Research and Experience Reference on London’s Response to Climate Change in the Twenty-first Century

London’s approaches to tackling climate change after the 21st century are multifaceted and relatively systematic.The aim of this research paper is to analyse London’s actions in response to climate change and to draw out what valuable lessons London has for the world in terms of its response to climate change.This paper provides an in-depth analysis of London’s policies and actions on climate mitigation in the areas of“greenhouse gas emissions”and“energy infrastructure”,and climate adaptation actions in the areas of“city green belt and urban afforestation”,“UHI and thermal crisis management”and“water supply infrastructure and sustainable drainage”.It then examines the positive aspects of these actions to determine what London has to say about climate change to the rest of the world and other cities.This paper also discovers that to effectively mitigate and adapt to climate change,London has not only established carbon reduction targets,but also created a large academic research network,represented by the LCCP.At the same time,London has developed a scientific climate change adaptation planning framework(P2R2)that focuses on four key areas:Economic,environmental,health,and infrastructure sectors,and three types of risks:Flooding,heat,and water supply,and emphasizes the dynamics and flexibility of each adaptation strategy.

New approaches to characterizing urban air particles in central London

Atmospheric particles in central London during July 1996 have been apportioned to sources by two complimentary techniques: (1) morphological characteristics, determined using high power light microscopy; (2) chemical composition determined by energy dispersive spectroscopy. During the study period, the majority of particles were found to be either biological in origin, or from vehicle related combustion processes. Trends in the latter group of particles are explored further. Numbers of particles per cubic metre were determined at an hourly resolution over a period of six days, and were found to be significantly correlated with other traffic pollutants such as benzene and 1,3 butadiene, although there is no relationship with mass of PM10 as measured by a nearby UK Government monitoring station. We suggest in this paper that numbers of particles from car exhausts are more representative of traffic pollution than current estimates which use monitoring by mass.

The East London glaucoma prediction score: web-based validation of glaucoma risk screening tool

AIM:It is difficult for Optometrists and General Practitioners to know which patients are at risk. The East London glaucoma prediction score (ELGPS) is a web based risk calculator that has been developed to determine Glaucoma risk at the time of screening. Multiple risk factors that are available in a low tech environment are assessed to provide a risk assessment. This is extremely useful in settings where access to specialist care is difficult. Use of the calculator is educational. It is a free web based service. Data capture is user specific. METHODS:The scoring system is a web based questionnaire that captures and subsequently calculates the relative risk for the presence of Glaucoma at the time of screening. Three categories of patient are described:Unlikely to have Glaucoma; Glaucoma Suspect and Glaucoma. A case review methodology of patients with known diagnosis is employed to validate the calculator risk assessment. RESULTS:Data from the patient records of 400 patients with an established diagnosis has been captured and used to validate the screening tool. The website reports that the calculated diagnosis correlates with the actual diagnosis 82% of the time. Biostatistics analysis showed:Sensitivity = 88% ; Positive predictive value = 97%; Specificity = 75%. CONCLUSION:Analysis of the first 400 patients validates the web based screening tool as being a good method of screening for the at risk population. The validation is ongoing. The web based format will allow a more widespread recruitment for different geographic, population and personnel variables.

Body mass index and mortality in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders:a cohort study in a South London catchment area

Background People with schizophrenia have a high premature mortality risk.Obesity is a key potential underlying risk factor that is relatively unevaluated to date.Aims In this study,we investigated the associations of routinely recorded body size with all-cause mortality and deaths from common causes in a large cohort of people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders.Methods We assembled a retrospective observational cohort using data from a large mental health service in South London.We followed all patients over the age of 18 years with a clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum disorders from the date of their first recorded body mass index(BMI)between 1 January 2007 and 31 March 2018.Results Of 11900 patients with a BMI recording,1566 died.The Cox proportional hazards regression models,after adjusting for sociodemographic,socioeconomic variables and comorbidities,indicated that all-cause mortality was only associated with underweight status compared with healthy weight status(hazard ratio(HR):1.33,95%confidence interval(CI):1.01 to 1.76).Obesity(HR:1.24,95%CI:1.01 to 1.52)and morbid obesity(HR:1.54,95%CI:1.03 to 2.42)were associated with all-cause mortality in the 18–45 years age range,and obesity was associated with lower risk(HR:0.66,95%CI:0.50 to 0.87)in those aged 65+years.Cancer mortality was raised in underweight individuals(HR:1.93,95%CI:1.03 to 4.10)and respiratory disease mortality raised in those with morbid obesity(HR:2.17,95%CI:1.02 to 5.22).Conclusions Overall,being underweight was associated with higher mortality in this disorder group;however,this was potentially accounted for by frailty in older age groups,and obesity was a risk factor for premature mortality in younger ages.The impact of obesity on life expectancy for people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders is clear from our findings.A deeper biological understanding of the relationship between these diseases and schizophrenia will help improve clinical practice.

NHS staff mental health status in the active phase of the COVID-19 era:a staff survey in a large London hospital

Background Experiencing a pandemic can be very unsettling and may have a negative impact on the mental health of frontline healthcare workers(HCWs).This may have serious consequences for the overall well-being of HCWs,which in turn may adversely affect patient safety and the productivity of the institution.Aims We designed a study to assess the prevalence of generalised anxiety disorder(GAD),depression and work-related stress experienced by the National Health Service staff in a large tertiary London hospital treating patients with COVID-19 during the current active phase of the COVID-19 era.Methods An anonymous survey was designed with demographic data and three questionnaires.The Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7(GAD-7)and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 were used to assess anxiety and depression,respectively.The Health and Safety Executive Management Standards Indicator Tool was used to assess work-related stress.Staff from multiple specialties embracing cardiothoracic surgery,cardiology,respiratory medicine,endocrinology,oncology,imaging,anaesthesia and intensive care at our hospital were asked to complete the questionnaire between 25 May and 15 June 2020.Results A total of 302 staff members(106 males and 196 females)completed the survey.The overall prevalence of GAD and depression was 41.4%and 42.7%,respectively.The prevalence of GAD and depression was significantly higher in females than in males and was statistically significant.Nurses were four times more likely to report moderate to severe levels of anxiety and depression as compared with doctors.Work-related stress was also observed to be prevalent in our surveyed population with the following standards:relationships,role,control and change showing a need for improvement.Conclusions Our study presents early evidence suggestive of a high prevalence of GAD,depression and work-related stress in HCWs.It is imperative that coherent strategies are implemented to improve the healthcare work environment during this pandemic and mitigate further injury to the mental health status of the healthcare population.

GIS-Based Spatial Analysis for the Integrated Transport-Land Use-Energy Planning:An Application to the Greater London

This work focuses on examining the possible advantages for the urban sustainability,derived from the integration of transport,land use and energy systems.The main aim is to develop a GIS-based method that can help decision makers,either public or private,improve the economic,social and environmental sustainability of urban areas through an integrated transformation approach.As a result,it was possible to provide a spatial analysis technique based on seven synthetic variables and on the application of a cluster method able to identify the portions of urban areas where investments and urban integrated transformation processes can be more suitable,according to the dynamic relationships among transport,land use and energy systems.The methodology was applied to the Greater London area and led to significant results:the cluster classes follow the transport railway network evolution within the study area boundary.The paper is organized as follows:in Section 1 the integration of transport,land use and energy planning is investigated;following the introduction,in Section 2,the GIS-based method is presented,followed by a description of the application to the Greater London area;in Section 4,findings of the methodology are explained.In the last section,results and future developments are discussed.

全科医学和初级保健横断面研究的基本设计和实施步骤

横断面研究是经典的研究设计方法之一,在临床各个专业中均有广泛的应用。在全科医学研究中大量科学问题的解答采用了横断面研究设计。这其中不仅包括了对人群健康特征,疾病特征或卫生服务现状的调查研究,还包括了面向社区人群的疾病筛查诊断方法构建等多种研究场景。在全科医学领域中,横断面研究可以做现况描述和比较分析,关联因素分析以及社区筛查诊断方法探索。开展横断面研究应包括研究设计和研究实施两个阶段,研究设计包括准确提炼研究目标,明确研究人群,研究因素及结局指标等临床要素以及确定样本获取方式,明确样本量的确定依据及合理的统计分析策略等方法学要素。研究实施,则需要通过完备的研究方案和病例报告表呈现研究设计思路,在伦理批准的前提下开展数据收集工作,同时注重数据管理工作质量并严格执行方案中的统计分析方法,求证医学问题。横断面研究的特点是相比于随访观察研究所需要的研究周期相对较短,不同基础的研究团队都能找到适合的研究方向,通过了解健康医疗现状,从探讨关联因素创建筛查方法等角度,服务社区医疗。

基于自产热和外传热的锂离子电池热学模型参数辨识方法

锂离子电池热学模型参数(热容和热阻)的准确辨识对电池热电耦合建模及状态参数估计至关重要。然而传统测量方法成本高且测试周期长,如何利用充放电工况结合产热和传热机理研究快速热参数辨识方法具有重要意义。以8A×h软包锂离子电池为研究对象,建立分布式热路模型;设计双向脉冲工况实验,采用自适应粒子群算法(APSO)进行辨识;同时采用其他工况进行验证,实验和仿真温度误差小于0.1℃。另外,将热容和热阻转换为比热容和导热系数,并与其他文献中同类电池的参数进行比对,量级接近。研究结果表明,该方法可以有效解决层叠式软包锂离子电池热学模型参数辨识难的问题,且简便易行、成本低。

大庆喇嘛甸油田低碳示范区建设探索与实践

“双碳”背景下,大庆油田全力构建清洁高效的能源体系,打造千万千瓦级新能源基地。喇嘛甸油田结合特高含水开发及整装油田典型特点,依托资源优势,探索建设喇北北块低碳示范区。以全面能源调查为基础,明确将灰电与天然气作为替代目标,确定了“节能降碳、清洁替碳”两步走建设思路。结合油田用热特点,整体部署油田余热、地热、光热及电热多能互补方案,全面实施工艺流程再造、立体化节能、清洁热能替代、清洁电能替代。根据油田中部地区管网密度大、周边可利用土地多的特点,以最大发电量、最小弃电量为目标,整体优化风光发电建设布局和规模,以实现区域多能互补、供用能平衡及高替代率。低碳示范区将新能源技术与现有生产工艺深化融合,开展了先导性的储能、制氢、微电网、能源管控技术研究。低碳示范区预期2025年全面建成,清洁能源替代率将达到46.4%,将有力推动油田能源变革、绿色低碳转型。

谢宾斯基分形结构声散射特性与视觉偏好评价

声扩散界面设计应兼顾声学和美学需求。结合参数化设计方法,谢宾斯基分形的模块化结构具有灵活生成个性化界面的潜力。然而,针对分形结构声学特性与视觉效益尚缺乏综合的量化研究。根据谢宾斯基分形的构造规则提出了一种宽频的扩散结构设计方法,分别从声学性能与视觉偏好的角度,研究模块形状、模块高度和随机排布程度对性能的影响。采用边界元素法的数值仿真与实测验证,结合虚拟仿真技术的主观调查,以及多目标综合分析,探究分形设计要素的作用机制和最佳阈值范围。结果表明,与相同体量的传统二次残差扩散体相比,具有不同平面尺寸和高度模块的分形结构改善了扩散性能,特别是在1 kHz以下的中低频范围。此外,发现在室内使用中高复杂度(迭代3次)、低随机排布、谢宾斯基三角截锥分形结构,有助于提高居住者对环境的偏好度。

基于镜像修正FxLMS控制算法的船舶管路振动主动控制

针对船舶管路减振和抗冲击的需求,本文根据镜像修正自适应滤波算法,设计出了一种管路振动主动控制策略,能够有效地控制管路在低频下的振动,并且在次级通道发生突变时,控制系统可再次快速收敛,进行稳定控制。本文先对镜像修正自适应滤波算法进行理论研究,分析算法的迭代及控制过程;再通过仿真分别验证算法在不同参考信号输入下的收敛性及稳定性;最后搭建实验台架,通过试验验证算法的实际控制效果。试验结果表明:该控制策略在管路振动主动控制中能够降低15.37%的振动强度,比自适应滤波算法控制策略的控制效果好8.85%。所以镜像修正自适应滤波算法能够及时有效地进行管路振动控制。

基于风险场的不同认知次任务下接管风险评估模型

为有效评估不同认知次任务下L3级自动驾驶车辆接管时的风险,开展了驾驶接管风险评估模型研究。设计了城市快速路紧急接管场景并开展不同认知次任务下的驾驶模拟试验。考虑轨迹场、势能场和行为场因素,构建了接管风险评估模型。采用接管风险指数法,验证了所建模型的有效性。结合实测数据,量化不同认知次任务和回避操作类型对接管风险场场强的影响。结果表明:被试者进行接管操作后1~9 s内模型接管风险指数分布情况的M-W检验和K-S检验结果均为p<0.05,说明模型可以有效评估车辆在接管过程中的接管风险。此外,模型接管风险指数的均方根误差均值(0.062)小于碰撞时间倒数的均方根误差均值(0.098),说明模型在表征风险的准确性方面要优于碰撞时间倒数。研究结果可为接管过程中的车辆运行风险评估和避撞设计提供借鉴和参考。

茶学专业英语课程项目化教学研究与实践探索

茶学专业英语课程是结合茶学专业知识和英语应用,培养具有国际化视野的高素质、复合型茶学人才的一门课程。项目化教学在中国大学专业英语的教学中仍处于探索阶段。在文献梳理的基础上,概述高职院校茶学专业英语课程教学现状,从教学模式、师资队伍、教学实践三个维度进行分析,总结存在的不足。从规划项目方案、明确项目分工、制作项目产品、展示项目成果、评估项目任务等方面进行项目化教学设计,以期增强课堂趣味性,激发学生学习主动性,综合提高学生的专业知识和学科核心素养,助推高层次茶学专业人才培养,并为其他兄弟院校的茶学专业英语课程教学提供参考。

公共健康权益可及性对少数民族流动人口定居意愿的影响

以人口高质量发展支撑中国式现代化,提高人口整体素质是关键。而流动人口公共健康权益的可获得性和可及性程度又是增强流动人口身体素质、定居意愿、城市融入的关键因素。通过分析2018年全国流动人口动态监测数据(China Migrants Dynamic Survey,简称CMDS),聚焦少数民族流动人口在流入地公共健康权益的现状,进一步使用二分变量对数比回归模型实证分析少数民族流动家庭公共健康权益可及性对定居意愿发生比的影响,关注家庭主要劳动力(个体)和家庭其他成员(幼童、孕产妇)公共健康权益可及性对少数民族流动人口定居意愿的影响,并探讨不同特征的少数民族流动人口健康权益可及性对家庭定居意愿的异质性影响。研究发现:一是公共健康权益可获得性、可及性程度对少数民族流动人口定居意愿存在显著正向影响,且影响效应存在差异。家庭成员公共健康权益的影响效应大于个体影响效应,但孕产妇公共健康权益可获得性与家庭定居意愿没有显著相关关系。二是不同健康权益项目对单个个体健康权益可及性的影响权重不同。健康档案项目对个体公共健康权益的影响效应最大,疫苗接种项目对幼童公共健康权益的影响效应最大,孕产妇四项公共健康权益项目的作用相差不大。三是不同个体获得公共健康权益数量越多,其定居意愿发生比越高,但影响效应不同。公共健康权益可及性程度对于受教育程度低、夫妻两地分居、省内跨市流动的少数民族流动人口定居意愿的影响更大。

高校教师可持续发展与教学评价创新:英国专业标准框架发展动态研究

人才强校战略是高校致力于自身与社会双重可持续发展的核心战略。制定和实施教育标准是教育治理的重要方式,制定和实施教师标准也是实施人才强校战略的重要路径。英国于2006年首次颁布适用于高等教育教师的专业标准框架,并于2011年和2023年更新了该框架。本文在系统地收集文献、分析文本的基础上,分析2023年英国教师专业标准框架的修订动因,并比较其2011年版和2023年版的内容变化,基于英国三校案例考查研究型大学实施该标准框架的多样化机制。同时,本文探讨支持高校教师不断提升教学和学习支持能力的英国教师专业标准框架治理模式,分析高校如何应用标准框架来提升教师队伍的教学水平、发展潜力和影响力。

生态农产品品牌形象对消费者信任的影响——基于消费者社交网络参与度的调节效应

本文基于信号传递理论阐述了生态农产品品牌形象影响消费者信任的逻辑机理,并利用全国1113位有机牛奶消费者的微观调查数据,实证检验了生态农产品品牌形象对消费者信任的影响效应及其传导机制。结果表明:(1)品牌作为一种能够降低消费者选择成本的排他性品类符号,具有重要的信息传递功能,对于解决生态农产品市场的信息不对称问题有积极意义,但不同品牌的影响力和号召力不同,其原因在于品牌形象存在差异,品牌形象越好,消费者对产品信任度越高。(2)在品牌形象对消费者信任的影响关系中,消费者社交网络参与度发挥着一定程度的正向调节作用,品牌形象对社交网络参与度较高的消费者产品信任影响较为强烈。(3)品牌形象对消费者信任的影响存在一定的异质性,对于社会信任水平较低和生态认知水平较高的消费者而言,品牌形象对其产品信任的影响较为显著。

一种仿人手软体康复机器人结构设计与实验

文章针对手部康复训练提出一种偏心波纹管软体致动器结构,研制出一款具有镜像疗法功能的手部康复软体机器人。设计该偏心波纹管软体致动器结构的波峰、波谷中心存在一定的偏心距,以减少其在变形过程中的能量损耗,提高与人手的适配性;基于镜像疗法进行手部康复软体机器人控制系统的设计,使该系统具有主动康复训练、被动康复训练和镜像康复训练3种工作模式。抓取实验、指尖输出力测试以及镜像训练实验的结果表明,所设计的手部康复机器人具有较好的稳定性和顺应性,能够满足手部功能障碍患者的康复训练需求。

木质素基复合膜材料的制备及应用研究进展

木质素作为一种储量丰富、可再生的天然高分子化合物,可与多种聚合物结合,赋予其抗氧化、防紫外、抗菌等性能,但木质素结构的复杂性和异质性限制了其高值化应用。近年来,木质素的改性处理以及木质素衍生的复合薄膜在基础研究和实际应用方面得到了广泛关注。综述了多种具有特定功能(热稳定、抗氧化、紫外屏蔽等)的高附加值木质素基复合膜材料,首先介绍了木质素的结构、特性以及常用的改性方法,其次总结了木质素基复合膜材料的制备及其在食品包装、紫外防护、吸附处理等方面的应用,最后讨论了木质素基复合膜材料面临的主要问题,为环境友好型多功能膜材料的未来发展提供一定的参考。