Estimation of Time to Maximum Rate Under Adiabatic Conditions(TMR_(ad)) Using Kinetic Parameters Derived From DSC-Investigation of Thermal Behavior of 3-Methyl-4-Nitrophenol

Kinetic parameters of the decomposition of hazardous chemicals can be applied for the estimation of their thermal behavior under any temperature profile.Presented paper describes the application of the advanced kinetic approach for the determination of the thermal behavior also under adiabatic conditions occurring e.g.in batch reactors in case of cooling failure.The kinetics of the decomposition of different samples(different manufacturers and batches) of 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol were investigated by conventional DSC in non-isothermal(few heating rates varying from 0.25 to 8.0K/min) and isothermal(range of 200~260℃) modes.The kinetic parameters obtained with AKTS-Thermokinetics Software were applied for calculating reaction rate and progress under different heating rates and temperatures and verified by comparing simulated and experimental signals.After application of the heat balance to compare the amount of heat generated during reaction and its removal from the system,the knowledge of reaction rate at any temperature profiles allowed the determination of the temperature increase due to the self-heating in adiabatic and pseudo-adiabatic conditions.Applied advanced kinetic approach allowed simulation the course of the Heat-Wait-Search(HWS) mode of operation of adiabatic calorimeters.The thermal safety diagram depicting dependence of Time to Maximum Rate(TMR) on the initial temperature was calculated and compared with the results of HWS experiments carried out in the system with Ф-factor amounting to 3.2.The influence of the Ф-factor and reaction progress reached at the end of the HWS monitoring on the TMR is discussed.Presented calculations clearly indicate that even very minor reaction progress reduces the TMRad of 24h characteristic for a sample with initial reaction progress amounting to zero.Described estimation method can be verified by just one HWS-ARC,or by one correctly chosen ISO-ARC run of reasonable duration by knowing in advance the dependence of the TMR on the initial temperature for any Ф-factor.Proposed procedure results in significant shortening of the measuring time compared to a safety hazard approach based on series of ARC experiments carried out at the beginning of a process safety evaluation.

The WAK-like protein RFO1 acts as a sensor of the pectin methylation status in Arabidopsis cell walls to modulate root growth and defense

Most organisms adjust their development according to the environmental conditions.For the majority,this implies the sensing of alterations to cell walls caused by different cues.Despite the relevance of this process,few molecular players involved in cell wall sensing are known and characterized.Here,we show that the wall-associated kinase-like protein RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM 1(RFO1)is required for plant growth and early defense against Fusarium oxysporum and functions by sensing changes in the pectin methylation levels in the cell wall.The RFO1 dwell time at the plasma membrane is affected by the pectin methylation status at the cell wall,regulating MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE and gene expression.We show that the extracellular domain of RFO1 binds de-methylated pectin in vitro,whose distribution in the cell wall is altered during F.oxysporum infection.Further analyses also indicate that RFO1 is required for the BR-dependent plant growth alteration in response to inhibition of pectin de-methyl-esterase activity at the cell wall.Collectively,our work demonstrates that RFO1 is a sensor of the pectin methylation status that plays a unique dual role in plant growth and defense against vascular pathogens.