激光治疗膀胱癌

膀胱癌的复发和转移频率占泌尿生殖道肿瘤的第二位,是治疗上的重要问题。目前采用的治疗方法有许多危险和副作用,以致必须寻找某些新的方法。现在一致的看法是对表浅性膀胱癌宜行经尿道切除术(TUR),对浸润性癌有指征行全膀胱切除。但令人惊异的是,对浸润性膀胱癌行根治术后的5年生存率与TUR相比并没有被证实是否具有优势。而TUR的缺点在于不能准确地掌握肿瘤浸润的深度。此缺点却能通过Nd-YAG激光装置来克服。用这一装置人们不接触肿瘤而能破坏至6～7mm深度。

激光治疗良性前列腺增生症

良性前列腺增生症(BPH)国际标准手术治疗是经尿道切除(TUR或TURP),较大的腺瘤则采用经膀胱、耻骨后或经会阴途径的开放性前列腺切除术。在美国每年约施行40万例TURP。从1980年以来,已有在BPH运用激光的动物实验报告,但未有重大意义。90年代初对BPH激光照射又重新产生兴趣,在很短时间内,这一方法又广泛应用于临床,据统计全球已有3000～5000例治疗,术后观察时间已超过3年。激光方法分为经尿道前列腺激光切开、经尿道接触式激光汽化。

Development of an internally braced prosthesis for total talus replacement

Total loss of talus due to trauma or avascular necrosis,for example,still remains to be a major challenge in foot and ankle surgery with severely limited treatment options.Implantation of a custom made total talar prosthesis has shown promising results so far.Most important factors for long time success are degree of congruence of articular surfaces and ligamentous stability of the ankle.Therefore,our aim was to develop an optimized custom made prosthesis for total talus replacement providing a high level of primary stability.A custom made hemiprosthesis was developed using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging data of the affected and contralateral talus considering the principles and technology for the development of the S.T.A.R.prosthesis(Stryker).Additionally,four eyelets for fixation of artificial ligaments were added at the correspondent footprints of the most important ligaments.Two modifications can be provided according to the clinical requirements:A tri-articular hemiprosthesis or a bi-articular hemiprosthesis combined with the tibial component of the S.T.A.R.total ankle replacement system.A feasibility study was performed using a fresh frozen human cadaver.Maximum range of motion of the ankle was measured and ligamentous stability was evaluated by use of standard X-rays after application of varus,valgus or sagittal stress with 150 N.Correct implantation of the prosthesis was technically possible via an anterior approach to the ankle and using standard instruments.Malleolar osteotomies were not required.Maximum ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion were measured as 22-0-28 degrees.Maximum anterior displacement of the talus was 6 mm,maximum varus tilt 3 degrees and maximum valgus tilt 2 degrees.Application of an internally braced prosthesis for total talus replacement in humans is technically feasible and might be a reasonable procedure in carefully selected cases with no better alternatives left.

血管造影及经皮经腔血管成形术(PTA)的工作人员射线照射量

从事诊断工作的人员职业性射线照射必须引起我们注意,以便采取一切必要的防护措施。若采取相应的预防措施,照射就不会超过临界剂量。

Ancient DNA of the pygmy marmoset type specimen Cebuella pygmaea(Spix,1823)resolves a taxonomic conundrum

The pygmy marmoset,the smallest of the anthropoid primates,has a broad distribution in Western Amazonia.Recent studies using molecular and morphological data have identified two distinct species separated by the Napo and Solimoes-Amazonas rivers.However,reconciling this new biological evidence with current taxonomy,i.e.,two subspecies,Cebuella pygmaea pygmaea(Spix,1823)and Cebuella pygmaea niveiventris(Lönnberg,1940),was problematic given the uncertainty as to whether Spix’s pygmy marmoset(Cebuella pygmaea pygmaea)was collected north or south of the Napo and Solimoes-Amazonas rivers,making it unclear to which of the two newly revealed species the name pygmaea would apply.Here,we present the first molecular data from Spix’s type specimen of Cebuella pygmaea,as well as novel mitochondrial genomes from modern pygmy marmosets sampled near the type locality(Tabatinga)on both sides of the river.With these data,we can confirm the correct names of the two species identified,i.e.,C.pygmaea for animals north of the Napo and Solimoes-Amazonas rivers and C.niveiventris for animals south of these two rivers.Phylogenetic analyses of the novel genetic data placed into the context of cytochrome b gene sequences from across the range of pygmy marmosets further led us to reevaluate the geographical distribution for the two Cebuella species.We dated the split of these two species to 2.54 million years ago.We discuss additional,more recent,subdivisions within each lineage,as well as potential contact zones between the two species in the headwaters of these rivers.

One-Stage Correction with Intra- and Extraatrial Rerouting of Anomalous Systemic and Pulmonary Venous Return and Intraventricular Repair of Double Outlet Right Ventricle in a Patient with Heterotaxy Syndrome

We report a very rare case of successful intracardiac correction in a patient with heterotaxy syndrome.The cardiac malformations included dextrocardia,double outlet right ventricle,pulmonary stenosis,interrupted inferior vena cava,hemiazygos continuation and total anomalous pulmonary venous return.One-stage correction was performed.The atrial procedure consisted of intra-and extraatrial rerouting of the anomalous systemic and pulmonary venous return.The hepatic veins were detached and diverted to the left atrium via an extracardiac conduit.The correction of the double outlet right ventricle was accomplished by intraventricular redirection of the blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta.The right ventricular outflow was ultimately remodeled using a valved conduit.For better perception of the complex morphology,a three-dimensional model was designed,using CT scan images.This proved to be very useful for surgical planning,especially with regard to the intraatrial reconstruction of the systemic and pulmonary venous rerouting.

Nonlinear frequency conversion in optical nanoantennas and metasurfaces:materials evolution and fabrication

Nonlinear frequency conversion is one of the most fundamental processes in nonlinear optics.It has a wide range of applications in our daily lives,including novel light sources,sensing,and information processing.It is usually assumed that nonlinear frequency conversion requires large crystals that gradually accumulate a strong effect.However,the large size of nonlinear crystals is not compatible with the miniaturisation of modern photonic and optoelectronic systems.Therefore,shrinking the nonlinear structures down to the nanoscale,while keeping favourable conversion efficiencies,is of great importance for future photonics applications.In the last decade,researchers have studied the strategies for enhancing the nonlinear efficiencies at the nanoscale,e.g.by employing different nonlinear materials,resonant couplings and hybridization techniques.In this paper,we provide a compact review of the nanomaterials-based efforts,ranging from metal to dielectric and semiconductor nanostructures,including their relevant nanofabrication techniques.

Target fabrication for laser-ion acceleration research at the Technological Laboratory of the LMU Munich

The Technological Laboratory of LMU Munich supplies various types of solid-state target for laser plasma experiments at the Centre for Advanced Laser Applications in Garching.Our main focus here is on the production of free-standing,thin foil targets,such as diamond-likecarbon foils,carbon nanotube foams(CNFs),plastic,and gold foils.The presented methods comprise cathodic arc deposition for DLC targets,chemical vapor deposition for CNFs,a droplet and spin-coating process for plastic foil production,as well as physical vapor deposition that has been optimized to provide ultrathin gold foils and tailored sacrifice layers.This paper reviews our current capabilities,which are a result of a close collaboration between target production processes and experiment,using high-power chirped pulse amplification laser systems over the past eight years.

Anemia and Its Associated Risk Factors at the Time of Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation in Public Health Facilities of Arba Minch Town, Southern Ethiopia

Background: Anemia is the most common hematologic abnormality in HIV patients and is associated with disease progression and decreased survival. This study aims to describe the prevalence and predictors of anemia in HIV positive patients at the time of ART initiation at public health facilities of Arba Minch town, Southern Ethiopia. Methods: A total of 411 adults (?15 years) HIV positive patients with complete information on hemoglobin levels and CD4 count and clinical characteristics registered from 2006 to 2013 were assessed for anemia prevalence and risk factors at the ART clinic of the Arba Minch hospital and health center. The measurements of Hemoglobin and CD4 + T cell count were performed using standard methodology at baseline of ART initiation. Results: A total of 411 HIV positive patients (195 males and 216 females) with a mean ± SD age of 33.9 ± 9.0 years were assessed. Hemoglobin levels were between 6.0 and 16.5 mg/dL. The overall prevalence of anemia at the time of ART initiation was 52.3%;with 28.1%, 22.9% and 1.3% mild, moderate and severe anemia respectively. The overall prevalence of anemia was 62.4% among males and 46.7% among females (P < 0.001). An increased risk of anemia was seen in males (adjusted OR = 2.78, 95% CI = 1.77 - 4.35);low CD4 cell counts (adjusted OR = 3.48, 95% CI = 2.09 - 5.79);and history of TB (adjusted OR = 2.89, 95% CI = 1.28 - 6.54). Conclusions: Anemia in HIV-positive patients was highly prevalent at the time of ART initiation. Male gender, low CD4 count and history of TB were associated with higher risk of baseline anemia.

Syndesmotic Internal Brace^(TM) for anatomic distal tibiofibular ligament augmentation

Reconstruction of unstable syndesmotic injuries is not trivial, and there is no generally accepted treatment guidelines. Thus, there still remain considerable controversies regarding diagnosis, classification and treatment of syndesmotic injuries. Syndesmotic malreduction is the most common indication for early re-operation after ankle fracture surgery, and widening of the ankle mortise by only 1 mm decreases the contact area of the tibiotalar joint by 42%. Outcome of ankle fractures with syndesmosis injury is worse than without, even after surgical syndesmotic stabilization. This may be due to a high incidence of syndesmotic malreduction revealed by increasing postoperative computed tomography controls. Therefore, even open visualization of the syndesmosis during the reduction maneuver has been recommended. Thus, the most important clinical predictor of outcome is consistently reported as accuracy of anatomic reduction of the injured syndesmosis. In this context the Tight Rope~?system is reported to have advantages compared to classical syndesmotic screws. However, rotational instability of the distal fibula cannot be safely limited by use of 1 or even 2 Tight Ropes~?. Therefore, we developed a new syndesmotic Internal Brace^(TM) technique for improved anatomic distal tibiofibular ligament augmentation to protect healing of the injured native ligaments. The Internal Brace^(TM) technique was developed by Gordon Mackay from Scotland in 2012 using Swive Locks~? for knotless aperture fixation of a Fiber Tape~? at the anatomic footprints of the augmented ligaments, and augmentation of the anterior talofibular ligament, the deltoid ligament, the spring ligament and the medial collateral ligaments of the knee have been published so far. According to the individual injury pattern,patients can either be treated by the new syndesmotic Internal Brace^(TM) technique alone as a single anterior stabilization, or in combination with one posteriorly directed Tight Rope~? as a double stabilization, or in combination with one Tight Rope~? and a posterolateral malleolar screw fixation as a triple stabilization. Moreover,the syndesmotic Internal Brace^(TM) technique is suitable for anatomic refixation of displaced bony avulsion fragments too small for screw fixation and for indirect reduction of small posterolateral tibial avulsion fragments by anatomic reduction of the anterior syndesmosis with an Internal Brace^(TM) after osteosynthesis of the distal fibula. In this paper, comprehensively illustrated clinical examples show that anatomic reconstruction with rotational stabilization of the syndesmosis can be realized by use of our new syndesmotic Internal Brace^(TM) technique. A clinical trial for evaluation of the functional outcomes has been started at our hospital.

S-,P-stabilized bromoallenes for modular allenylborylation of alkenes

Simultaneously forming a carbon-carbon and a carbon-heteroatom bond in a single step through transition metal-catalyzed alkene difunctionalization strategy has emerged as a powerful tool for synthetic organic chemistry.Due to the uncontrollable reactivity,direct cross-coupling with bromoallenes as the building blocks for the selective allenation and borylation remains challenging.We herein report a new type of S-and P-stabilized bromoallenes for palladium-catalyzed modular allenation and borylation of alkenes to the divergent synthesis of multiply functionalized allenes in a highly regio-and diastereoselective manifold.The reaction features broad substrate scope and wide functional group compatibility,thus providing a straightforward method to install allenyl and boryl groups across alkenes.Control experiments highlight the crucial importance of S-,P-stabilization for the oxidative insertion of Pd-species into the allenyl-Br bond.The facile syntheses of bioactive allenic steroids and exocyclic allenes demonstrate the synthetic utility of this protocol.

A hatching aphidlion-like lacewing larva in 100 million years old Kachin amber

Dear Editor,Hatching is a crucial moment in the life of an animal.The animal stops being an embryo protected by the egg and becomes a post-embryonic immature(see Haug,2020 for difficulties in naming these stages).This must have been the case in the past as well,but the fossil record is rather sparse in the preservation of this very moment.The fossil preservation of such a case needs to facilitate not only preservation of the animal,but also of the egg.As these are often of rather different material,making the preservation of both together in many cases unlikely.Yet,there are preservation types that seem to favor such incidents.Amber has become famous for preserving cases of“frozen behaviour",preserving a specific moment in the life of an animal in an almost life-like manner(Arillo,2007),including:copulations,parasite-host interactions,aggregations,group defense,brood care,egg-laying(although likely stress-induced).

沉积物中趋磁细菌趋磁性优势的实验研究

趋磁细菌依靠其体内生物合成的磁小体颗粒沿地球磁场定向排列和游动,称为趋磁性。沿磁场的定向排列被认为可以使磁菌更有效地到达最佳生存环境,即趋磁性对磁菌的优势所在。目前对趋磁性优势的研究大多数集中在水环境或培养液环境下,而对于自然沉积物中趋磁性优势的理解还停留在假说阶段。越来越多的研究显示,磁菌在沉积物中的行为方式与水环境中所观测到的现象差别很大,因此,对趋磁性优势的研究也需要在沉积物环境中进行。本文我们通过对比在地磁场、近零磁场和反转磁场条件下两种磁菌:球菌和杆菌(Candidatus Magnetobacterium bavaricum)的时空变化,揭示在沉积物中趋磁性对趋磁细菌的作用。结果显示趋磁性对两种磁菌存在不同的作用,M.bavaricum在近零磁场条件下数量明显下降而在地磁场下又重新恢复,说明趋磁性优势对M.bavaricum的积极作用,然而球菌在近零磁磁场条件下的数量和分布与地磁场条件下相似,可能说明球菌在利用趋化性和行为方式上与M.bavaricum有很大不同。M.bavaricum在反转磁场条件下数量减少,而球菌则接近消失,说明球菌受极向趋磁性的影响比M.bavaricum大。两种磁菌因受沉积物环境和自身趋化性的影响在趋磁性上表现不同,可能M.bavaricum存在不同的趋磁性特点。本文实验结果说明对趋磁性的理解需要立足于复杂的沉积物环境。

The p53/miR-34 axis in development and disease

肿瘤 suppressor p53 是在人的癌症的最经常变异的基因之一。MicroRNAs (miRNAs ) 是在 post-transcriptional 水平上调整基因表示的小 non-proteincoding RNA。最近， p53 调整几 miRNAs 的 theexpression，这被显示出，从而代表 p53 发信号的重要机制。几个独立人士作为最流行的导致 p53 的 miRNAs 学习 miR-34 家庭的 identifiedthe 成员。miR-34s 经常是在 tumorentities 的变化的 silenced，建议他们是重要肿瘤 suppressors。确实， miR-34s 的宫外的表示禁止增长，对各种各样的癌症房间实体的间充质的转变，移植，侵略，和转移上皮。而且， miR-34 的 deliveryor 重新表示在癌症老鼠模型导致肿瘤生长和转移的著名压抑，并且可以 thereforerepresent 为未来癌症治疗学的有效策略。除他们在癌症的关键函数以外， themiR-34 家庭的成员也在精子发生，干细胞区别， neuronal 开发，老化，和 cardiovascularfunctions 起重要作用。因而， miR-34 也在各种各样的非癌的疾病被含有，例如大脑混乱，骨质疏松症，和心血管的复杂并发症。

Update on Chloroplast Research： New Tools, New Topics, and New Trends

Chloroplasts, the green differentiation form of plastids, are the sites of photosynthesis and other important plant functions. Genetic and genomic technologies have greatly boosted the rate of discovery and functional character- ization of chloroplast proteins during the past decade. Indeed, data obtained using high-throughput methodologies, in particular proteomics and transcriptomics, are now routinely used to assign functions to chloroplast proteins. Our knowl- edge of many chloroplast processes, notably photosynthesis and photorespiration, has reached such an advanced state that biotechnological approaches to crop improvement now seem feasible. Meanwhile, efforts to identify the entire com- plement of chloroplast proteins and their interactions are progressing rapidly, making the organelle a prime target for systems biology research in plants.

Virtual reality systems for rodents

Over the last decade virtual reality （VR） setups for rodents have been developed and utilized to in-vestigate the neural foundations of behavior. Such VR systems became very popular since theyallow the use of state-of-the-art techniques to measure neural activity in behaving rodents that can-not be easily used with classical behavior setups. Here, we provide an overview of rodent VR tech-nologies and review recent results from related research. We discuss commonalities and differ-ences as well as merits and issues of different approaches. A special focus is given to experimental（behavioral） paradigms in use. Finally we comment on possible use cases that may further exploitthe potential of VR in rodent research and hence inspire future studies.

Cytosolic HSP90 Cochaperones HOP and FKBP Interact with Freshly Synthesized Chloroplast Preproteins of Arabidopsis

Most chloroplast and mitochondrial proteins are synthesized in the cytosol of the plant cell and have to be imported into the organelles post-translationally. Molecular chaperones play an important role in preventing protein aggregation of freshly translated preproteins and assist in maintaining the preproteins in an import competent state. Pre- proteins can associate with HSP70, HSP90, and 14-3-3 proteins in the cytosol. In this study, we analyzed a large set of wheat germ-translated chloroplast preproteins with respect to their chaperone binding. Our results demonstrate that the formation of distinct 14-3-3 or HSP90 containing preprotein complexes is a common feature in post-translational protein transport in addition to preproteins that seem to interact solely with HSP70. We were able to identify a diverse and extensive class of preproteins as HSP90 substrates, thus providing a tool for the investigation of HSP90 client protein association. The analyses of chimeric HSP90 and 14-3-3 binding preproteins with exchanged transit peptides indicate an involvement of both the transit peptide and the mature part of the proteins, in HSP90 binding. We identified two partner components of the HSP90 cycle, which were present in the preprotein containing high-molecular-weight complexes, the HSP70/HSP90 organizing protein HOP, as well as the immunophilin FKBP73. The results establish chloroplast preproteins as a general class of HSP90 client proteins in plants using HOP and FKBP as novel cochaperones.

Systems Biology of Plant-Microbiome Interactions

In natural environments,plants are exposed to diverse microbiota that they interact with in complex ways.While plant-pathogen interactions have been intensely studied to understand defense mechanisms in plants,many microbes and microbial communities can have substantial beneficial effects on their plant host.Such beneficial effects include improved acquisition of nutrients,accelerated growth,resilience against pathogens,and improved resistance against abiotic stress conditions such as heat,drought,and salinity.However,the beneficial effects of bacterial strains or consortia on their host are often cultivar and species specific,posing an obstacle to their general application.Remarkably,many of the signals that trigger plant immune responses are molecularly highly similar and often identical in pathogenic and beneficial microbes.Thus,it is unclear what determines the outcome of a particular microbe-host interaction and which factors enable plants to distinguish beneficials from pathogens.To unravel the complex network of genetic,microbial,and metabolic interactions,including the signaling events mediating microbe-host interactions,comprehensive quantitative systems biology approaches will be needed.

Preprotein Import into Chloroplasts via the Toc and Tic Complexes Is Regulated by Redox Signals in Pisum sativum

The import of nuclear-encoded preproteins is necessary to maintain chloroplast function. The recognition and transfer of most precursor proteins across the chloroplast envelopes are facilitated by two membrane-inserted protein complexes, the translocons of the chloroplast outer and inner envelope （Toc and Tic complexes, respectively）. Several signals have been invoked to regulate the import of preproteins. In our study, we were interested in redox-based import regulation mediated by two signals： regulation based on thiols and on the metabolic NADP＋/NADPH ratio. We sought to identify the proteins participating in the regulation of these transport pathways and to characterize the preprotein subgroups whose import is redox-dependent. Our results provide evidence that the formation and reduction of disulfide bridges in the Toc receptors and Toc translocation channel have a strong influence on import yield of all tested preproteins that depend on the Toc complex for translocation. Furthermore, the metabolic NADP＋/NADPH ratio influences not only the composition of the Tic complex, but also the import efficiency of most, but not all, preproteins tested. Thus, several Tic subcomplexes appear to participate in the translocation of different preprotein subgroups, and the redox-active compo- nents of these complexes likely play a role in regulating transport.

3nce upon a Time- Chloroplast Protein Imporl Research from Infancy to Future Challenges

Protein import into chloroplasts has been a focus of research for several decades. The first publications dealing with this fascinating topic appeared in the 1970s. From the initial realization that many plastid proteins are being encoded for in the nucleus and require transport into their target organelle to the identification of import components in the cytosol, chloroplast envelopes, and stroma, as well as elucidation of some mechanistic details, more fascinating aspects are still being unraveled. With this overview, we present a survey of the beginnings of chloroplast protein import research, the first steps on this winding road, and end with a glimpse into the future.