noises

The parametric estimation problem for diffusion processes with small white noise based on continuous time observations is well developed. However,in parametric inference,it is more realistic and interesting to consider asymptotic estimation for diffusion processes based on discrete observations. The least squares method is used to obtain the estimator of the drift parameter for stochastic differential equations( SDEs) driven by general Lévy noises when the process is observed discretely. Its strong consistency and the rate of convergence of the squares estimator are studied under some regularity conditions.

Comparison and Analysis of Agricultural and Forest Land Changes in Typical Agricultural Regions of Northern Mid-latitudes

The northeastern China, the United States, and the western Europe are important agricultural regions both on the global and regional scales. The westem Europe has a longer history of agricultural land development than the eastem United States. These two regions have changed from the deforestation and reclamation phase in the past to the current land abandonment and reforestation phase. Compared with the two regions, large-scale land exploitation has only been practiced in the northeastern China during the last century. After a short high-intensity deforestation and reclamation period, agricultural and forest lands are basically in a dynamic steady state. By comparing domestic and international agro-forestry development and considering the ecological environment and socio-economic bene- fits that can be derived from agro-forestry, this paper suggests that large area of reforestation would be inevitable in future though per- sistent and large agricultural demand in coming decades even more. And local reforestation at slope farmland with ecological vulner- ability should be imperative at present to avoid severer damage. At the same time, from the perspective of Land Change Science, the results demonstrate that the research on land use change in the agro-forestry ecotone is typical and critical, particularly those dealing with the analysis of spatial and temporal characteristics and the simulation of climate, hydrology, and other environmental effects.

Input-to-State Stabilization of Nonlinear Impulsive Delayed Systems: An Observer-Based Control Approach

This paper addresses the problems of input-to-state stabilization and integral input-to-state stabilization for a class of nonlinear impulsive delayed systems subject to exogenous dis-turbances.Since the information of plant’s states,time delays,and exogenous disturbances is often hard to be obtained,the key design challenge,which we resolve,is the construction of a state observer-based controller.For this purpose,we firstly propose a corresponding observer which is independent of time delays and exogenous disturbances to reconstruct(or estimate)the plant’s states.And then based on the observations,we establish an observer-based control design for the plant to achieve the input-to-state stability(ISS)and integral-ISS(iISS)properties.With the help of the comparison principle and average impulse interval approach,some sufficient conditions are presented,and moreover,two different linear matrix inequalities(LMIs)based criteria are proposed to design the gain matrices.Finally,two numerical examples and their simulations are given to show the effectiveness of our theoretical results.

Cobalt phosphide nanocage@ferric-zinc mixed-metal phosphide nanotube hierarchical nanocomposites for enhanced overall water splitting

Hierarchical nanostructures have attracted widespread interest owing to their unique properties compared to their bulk counterparts. Thus, they are considered promising electrocatalytic materials. In this work, a novel hierarchical porous nanocomposite of cobalt phosphide nanocage@ferric-zinc mixed-metal phosphide nanotubes(denoted Co P@Zn Fe P) was fabricated using a self-assembly approach. Because of their structural and compositional merits, the as-prepared phosphide hybrids have abundant catalytic active sites and high porosity for facile mass diffusion. In an alkaline electrolyte, the CoP@ZnFeP flower-like hybrids displayed enhanced catalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction and the oxygen evolution reaction compared with a mechanical mixture of Co P and Zn Fe P nanoparticles. The CoP@ZnFeP hierarchical nanocomposites also showed excellent activity for the overall water splitting reaction, yielding a water-splitting current of 10 mA/cm^2 on the application of just 1.6 V, as well as excellent durability(24-h long-term operation) in a two-electrode system. Our design methodology may create opportunities to search for highly efficient and robust non-precious metal catalysts with applications in high-performance energy conversion and storage devices.

Compositional heterogeneity of crude oil and its origin in the Linnan subsag,Linyi County,Shandong Province

The Linnan subsag is the main oil producer of the Linpan oil zone. Based on the oil group composition,gas chromatography data and biomarker analysis,it was indicated that crude oils from different oilfields varied greatly in group composition and showed obvious heterogeneities in the aspects of precursor type,crude oil maturity and hydrocarbon depositional environment. According to the characteristics of source rocks,three oil populations can be distinguished,i.e.,the southern,northern and transitional oil populations. Furthermore,on the basis of post-reservoir reworking processes,the medium conditions of hydrocarbon-generating environment and differences in maturity,six oil families and twelve sub-families were distinquished. An integrated study suggested that the fac-tors leading to such heterogeneities in crude oil composition mainly include different source rocks,multi-stage oil/gas charging,geo-chromatographic effects during oil/gas migration,reservoir heterogeneities and various post-reservoir secondary alterations.