We conducted plant growth experiments in microbe-free vermiculite to study the effects of four types of fermented seaweed liquid fertilizer (SLF) made from nori (Pyropia yezoensis) seaweed on the germination, plant gr...We conducted plant growth experiments in microbe-free vermiculite to study the effects of four types of fermented seaweed liquid fertilizer (SLF) made from nori (Pyropia yezoensis) seaweed on the germination, plant growth characteristics, SPAD value, and nutrient content and uptake of komatsuna (Brassica rapa L. var. wakana komatsuna). The four types of fermented nori SLF used in this study were prepared by anaerobic fermentation of unwashed nori (SLF1), aerobic fermentation of unwashed nori (SLF2), anaerobic fermentation of washed nori (SLF3), and aerobic fermentation of washed nori (SLF4). Komatsuna seeds treated with 200-, 300-, and 400-fold dilutions of SLFs exhibited improved relative germination ratios (RGRs) at 3 and 4 days after sowing (DAS). At 4 DAS, the RGRs of seeds treated with 10-, 100-, 200-, 300-, and 400-fold SLF dilutions showed no differential effect. Seeds treated with undiluted SLFs did not germinate by 4 DAS. SLF1 may promote komatsuna seed germination. The nitrogen (N), calcium, magnesium, sodium (Na), and iodine (I) contents of plants treated with SLF1 were significantly increased relative to plants treated with the other SLFs. Moreover, the I and Na contents of plants were significantly increased by foliar spray application of different dilutions of SLF1. However, SLF treatment markedly reduced the shoot dry weight compared with 1/2-strength modified Hoagland nutrient (MHN) solution, although the same amounts of N and K were applied. SPAD values of the plants treated with SLFs were significantly higher than those of plants treated with MHN. Foliar treatment with SLFs had no significant effect on plant growth, SPAD value, or uptake of nutrients (except Na) relative to the control, but the I content was increased. Plants treated with SLF1 and SLF2 exhibited the highest Na uptake. Foliar spray treatments with SLF1 resulted in the highest I contents in plants. Based on our results, SLF1 is suitable for use as a liquid fertilizer to promote germination and increase nutrient content in komatsuna. These results need to be followed up in soil experiments in the presence of microbes in the rhizosphere.展开更多
We investigated the effects of fermented nori (Pyropia yezoensis) liquid fertilizers on plant growth, soil plant analysis development (SPAD) values, and nutrient uptake of komatsuna (Brassica rapa L. var. wakana komat...We investigated the effects of fermented nori (Pyropia yezoensis) liquid fertilizers on plant growth, soil plant analysis development (SPAD) values, and nutrient uptake of komatsuna (Brassica rapa L. var. wakana komatsuna) plants. The four types of fermented nori seaweed liquid fertilizers (SLFs) evaluated in this study were prepared by anaerobic fermentation of unwashed nori (SLF1), aerobic fermentation of unwashed nori (SLF2), anaerobic fermentation of washed nori (SLF3), and aerobic fermentation of washed nori (SLF4). In Experiment 1, the highest plant growth, SPAD, and nutrient uptake values were obtained from treatment with SLF2 and SLF4. There were no significant differences between the effects of basal and foliar application of SLFs, except for iodine (I) content;plants treated with SLF1 had the highest I content. In Experiment 2, plant growth and nutrient uptake decreased with higher concentrations of SLFs. Plants treated with 25% SLF2 + 75% chemical fertilizer (CF) or 25% SLF4 + 75% CF exhibited significantly higher plant growth and nutrient uptake. The highest I content resulted from treatment with 75% SLF1 + 25% CF or 100% SLF1. Taken together, our results showed that 25% SLF + 75% CF produced the best plant growth characteristics, nutrient uptake, and I content relative to the controls. Therefore, basal application of these liquid organic fertilizers can be used to increase productivity, nutrient uptake, and I content and to reduce nitrate-nitrogen content in komatsuna production.展开更多
A hyperparasitic fungus was found on uredinia of Coleosporium plumeria on leaves of Plumeria rubra in Thailand.The hyperparasite was identified as Ramularia coleosporii following an examination of its morphological ch...A hyperparasitic fungus was found on uredinia of Coleosporium plumeria on leaves of Plumeria rubra in Thailand.The hyperparasite was identified as Ramularia coleosporii following an examination of its morphological characters and a phylogenetic analysis by using ITS sequence data.This is the first record of R.coleosporii on C.plumeriae in Thailand.Ramularia coleosporii has the potential for biocontrol management strategies of the rust.展开更多
Aotearoa—New Zealand has only four rodent species,all introduced.In order of arrival,they are Pacific rat Rattus exulans,brown rat R.norvegicus,house mouse Mus musculus,and black rat R.rattus.Rodent management in New...Aotearoa—New Zealand has only four rodent species,all introduced.In order of arrival,they are Pacific rat Rattus exulans,brown rat R.norvegicus,house mouse Mus musculus,and black rat R.rattus.Rodent management in New Zealand aims mainly to conserve indigenous biodiversity rather than to protect crops or manage diseases,as is usual elsewhere.We describe four major“regimes”and one major vision for rodent control in New Zealand to meet ecological restoration objectives.Current challenges for island eradications are for large islands that are remote or populated by people.Aerial 1080 is the only large-scale(tens of thousands of hectares)option for black rat control,but its application requires adjustment to counter subsequent rapid black rat repopulation.Unfenced“ecosanctuaries”(mean 720 ha)use ground-based traps and poisons to target mainly black rats and face constant reinvasion.Ecosanctuaries with mammal-resistant fences(up to 3500 ha)limit reinvasion and target more pest species and have enabled the return of previously extirpated taxa to the main islands.Predator Free 2050 aims to eradicate the rat species(but not mice)plus some other introduced mammals from New Zealand by 2050.This vision is not attainable with current tools,but research and experimental management is exploring techniques and technologies.The large scale(to 100000 ha)at which black rats are now targeted for control to extremely low abundance seems to be unique to New Zealand.展开更多
Background: Ecosystem representation is one key component in assessing the biodiversity impacts of land-use changes that will irrevocably alter natural ecosystems. We show how detailed vegetation plot data can be use...Background: Ecosystem representation is one key component in assessing the biodiversity impacts of land-use changes that will irrevocably alter natural ecosystems. We show how detailed vegetation plot data can be used to assess the potential impact of inundation by a proposed hydroelectricity dam in the Mokihinui gorge, New Zealand, on representation of natural forests. Specifically we ask: 1) How well are the types of forest represented Locally, regionally, and nationally; and 2) How does the number of distinct communities (i.e. beta diversity) in the target catchment compare with other catchments nationally? Methods: For local and regional comparisons plant species composition was recorded on 45 objectively located 400 m2 vegetation plots established in each of three gorges, with one being the proposed inundation area of the Mokihinui lower gorge. The fuzzy classification framework of noise clustering was used to assign these plots to a specific alliance and association of a pre-existing national-scale classification. NationaLly, we examined the relationship between the number of alliances and associations in a catchment and either catchment size or the number of plots per catchment by fitting Generalised Additive Models. Results: The four alliances and five associations that were observed in the Mokihinui lower gorge arepresent in the region but limited locally. One association was narrowly distributed nationally, but is the mostfrequent association in the Mokihinui lower gorge; inundation may have consequences of national importance to its long-term persistence. That the Mokihinui lower gorge area had nearly twice as many plots that could not be assigned to pre- existing alliances and associations than either the Mokihinui upper or the Karamea lower gorges and proportionally more than the national dataset emphasises the compositional distinctiveness of this gorge. These outlier plots in the Mokihinui lower gorge may be unsorted assemblages of species or reflect sampling bias or that native- dominated woody riparian vegetation is rare on the landscape. At a national scale, the Mokihinui catchment has a higher diversity of forest alliances and associations (i.e. beta-diversity) than predicted based on catchment size and sampling intensity. Conclusions: Our analytical approach demonstrates one transparent solution to a common conservation planning problem: assessing how well ecosystems that will be destroyed by a proposed land-use change are represented using a multi-scale spatial and compositional framework. We provide a useful tool for assessing potential consequences of land-use change that can help guide decision making.展开更多
Current advances in connected sensor technologies for near real-time environmental monitoring are transforming the quality of information provision to land managers. This “Third Industrial Revolution” that connects ...Current advances in connected sensor technologies for near real-time environmental monitoring are transforming the quality of information provision to land managers. This “Third Industrial Revolution” that connects digital sensor data analytics with adaptive services aims to transform data processing for timely decision support. The information is needed to improve irrigation scheduling, because global demand for food relies heavily on irrigation and global freshwater resources are diminishing. Previously, practitioners used visual indicators, infrequent measurements or predictive water balance models to estimate irrigation schedules. Visual indicators and infrequent measurements are approximate, and predictive models require many inputs so that likely cumulative errors cause inaccuracies in scheduling. In contrast, wireless sensor networks enable near real-time continuous measurement of soil moisture at targeted positions providing the site-specific information required for precision irrigation scheduling and efficient freshwater management. This paper describes and compares the structure, build and implementation of Crossbow, DigiMesh, and LoRa systems to deliver information on spatio-temporal soil water status and crop stress to practitioners over smart phones and webpages to improve management of irrigated land. Our study found that the newer LoRA system has advantages over the other systems, especially on flat land, with furthest node range of >10 km and advanced communication protocols that can penetrate dense vegetation. The mesh networking of the DigiMesh and Crossbow systems was preferred in hilly terrain to communicate around hills, and allows easy expansion of the network. The Crossbow system is simpler to install but presents difficulties for third party sensor integration. All systems allowed a step change in our ability to track dynamic changes in soil hydraulic properties and crop stress, to improve irrigation water use efficiency.展开更多
Globally,grassland degradation is an acute ecological problem.In alpine grassland on the Tibetan Plateau,increased densities of various small mammals in degraded grassland are assumed to intensify the degradation proc...Globally,grassland degradation is an acute ecological problem.In alpine grassland on the Tibetan Plateau,increased densities of various small mammals in degraded grassland are assumed to intensify the degradation process and these mammals are subject to lethal control.However,whether the negative impact of small mammals is solely a result of population size or also a result of activity and behavior has not been tested.In this study,we use plateau pika as a model to compare population size,core area of colony,and the number of burrow entrances and latrines between lightly and severely degraded grassland.We test whether the alleged contribution of pika to grassland degradation is a result of increased population size or increased burrowing activities of individuals in response to lower food abundance.We found that grassland degradation resulted in lower plant species richness,plant height,and biomass.Furthermore,the overall population size of pika was not significantly affected by location in lightly and severely degraded grassland.However,pika core areas in severely grassland degradation were significantly larger and had significantly higher densities of burrows and latrines.Our study provides convincing evidence that habitat-induced changes in the behavior of small,burrowing mammals,such as pika,can exacerbate grassland degradation.This finding has significant implications for managing small mammals and restoring degraded grassland ecosystems.展开更多
Intensification of grazed grasslands following conversion from dryland to irrigated farming has the potential to alter ecosystem carbon(C)cycling and affect components of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))exchange that could lead...Intensification of grazed grasslands following conversion from dryland to irrigated farming has the potential to alter ecosystem carbon(C)cycling and affect components of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))exchange that could lead to either net accumulation or loss of soil C.While there are many studies on the effect of water availability on biomass production and soil C stocks,much less is known about the effect of the frequency of water inputs on the components of CO_(2)exchange.We grew Bermuda grass(Cynodon dactylon L.)in mesocosms under irrigation frequencies of every day(I_(1) treatment,30 d),every two days(I_(2) treatment,12 d),every three days(I_(3) treatment,30 d),and every six days(I_(6) treatment,18 d,after I_(2) treatment).Rates of CO_(2)exchange for estimating net ecosystem CO_(2)exchange(F_(N)),ecosystem respiration(R_(E)),and soil respiration(R_(S))were measured,and gross C uptake by plants(F_(G))and respiration from leaves(R_(L))were calculated during two periods,1–12 and 13–30 d,of the 30-d experiment.During the first 12 d,there were no significant differences in cumulative F_(N)(mean±standard deviation,61±30 g C m^(-2),n=4).During the subsequent 18 d,cumulative F_(N) decreased with decreasing irrigation frequency and increasing cumulative soil water deficit(W),with values of 70±22,60±16,and 18±12 g C m^(-2) for the I_(1),I_(3),and I_(6) treatments,respectively.There were similar decreases in F_(G),R_(E),and R_(L) with increasing W,but differences in R_(S) were not significant.Use of the C_(4) grass growing in a C_(3)-derived soil enabled partitioning of R_(S) into its autotrophic(R_(A))and heterotrophic(R_(H))components using a^(13)C natural abundance isotopic technique at the end of the experiment when differences in cumulative W between the treatments were the greatest.The values of R_(H) and its percentage contributions to R_(S)(43%±8%,42%±8%,and 8%±5%for the I_(1),I_(3),and I_(6) treatments,respectively)suggested that R_(H) remained unaffected across a wide range of W and then decreased under extreme W.There were no significant differences in aboveground biomass between the treatments.Nitrous oxide(N_(2)O)emission was measured to determine if there was a trade-off effect between irrigation frequency and increasing W on net greenhouse gas emission,but no significant differences were found between the treatments.These findings suggest that over short periods in well-drained soil,irrigation frequency could be managed to manipulate soil water deficit in order to reduce net belowground respiratory C losses,particularly those from the microbial decomposition of soil organic matter,with no significant effect on biomass production and N_(2)O emission.展开更多
Fungicolous fungi are a very large,diverse,ecological and trophic group of organisms that are associated with other fungi.This association occurs with species of different lineages across the fungal kingdom.They are r...Fungicolous fungi are a very large,diverse,ecological and trophic group of organisms that are associated with other fungi.This association occurs with species of different lineages across the fungal kingdom.They are recognized as symbionts,mycoparasites,saprotrophs,and even neutrals.Wherever fungi have been found,fungicolous taxa have also been found.Homogeneous environments favour the development of highly adapted and coevolved fungicolous species,which could have led to host-specificity aspects.As a primary consumer,fungicolous fungi decrease the turnaround time of certain nutrients in food webs,due to their special often-rapid life cycles.They may also significantly affect population dynamics and population sizes of their hosts in aquatic or terrestrial ecosystems.As mycoparasites of pathogenic fungi,some fungicolous fungi have been explored as biocontrol agents.They may also cause serious diseases of cultivated edible and medicinal mushrooms,decreasing both yield and quality.Fungicolous fungi could be used as model organisms that may help determine better understanding of species interactions,fungal evolution and divergence,and fungicolous mechanisms.This review summarizes our current understanding of fungicolous fungi,with a particular focus on the terminology,diversity,global distribution,and interaction with their hosts.We also provide a checklist including 1552 fungicolous fungal taxa so far recorded following the updated classification schemes.There is a need for further investigations on this ecologically important group of fungi to better understand their biology,ecological aspects,origin and divergence,hostspecificity and application in biocontrol.Accurate identification of these fungi as pathogens and their significance in quarantine purposes on the mushroom industry need further evaluations so that efficient control measures can be developed for better disease management purposes.展开更多
Inaccurate taxonomic placement of fossils can lead to the accumulation of errors in molecular clock studies and their generated evolutionary lineages.There are limited fossil data that can be used in divergence time e...Inaccurate taxonomic placement of fossils can lead to the accumulation of errors in molecular clock studies and their generated evolutionary lineages.There are limited fossil data that can be used in divergence time estimations.Therefore,reliable morphological characterization and taxonomical identification of fossil fungi are extremely important.Most fossils of Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes are from the early Cenozoic(66-23 Mya),with fewer from the late Mesozoic(174-145 Mya).However,it is hard to distinguish some fossil descriptions as photographs and illustrations are unclear;thus,the validity of using these fossils in calibrations of molecular clocks is problematic.This study brings scattered paleobiological data on selected fossil Ascomycota,using descriptions,fossil images and illustrations,coupled with recent age estimations,and taxonomic and phylogenetic affinity of extant species.As an integrated approach,this study summarizes a historical fossil outline with a reliable minimum age for 16 calibrating points viz.crown of Aigialus,Anzia,Aspergillus,Asterina,Calicium chlorosporum–C.nobile,Capnodiales,Chaenotheca,Colletotrichum,Diaporthales,Meliola,Ophiocordyceps,Microthyriales,Microthyrium,Muyocopron,Pezizomycotina and Stigmatomyces.A scheme of Ascomycota ancient lineages is also provided in order to improve divergence time estimations.展开更多
New Zealand delayed the introduction of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 into the community by the continued use of strict border controls through to January 2022.This allowed time for vaccination rates to increase a...New Zealand delayed the introduction of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 into the community by the continued use of strict border controls through to January 2022.This allowed time for vaccination rates to increase and the roll out of third doses of the vaccine(boosters)to begin.It also meant more data on the characteristics of Omicron became available prior to the first cases of community transmission.Here we present a mathematical model of an Omicron epidemic,incorporating the effects of the booster roll out and waning of vaccine-induced immunity,and based on estimates of vaccine effectiveness and disease severity from international data.The model considers differing levels of immunity against infection,severe illness and death,and ignores waning of infection-induced immunity.This model was used to provide an assessment of the potential impact of an Omicron wave in the New Zealand population,which helped inform government preparedness and response.At the time the modelling was carried out,the date of introduction of Omicron into the New Zealand community was unknown.We therefore simulated outbreaks with different start dates,as well as investigating different levels of booster uptake.We found that an outbreak starting on 1 February or 1 March led to a lower health burden than an outbreak starting on 1 January because of increased booster coverage,particularly in older age groups.We also found that outbreaks starting later in the year led to worse health outcomes than an outbreak starting on 1 March.This is because waning immunity in older groups started to outweigh the increased protection from higher booster coverage in younger groups.For an outbreak starting on 1 February and with high booster uptake,the number of occupied hospital beds in the model peaked between 800 and 3,300 depending on assumed transmission rates.We conclude that combining an accelerated booster programme with public health measures to flatten the curve are key to avoid overwhelming the healthcare system.展开更多
We couple a simple model of quarantine and testing strategies for international travellers with a model for transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a partly vaccinated population.We use this model to estimate the risk of an inf...We couple a simple model of quarantine and testing strategies for international travellers with a model for transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a partly vaccinated population.We use this model to estimate the risk of an infectious traveller causing a community outbreak under various border control strategies and different levels of vaccine coverage in the population.Results are calculated from N¼100,000 independent realisations of the stochastic model.We find that strategies that rely on home isolation are significantly higher risk than the current mandatory 14-day stay in government-managed isolation.Nevertheless,combinations of testing and home isolation can still reduce the risk of a community outbreak to around one outbreak per 100 infected travellers.We also find that,under some circumstances,using daily lateral flow tests or a combination of lateral flow tests and polymerase chain reaction(PCR)tests can reduce risk to a comparable or lower level than using PCR tests alone.Combined with controls on the number of travellers from countries with high prevalence of COVID-19,our results allow different options for managing the risk of COVID-19 at the border to be compared.This can be used to inform strategies for relaxing border controls in a phased way,while limiting the risk of community outbreaks as vaccine coverage increases.展开更多
Correction to:Fungal Diversity https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-019-00422-9 There were errors in Figs.1 and 2 in the original publication.Figure panels 1a,1b,1h and 1p did not match the legend.The correct Fig.1 is publi...Correction to:Fungal Diversity https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-019-00422-9 There were errors in Figs.1 and 2 in the original publication.Figure panels 1a,1b,1h and 1p did not match the legend.The correct Fig.1 is published below.In Fig.2,the word Fusion should be Fusional.展开更多
This article provides morphological descriptions and illustrations of microfungi associated with the invasive weed,Chro-molaena odorata,which were mainly collected in northern Thailand.Seventy-seven taxa distributed i...This article provides morphological descriptions and illustrations of microfungi associated with the invasive weed,Chro-molaena odorata,which were mainly collected in northern Thailand.Seventy-seven taxa distributed in ten orders,23 families(of which Neomassarinaceae is new),12 new genera(Chromolaenicola,Chromolaenomyces,Longiappendispora,Pseudocapulatispora,Murichromolaenicola,Neoophiobolus,Paraleptospora,Pseudoroussoella,Pseudostaurosphaeria,Pseudothyridariella,Setoarthopyrenia,Xenoroussoella),47 new species(Aplosporella chromolaenae,Arthrinium chromolae-nae,Chromolaenicola chiangraiensis,C.lampangensis,C.nanensis,C.thailandensis,Chromolaenomyces appendiculatus,Diaporthe chromolaenae,Didymella chromolaenae,Dyfrolomyces chromolaenae,Leptospora chromolaenae,L.phraeana,Longiappendispora chromolaenae,Memnoniella chromolaenae,Montagnula chiangraiensis,M.chromolaenae,M.chromo-laenicola,M.thailandica,Murichromolaenicola chiangraiensis,M.chromolaenae,Muyocopron chromolaenae,M.chromo-laenicola,Neomassarina chromolaenae,Neoophiobolus chromolaenae,Neopyrenochaeta chiangraiensis,N.chromolaenae,N.thailandica,N.triseptatispora,Nigrograna chromolaenae,Nothophoma chromolaenae,Paraleptospora chromolaenae,P.chromolaenicola,Patellaria chromolaenae,Pseudocapulatispora longiappendiculata,Pseudoroussoella chromolaenae,Pseudostaurosphaeria chromolaenae,P.chromolaenicola,Pseudothyridariella chromolaenae,Pyrenochaetopsis chromolae-nae,Rhytidhysteron chromolaenae,Setoarthopyrenia chromolaenae,Sphaeropsis chromolaenicola,Tremateia chiangraiensis,T.chromolaenae,T.thailandensis,Xenoroussoella triseptata,Yunnanensis chromolaenae),12 new host records,three new taxonomic combinations(Chromolaenicola siamensis,Pseudoroussoella elaeicola,Pseudothyridariella mahakashae),and two reference specimens(Torula chromolaenae,T.fici)are described and illustrated.Unlike some other hosts,e.g.bamboo(Poaceae)and Pandanaceae,the dominant group of fungi on Siam weed were Dothideomycetes.Only 15 species previously recorded from northern Thailand were found in this study.Most of the taxa are likely to have jumped hosts from surrounding plants and are unlikely to be a specialist to Siam weed.Most fungal families found on Siam weed had divergence estimates with stem ages in the Cretaceous,which coincided with the expected origin of the host family(Asteraceae).This further indicates that the species have jumped hosts,as it is unlikely that the taxa on the alien Siam weed came from the Americas with its host.They may,however,have jumped from other Asteraceae hosts.In a preliminary screening 40(65%)of the 62 species tested showed antimicrobial activity and thus,the fungi associated with C.odorata may be promising sources of novel bioactive compound discovery.We provide a checklist of fungi associated with C.odorata based on the USDA Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory(SMML)database,relevant literature and our study.In total,130 taxa(116 identified and 14 unidentified species)are distributed in 20 orders,48 families and 85 genera.Pseudocercospora is the most commonly encountered genus on Siam weed.展开更多
Sexual reproduction is the basic way to form high genetic diversity and it is beneficial in evolution and speciation of fungi.The global diversity of teleomorphic species in Ascomycota has not been estimated.This pape...Sexual reproduction is the basic way to form high genetic diversity and it is beneficial in evolution and speciation of fungi.The global diversity of teleomorphic species in Ascomycota has not been estimated.This paper estimates the species number for sexual ascomycetes based on five different estimation approaches,viz.by numbers of described fungi,by fungus:substrate ratio,by ecological distribution,by meta-DNA barcoding or culture-independent studies and by previous estimates of species in Ascomycota.The assumptions were made with the currently most accepted,“2.2–3.8 million”species estimate and results of previous studies concluding that 90%of the described ascomycetes reproduce sexually.The Catalogue of Life,Species Fungorum and published research were used for data procurement.The average value of teleomorphic species in Ascomycota from all methods is 1.86 million,ranging from 1.37 to 2.56 million.However,only around 83,000 teleomorphic species have been described in Ascomycota and deposited in data repositories.The ratio between described teleomorphic ascomycetes to predicted teleomorphic ascomycetes is 1:22.Therefore,where are the undiscovered teleomorphic ascomycetes?The undescribed species are no doubt to be found in biodiversity hot spots,poorly-studied areas and species complexes.Other poorly studied niches include extremophiles,lichenicolous fungi,human pathogens,marine fungi,and fungicolous fungi.Undescribed species are present in unexamined collections in specimen repositories or incompletely described earlier spe-cies.Nomenclatural issues,such as the use of separate names for teleomorph and anamorphs,synonyms,conspecific names,illegitimate and invalid names also affect the number of described species.Interspecies introgression results in new species,while species numbers are reduced by extinctions.展开更多
Coelomycete is a general term used for asexual fungi which produce conidia in fruiting bodies:pycnidial,acervular,cupulate,pycnothyria or stromatic conidiomata.The group contains numerous plant pathogenic,saprobic and...Coelomycete is a general term used for asexual fungi which produce conidia in fruiting bodies:pycnidial,acervular,cupulate,pycnothyria or stromatic conidiomata.The group contains numerous plant pathogenic,saprobic and endophytic species associated with a wide range of hosts.Traditionally,morphological characters and host associations have been used as criteria to identify and classify coelomycetes,and this has resulted in a poor understanding of their generic and species boundaries.DNA based taxonomic studies have provided a better outlook of the phylogenetic and evolutionary trends in coelomycetes.However,the present outcomes represent only a preliminary step towards the understanding of coelomycetes.Many genera have not been revisited since they were first described.The present study revises the classification of the hyaline-spored coelomycetes and provides a modern taxonomic framework based on both morphology and phylogeny.In total,248 genera were investigated,of which less than 100 are known to have sequence data.Multi-locus sequence data analyses of 28S nrDNA,18S nrDNA,ITS,RNA polymerase II second largest subunit(rpb2),and part of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene(tef1)andβ-tubulin(tub2)gene regions were analysed.As a result,three new genera and 23 new species are introduced.In addition,three new links between sexual and asexual genera are provided.There are 138 genera that lack sequence data,and these are treated as Ascomycota,genera incertae sedis.Line drawings and descriptions are provided based on the examination of types and fresh collections and on the literature.展开更多
t Coelomycetous fungi are an artificial taxonomic group which produce conidia inside a cavity i.e.conidiomata.Coelomycetes comprise about,1000 genera and 7000 species,which can be endophytic,pathogenic or saprobic.Tra...t Coelomycetous fungi are an artificial taxonomic group which produce conidia inside a cavity i.e.conidiomata.Coelomycetes comprise about,1000 genera and 7000 species,which can be endophytic,pathogenic or saprobic.Traditional classification of coelomycetes was previously based on morphology,such as the shape of conidiomata and mode of conidiogenesis,while it was treated as a distinct group i.e.Deuteromycotina.Sequence based taxonomic studies has been used to accommodate asexual fungi in a natural classification system,resolve generic boundaries of polyphyletic genera and species complexes,as well as establish asexual-sexual links.Nevertheless,most of genera lack sequence data,thus,morphology based identification is still important when introducing new genera or species.In this paper we illustrate,describe,and provide taxonomic notes for 235 dematiaceous coelomycetous genera,including five new genera viz.Apiculospora,Didymellocamarosporium,Melanocamarosporium,Melnikia and Paulkirkia.Phylogenetic analyses of combined sequence data are provided to show placements of dematiaceous coelomycetes in Dothideomycetes,Leotiomycetes and Sordariomycetes.One-hundred and fifty-two(65%)of genera have sequence data,thus,their taxonomic placement in a natural classification system,is listed as an outline.However,83 genera still lack sequence data,hence,they are treated as Ascomycota,genera incertae sedis.In addition,separate analyses are provided where better taxonomic resolution is needed.展开更多
Kin recognition has been widely observed in various taxa.Cannibalism avoidance may be a strong driver for the evolution of kin recognition,as it may avoid a reduction in inclusive fitness.Kin recognition has recently ...Kin recognition has been widely observed in various taxa.Cannibalism avoidance may be a strong driver for the evolution of kin recognition,as it may avoid a reduction in inclusive fitness.Kin recognition has recently been observed in a generalist phytoseiid,Amblyseius herbicolus(Acari:Phytoseiidae).This study experimentally examined the degree of relatedness needed between prey larvae and cannibal adults of A.herbicolus for the occurrence of kin discrimination.The adults were individually placed in enclosed arenas with two prey,a daughter and a more distant related larva,to observe their cannibalizing choice.The adults of A.herbicolus did not discriminate between close relatives(daughter versus niece)but preferably cannibalized more distant kin(i.e.,first and second cousins once removed).Phenotype matching and familiarization seem prominent as recognition mechanisms used by A.herbicolus adults.The effect of learning on kin recognition through prior contact in A.herbicolus requires further investigation.Studies on other adaptive functions of kin recognition of A.herbicolus,such as cooperation and parental care,may provide meaningful insights.展开更多
文摘We conducted plant growth experiments in microbe-free vermiculite to study the effects of four types of fermented seaweed liquid fertilizer (SLF) made from nori (Pyropia yezoensis) seaweed on the germination, plant growth characteristics, SPAD value, and nutrient content and uptake of komatsuna (Brassica rapa L. var. wakana komatsuna). The four types of fermented nori SLF used in this study were prepared by anaerobic fermentation of unwashed nori (SLF1), aerobic fermentation of unwashed nori (SLF2), anaerobic fermentation of washed nori (SLF3), and aerobic fermentation of washed nori (SLF4). Komatsuna seeds treated with 200-, 300-, and 400-fold dilutions of SLFs exhibited improved relative germination ratios (RGRs) at 3 and 4 days after sowing (DAS). At 4 DAS, the RGRs of seeds treated with 10-, 100-, 200-, 300-, and 400-fold SLF dilutions showed no differential effect. Seeds treated with undiluted SLFs did not germinate by 4 DAS. SLF1 may promote komatsuna seed germination. The nitrogen (N), calcium, magnesium, sodium (Na), and iodine (I) contents of plants treated with SLF1 were significantly increased relative to plants treated with the other SLFs. Moreover, the I and Na contents of plants were significantly increased by foliar spray application of different dilutions of SLF1. However, SLF treatment markedly reduced the shoot dry weight compared with 1/2-strength modified Hoagland nutrient (MHN) solution, although the same amounts of N and K were applied. SPAD values of the plants treated with SLFs were significantly higher than those of plants treated with MHN. Foliar treatment with SLFs had no significant effect on plant growth, SPAD value, or uptake of nutrients (except Na) relative to the control, but the I content was increased. Plants treated with SLF1 and SLF2 exhibited the highest Na uptake. Foliar spray treatments with SLF1 resulted in the highest I contents in plants. Based on our results, SLF1 is suitable for use as a liquid fertilizer to promote germination and increase nutrient content in komatsuna. These results need to be followed up in soil experiments in the presence of microbes in the rhizosphere.
文摘We investigated the effects of fermented nori (Pyropia yezoensis) liquid fertilizers on plant growth, soil plant analysis development (SPAD) values, and nutrient uptake of komatsuna (Brassica rapa L. var. wakana komatsuna) plants. The four types of fermented nori seaweed liquid fertilizers (SLFs) evaluated in this study were prepared by anaerobic fermentation of unwashed nori (SLF1), aerobic fermentation of unwashed nori (SLF2), anaerobic fermentation of washed nori (SLF3), and aerobic fermentation of washed nori (SLF4). In Experiment 1, the highest plant growth, SPAD, and nutrient uptake values were obtained from treatment with SLF2 and SLF4. There were no significant differences between the effects of basal and foliar application of SLFs, except for iodine (I) content;plants treated with SLF1 had the highest I content. In Experiment 2, plant growth and nutrient uptake decreased with higher concentrations of SLFs. Plants treated with 25% SLF2 + 75% chemical fertilizer (CF) or 25% SLF4 + 75% CF exhibited significantly higher plant growth and nutrient uptake. The highest I content resulted from treatment with 75% SLF1 + 25% CF or 100% SLF1. Taken together, our results showed that 25% SLF + 75% CF produced the best plant growth characteristics, nutrient uptake, and I content relative to the controls. Therefore, basal application of these liquid organic fertilizers can be used to increase productivity, nutrient uptake, and I content and to reduce nitrate-nitrogen content in komatsuna production.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31600024)。
文摘A hyperparasitic fungus was found on uredinia of Coleosporium plumeria on leaves of Plumeria rubra in Thailand.The hyperparasite was identified as Ramularia coleosporii following an examination of its morphological characters and a phylogenetic analysis by using ITS sequence data.This is the first record of R.coleosporii on C.plumeriae in Thailand.Ramularia coleosporii has the potential for biocontrol management strategies of the rust.
文摘Aotearoa—New Zealand has only four rodent species,all introduced.In order of arrival,they are Pacific rat Rattus exulans,brown rat R.norvegicus,house mouse Mus musculus,and black rat R.rattus.Rodent management in New Zealand aims mainly to conserve indigenous biodiversity rather than to protect crops or manage diseases,as is usual elsewhere.We describe four major“regimes”and one major vision for rodent control in New Zealand to meet ecological restoration objectives.Current challenges for island eradications are for large islands that are remote or populated by people.Aerial 1080 is the only large-scale(tens of thousands of hectares)option for black rat control,but its application requires adjustment to counter subsequent rapid black rat repopulation.Unfenced“ecosanctuaries”(mean 720 ha)use ground-based traps and poisons to target mainly black rats and face constant reinvasion.Ecosanctuaries with mammal-resistant fences(up to 3500 ha)limit reinvasion and target more pest species and have enabled the return of previously extirpated taxa to the main islands.Predator Free 2050 aims to eradicate the rat species(but not mice)plus some other introduced mammals from New Zealand by 2050.This vision is not attainable with current tools,but research and experimental management is exploring techniques and technologies.The large scale(to 100000 ha)at which black rats are now targeted for control to extremely low abundance seems to be unique to New Zealand.
基金funded by Meridian Energy Limited,New Zealandby Core funding for Crown Research Institutes from the New Zealand Ministry of Business,Innovation and Employment’s Science and Innovation Group
文摘Background: Ecosystem representation is one key component in assessing the biodiversity impacts of land-use changes that will irrevocably alter natural ecosystems. We show how detailed vegetation plot data can be used to assess the potential impact of inundation by a proposed hydroelectricity dam in the Mokihinui gorge, New Zealand, on representation of natural forests. Specifically we ask: 1) How well are the types of forest represented Locally, regionally, and nationally; and 2) How does the number of distinct communities (i.e. beta diversity) in the target catchment compare with other catchments nationally? Methods: For local and regional comparisons plant species composition was recorded on 45 objectively located 400 m2 vegetation plots established in each of three gorges, with one being the proposed inundation area of the Mokihinui lower gorge. The fuzzy classification framework of noise clustering was used to assign these plots to a specific alliance and association of a pre-existing national-scale classification. NationaLly, we examined the relationship between the number of alliances and associations in a catchment and either catchment size or the number of plots per catchment by fitting Generalised Additive Models. Results: The four alliances and five associations that were observed in the Mokihinui lower gorge arepresent in the region but limited locally. One association was narrowly distributed nationally, but is the mostfrequent association in the Mokihinui lower gorge; inundation may have consequences of national importance to its long-term persistence. That the Mokihinui lower gorge area had nearly twice as many plots that could not be assigned to pre- existing alliances and associations than either the Mokihinui upper or the Karamea lower gorges and proportionally more than the national dataset emphasises the compositional distinctiveness of this gorge. These outlier plots in the Mokihinui lower gorge may be unsorted assemblages of species or reflect sampling bias or that native- dominated woody riparian vegetation is rare on the landscape. At a national scale, the Mokihinui catchment has a higher diversity of forest alliances and associations (i.e. beta-diversity) than predicted based on catchment size and sampling intensity. Conclusions: Our analytical approach demonstrates one transparent solution to a common conservation planning problem: assessing how well ecosystems that will be destroyed by a proposed land-use change are represented using a multi-scale spatial and compositional framework. We provide a useful tool for assessing potential consequences of land-use change that can help guide decision making.
文摘Current advances in connected sensor technologies for near real-time environmental monitoring are transforming the quality of information provision to land managers. This “Third Industrial Revolution” that connects digital sensor data analytics with adaptive services aims to transform data processing for timely decision support. The information is needed to improve irrigation scheduling, because global demand for food relies heavily on irrigation and global freshwater resources are diminishing. Previously, practitioners used visual indicators, infrequent measurements or predictive water balance models to estimate irrigation schedules. Visual indicators and infrequent measurements are approximate, and predictive models require many inputs so that likely cumulative errors cause inaccuracies in scheduling. In contrast, wireless sensor networks enable near real-time continuous measurement of soil moisture at targeted positions providing the site-specific information required for precision irrigation scheduling and efficient freshwater management. This paper describes and compares the structure, build and implementation of Crossbow, DigiMesh, and LoRa systems to deliver information on spatio-temporal soil water status and crop stress to practitioners over smart phones and webpages to improve management of irrigated land. Our study found that the newer LoRA system has advantages over the other systems, especially on flat land, with furthest node range of >10 km and advanced communication protocols that can penetrate dense vegetation. The mesh networking of the DigiMesh and Crossbow systems was preferred in hilly terrain to communicate around hills, and allows easy expansion of the network. The Crossbow system is simpler to install but presents difficulties for third party sensor integration. All systems allowed a step change in our ability to track dynamic changes in soil hydraulic properties and crop stress, to improve irrigation water use efficiency.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32192461).
文摘Globally,grassland degradation is an acute ecological problem.In alpine grassland on the Tibetan Plateau,increased densities of various small mammals in degraded grassland are assumed to intensify the degradation process and these mammals are subject to lethal control.However,whether the negative impact of small mammals is solely a result of population size or also a result of activity and behavior has not been tested.In this study,we use plateau pika as a model to compare population size,core area of colony,and the number of burrow entrances and latrines between lightly and severely degraded grassland.We test whether the alleged contribution of pika to grassland degradation is a result of increased population size or increased burrowing activities of individuals in response to lower food abundance.We found that grassland degradation resulted in lower plant species richness,plant height,and biomass.Furthermore,the overall population size of pika was not significantly affected by location in lightly and severely degraded grassland.However,pika core areas in severely grassland degradation were significantly larger and had significantly higher densities of burrows and latrines.Our study provides convincing evidence that habitat-induced changes in the behavior of small,burrowing mammals,such as pika,can exacerbate grassland degradation.This finding has significant implications for managing small mammals and restoring degraded grassland ecosystems.
基金funded by the New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre(NZAGRC)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32101431)。
文摘Intensification of grazed grasslands following conversion from dryland to irrigated farming has the potential to alter ecosystem carbon(C)cycling and affect components of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))exchange that could lead to either net accumulation or loss of soil C.While there are many studies on the effect of water availability on biomass production and soil C stocks,much less is known about the effect of the frequency of water inputs on the components of CO_(2)exchange.We grew Bermuda grass(Cynodon dactylon L.)in mesocosms under irrigation frequencies of every day(I_(1) treatment,30 d),every two days(I_(2) treatment,12 d),every three days(I_(3) treatment,30 d),and every six days(I_(6) treatment,18 d,after I_(2) treatment).Rates of CO_(2)exchange for estimating net ecosystem CO_(2)exchange(F_(N)),ecosystem respiration(R_(E)),and soil respiration(R_(S))were measured,and gross C uptake by plants(F_(G))and respiration from leaves(R_(L))were calculated during two periods,1–12 and 13–30 d,of the 30-d experiment.During the first 12 d,there were no significant differences in cumulative F_(N)(mean±standard deviation,61±30 g C m^(-2),n=4).During the subsequent 18 d,cumulative F_(N) decreased with decreasing irrigation frequency and increasing cumulative soil water deficit(W),with values of 70±22,60±16,and 18±12 g C m^(-2) for the I_(1),I_(3),and I_(6) treatments,respectively.There were similar decreases in F_(G),R_(E),and R_(L) with increasing W,but differences in R_(S) were not significant.Use of the C_(4) grass growing in a C_(3)-derived soil enabled partitioning of R_(S) into its autotrophic(R_(A))and heterotrophic(R_(H))components using a^(13)C natural abundance isotopic technique at the end of the experiment when differences in cumulative W between the treatments were the greatest.The values of R_(H) and its percentage contributions to R_(S)(43%±8%,42%±8%,and 8%±5%for the I_(1),I_(3),and I_(6) treatments,respectively)suggested that R_(H) remained unaffected across a wide range of W and then decreased under extreme W.There were no significant differences in aboveground biomass between the treatments.Nitrous oxide(N_(2)O)emission was measured to determine if there was a trade-off effect between irrigation frequency and increasing W on net greenhouse gas emission,but no significant differences were found between the treatments.These findings suggest that over short periods in well-drained soil,irrigation frequency could be managed to manipulate soil water deficit in order to reduce net belowground respiratory C losses,particularly those from the microbial decomposition of soil organic matter,with no significant effect on biomass production and N_(2)O emission.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(no.31600024).
文摘Fungicolous fungi are a very large,diverse,ecological and trophic group of organisms that are associated with other fungi.This association occurs with species of different lineages across the fungal kingdom.They are recognized as symbionts,mycoparasites,saprotrophs,and even neutrals.Wherever fungi have been found,fungicolous taxa have also been found.Homogeneous environments favour the development of highly adapted and coevolved fungicolous species,which could have led to host-specificity aspects.As a primary consumer,fungicolous fungi decrease the turnaround time of certain nutrients in food webs,due to their special often-rapid life cycles.They may also significantly affect population dynamics and population sizes of their hosts in aquatic or terrestrial ecosystems.As mycoparasites of pathogenic fungi,some fungicolous fungi have been explored as biocontrol agents.They may also cause serious diseases of cultivated edible and medicinal mushrooms,decreasing both yield and quality.Fungicolous fungi could be used as model organisms that may help determine better understanding of species interactions,fungal evolution and divergence,and fungicolous mechanisms.This review summarizes our current understanding of fungicolous fungi,with a particular focus on the terminology,diversity,global distribution,and interaction with their hosts.We also provide a checklist including 1552 fungicolous fungal taxa so far recorded following the updated classification schemes.There is a need for further investigations on this ecologically important group of fungi to better understand their biology,ecological aspects,origin and divergence,hostspecificity and application in biocontrol.Accurate identification of these fungi as pathogens and their significance in quarantine purposes on the mushroom industry need further evaluations so that efficient control measures can be developed for better disease management purposes.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC 31600032)is acknowledged for funding this research workthe Mushroom Research Foundation(MRF),Chiang Mai,Thailand for providing a Postgraduate Scholarship+2 种基金the Grants entitled"The future of specialist fungi in a changing climate:baseline data for generalist and specialist fungi associated with ants,Rhododendron species and Dracaena species"(Grant No:DBG6080013)"Impact of climate change on fungal diversity and biogeography in the Greater Mekong Subregion"(Grant No:RDG6130001)for supporting this studypartially supported by Chiang Mai University.
文摘Inaccurate taxonomic placement of fossils can lead to the accumulation of errors in molecular clock studies and their generated evolutionary lineages.There are limited fossil data that can be used in divergence time estimations.Therefore,reliable morphological characterization and taxonomical identification of fossil fungi are extremely important.Most fossils of Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes are from the early Cenozoic(66-23 Mya),with fewer from the late Mesozoic(174-145 Mya).However,it is hard to distinguish some fossil descriptions as photographs and illustrations are unclear;thus,the validity of using these fossils in calibrations of molecular clocks is problematic.This study brings scattered paleobiological data on selected fossil Ascomycota,using descriptions,fossil images and illustrations,coupled with recent age estimations,and taxonomic and phylogenetic affinity of extant species.As an integrated approach,this study summarizes a historical fossil outline with a reliable minimum age for 16 calibrating points viz.crown of Aigialus,Anzia,Aspergillus,Asterina,Calicium chlorosporum–C.nobile,Capnodiales,Chaenotheca,Colletotrichum,Diaporthales,Meliola,Ophiocordyceps,Microthyriales,Microthyrium,Muyocopron,Pezizomycotina and Stigmatomyces.A scheme of Ascomycota ancient lineages is also provided in order to improve divergence time estimations.
文摘New Zealand delayed the introduction of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 into the community by the continued use of strict border controls through to January 2022.This allowed time for vaccination rates to increase and the roll out of third doses of the vaccine(boosters)to begin.It also meant more data on the characteristics of Omicron became available prior to the first cases of community transmission.Here we present a mathematical model of an Omicron epidemic,incorporating the effects of the booster roll out and waning of vaccine-induced immunity,and based on estimates of vaccine effectiveness and disease severity from international data.The model considers differing levels of immunity against infection,severe illness and death,and ignores waning of infection-induced immunity.This model was used to provide an assessment of the potential impact of an Omicron wave in the New Zealand population,which helped inform government preparedness and response.At the time the modelling was carried out,the date of introduction of Omicron into the New Zealand community was unknown.We therefore simulated outbreaks with different start dates,as well as investigating different levels of booster uptake.We found that an outbreak starting on 1 February or 1 March led to a lower health burden than an outbreak starting on 1 January because of increased booster coverage,particularly in older age groups.We also found that outbreaks starting later in the year led to worse health outcomes than an outbreak starting on 1 March.This is because waning immunity in older groups started to outweigh the increased protection from higher booster coverage in younger groups.For an outbreak starting on 1 February and with high booster uptake,the number of occupied hospital beds in the model peaked between 800 and 3,300 depending on assumed transmission rates.We conclude that combining an accelerated booster programme with public health measures to flatten the curve are key to avoid overwhelming the healthcare system.
文摘We couple a simple model of quarantine and testing strategies for international travellers with a model for transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a partly vaccinated population.We use this model to estimate the risk of an infectious traveller causing a community outbreak under various border control strategies and different levels of vaccine coverage in the population.Results are calculated from N¼100,000 independent realisations of the stochastic model.We find that strategies that rely on home isolation are significantly higher risk than the current mandatory 14-day stay in government-managed isolation.Nevertheless,combinations of testing and home isolation can still reduce the risk of a community outbreak to around one outbreak per 100 infected travellers.We also find that,under some circumstances,using daily lateral flow tests or a combination of lateral flow tests and polymerase chain reaction(PCR)tests can reduce risk to a comparable or lower level than using PCR tests alone.Combined with controls on the number of travellers from countries with high prevalence of COVID-19,our results allow different options for managing the risk of COVID-19 at the border to be compared.This can be used to inform strategies for relaxing border controls in a phased way,while limiting the risk of community outbreaks as vaccine coverage increases.
文摘Correction to:Fungal Diversity https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-019-00422-9 There were errors in Figs.1 and 2 in the original publication.Figure panels 1a,1b,1h and 1p did not match the legend.The correct Fig.1 is published below.In Fig.2,the word Fusion should be Fusional.
基金Ausana Mapook was financially supported by Research and Researchers for Industry Program(RRI)PHD57I0012,Thailand and the German Academic Exchange Service(DAAD)for a joint TRF-DAAD(PPP 2017–2018)academic exchange grant to Kevin D.Hyde and Marc Stadler.Kevin D.Hyde thanks to the 2019 high-end foreign expert introduction plan to Kunming Institute of Botany(granted by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China,Grant Number G20190139006)Thailand Research grants entitled Biodiversity,phylogeny and role of fungal endophytes on above parts of Rhizophora apiculata and Nypa fruticans(Grant No:RSA5980068)+1 种基金the future of specialist fungi in a changing climate:baseline data for generalist and specialist fungi associated with ants,Rhododendron species and Dracaena species(Grant No:DBG6080013)Impact of climate change on fungal diversity and biogeography in the Greater Mekong Subregion(Grant No:RDG6130001).
文摘This article provides morphological descriptions and illustrations of microfungi associated with the invasive weed,Chro-molaena odorata,which were mainly collected in northern Thailand.Seventy-seven taxa distributed in ten orders,23 families(of which Neomassarinaceae is new),12 new genera(Chromolaenicola,Chromolaenomyces,Longiappendispora,Pseudocapulatispora,Murichromolaenicola,Neoophiobolus,Paraleptospora,Pseudoroussoella,Pseudostaurosphaeria,Pseudothyridariella,Setoarthopyrenia,Xenoroussoella),47 new species(Aplosporella chromolaenae,Arthrinium chromolae-nae,Chromolaenicola chiangraiensis,C.lampangensis,C.nanensis,C.thailandensis,Chromolaenomyces appendiculatus,Diaporthe chromolaenae,Didymella chromolaenae,Dyfrolomyces chromolaenae,Leptospora chromolaenae,L.phraeana,Longiappendispora chromolaenae,Memnoniella chromolaenae,Montagnula chiangraiensis,M.chromolaenae,M.chromo-laenicola,M.thailandica,Murichromolaenicola chiangraiensis,M.chromolaenae,Muyocopron chromolaenae,M.chromo-laenicola,Neomassarina chromolaenae,Neoophiobolus chromolaenae,Neopyrenochaeta chiangraiensis,N.chromolaenae,N.thailandica,N.triseptatispora,Nigrograna chromolaenae,Nothophoma chromolaenae,Paraleptospora chromolaenae,P.chromolaenicola,Patellaria chromolaenae,Pseudocapulatispora longiappendiculata,Pseudoroussoella chromolaenae,Pseudostaurosphaeria chromolaenae,P.chromolaenicola,Pseudothyridariella chromolaenae,Pyrenochaetopsis chromolae-nae,Rhytidhysteron chromolaenae,Setoarthopyrenia chromolaenae,Sphaeropsis chromolaenicola,Tremateia chiangraiensis,T.chromolaenae,T.thailandensis,Xenoroussoella triseptata,Yunnanensis chromolaenae),12 new host records,three new taxonomic combinations(Chromolaenicola siamensis,Pseudoroussoella elaeicola,Pseudothyridariella mahakashae),and two reference specimens(Torula chromolaenae,T.fici)are described and illustrated.Unlike some other hosts,e.g.bamboo(Poaceae)and Pandanaceae,the dominant group of fungi on Siam weed were Dothideomycetes.Only 15 species previously recorded from northern Thailand were found in this study.Most of the taxa are likely to have jumped hosts from surrounding plants and are unlikely to be a specialist to Siam weed.Most fungal families found on Siam weed had divergence estimates with stem ages in the Cretaceous,which coincided with the expected origin of the host family(Asteraceae).This further indicates that the species have jumped hosts,as it is unlikely that the taxa on the alien Siam weed came from the Americas with its host.They may,however,have jumped from other Asteraceae hosts.In a preliminary screening 40(65%)of the 62 species tested showed antimicrobial activity and thus,the fungi associated with C.odorata may be promising sources of novel bioactive compound discovery.We provide a checklist of fungi associated with C.odorata based on the USDA Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory(SMML)database,relevant literature and our study.In total,130 taxa(116 identified and 14 unidentified species)are distributed in 20 orders,48 families and 85 genera.Pseudocercospora is the most commonly encountered genus on Siam weed.
基金National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFA0910800)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31601014)+7 种基金Basic and applied basic research fund of Guangdong Province(2121A1515012166)Stability Support Project for Universities in Shenzhen(20200812173625001)Project of DEGP(2019KTSCX150)for fundingSenanayake thanks to Paul Kirk,Samantha C.Karunarathna for data contribution.S.N.Wijesinghe would like to acknowledge Thailand Science Research and Innovation(TSRI)grant for Macrofungi diversity research from the Lancang-Mekong Watershed and Surrounding areas(Grant No.DBG6280009)Dhanushka Wanasinghe thanks the CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)for funding his postdoctoral research(number 2021FYB0005)the Postdoctoral Fund from Human Resources and Social Security Bureau of Yunnan Province and the National Science Foundation of China.Saowaluck Tibpromma would like to thank the International Postdoctoral Exchange Fellowship Program(Number Y9180822S1)CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)(Number 2020PC0009)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation and the Yunnan Human Resources,and Social Security Department Foundation for funding her postdoctoral research.Rungtiwa Phookamsak thanks to CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)for young staff(Grant No.2019FYC0003)and“High-level Talent Support Plan”Young Top Talent Special Project of Yunnan Province.
文摘Sexual reproduction is the basic way to form high genetic diversity and it is beneficial in evolution and speciation of fungi.The global diversity of teleomorphic species in Ascomycota has not been estimated.This paper estimates the species number for sexual ascomycetes based on five different estimation approaches,viz.by numbers of described fungi,by fungus:substrate ratio,by ecological distribution,by meta-DNA barcoding or culture-independent studies and by previous estimates of species in Ascomycota.The assumptions were made with the currently most accepted,“2.2–3.8 million”species estimate and results of previous studies concluding that 90%of the described ascomycetes reproduce sexually.The Catalogue of Life,Species Fungorum and published research were used for data procurement.The average value of teleomorphic species in Ascomycota from all methods is 1.86 million,ranging from 1.37 to 2.56 million.However,only around 83,000 teleomorphic species have been described in Ascomycota and deposited in data repositories.The ratio between described teleomorphic ascomycetes to predicted teleomorphic ascomycetes is 1:22.Therefore,where are the undiscovered teleomorphic ascomycetes?The undescribed species are no doubt to be found in biodiversity hot spots,poorly-studied areas and species complexes.Other poorly studied niches include extremophiles,lichenicolous fungi,human pathogens,marine fungi,and fungicolous fungi.Undescribed species are present in unexamined collections in specimen repositories or incompletely described earlier spe-cies.Nomenclatural issues,such as the use of separate names for teleomorph and anamorphs,synonyms,conspecific names,illegitimate and invalid names also affect the number of described species.Interspecies introgression results in new species,while species numbers are reduced by extinctions.
文摘In the section Biodiversity hotspots,the origin of most ascomycetous type collections was incorrectly worded.The original article has been corrected.
基金Kevin D.Hyde thanks the 2019 high-end foreign expert introduction plan(granted by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China,Grant Number G20190139006)the Thailand Research Fund entitled“Impact of climate Change on fungal diversity and biogeography in the greater Mekong subregion”(RDG6130001)+3 种基金Wen-Jing Li,Qing Tian,Qiu-Ju Shang thank the Mushroom Research Foundation(MRF),Chiang Rai Province,Thailand for providing Postgraduate Scholarships.Wen-Jing Li would like to thank Ya-Ting Li,Li-Han Sheng for help re-drawing part of photos.Wen-Jing Li is also grateful to Assistant Prof.Huang Zhang,Dr.Putarak Chomnunti for images of Aquasubmersa mircensis,Clohesyomyces aquaticus,Neopyrenochaeta annellidica and Scorias spongiosa,and Prof.Alan J.L.Phillips,Xiao-Ya Ma,Yuan-Pin Xiao,Sheng-Nan Zhang,Jing Yang,Ming Zeng,Yong-Zhong Lu for assistance and valuable suggestions.Wen-Jing Li would like to thank the Molecular Biology Experimental Center at Kunming Institute of Botany for facilities of molecular work.We would like to thank the curators of the herbarium CUP,DAOM,FH,HAL,HHUF,IMI,K,and PREM for loaning herbarium specimens and for being very helpful in locating specimens.Without their help this work would not have been possible.The abbreviations of herbarium are those listed in Index Herbariorum(2019).We also wish to acknowledge Saranyaphat Boonmee,curator of MFLU(Mae Fah Luang University)and Liu Ende,Assistant Curator,Herbarium,Kunming Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences(KUN),Kunming,for arranging the loan of specimens from various herbaria.We also thank the technical staff of Center of Excellence in Fungal Research,Sornram Sukpisit and Wilawan Punyaboon for their invaluable assistance.We also would like to thank Shaun Pennycook for assistance in checking the name of new taxa.We would like to thank Prof.Crous for providing culture from CBS(Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute).Erio Camporesi is grateful to Giancarlo Lombardi,Sergio Montanari and Gigi Stagioni for their help in identifying host plants of fresh collections.Dong-Qin Dai would like to thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.NSFC 31760013)the Scientific Research Foundation of Yunnan Provincial Department of Education(2017ZZX186)the Thousand Talents Plan,Youth Project of Yunnan Provinces for finance support.Samantha C.Kaunarathna thanks CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)for funding his postdoctoral research(No.2018PC0006)the National Science Foundation of China(NSFC)for funding this work under the project code 31851110759.
文摘Coelomycete is a general term used for asexual fungi which produce conidia in fruiting bodies:pycnidial,acervular,cupulate,pycnothyria or stromatic conidiomata.The group contains numerous plant pathogenic,saprobic and endophytic species associated with a wide range of hosts.Traditionally,morphological characters and host associations have been used as criteria to identify and classify coelomycetes,and this has resulted in a poor understanding of their generic and species boundaries.DNA based taxonomic studies have provided a better outlook of the phylogenetic and evolutionary trends in coelomycetes.However,the present outcomes represent only a preliminary step towards the understanding of coelomycetes.Many genera have not been revisited since they were first described.The present study revises the classification of the hyaline-spored coelomycetes and provides a modern taxonomic framework based on both morphology and phylogeny.In total,248 genera were investigated,of which less than 100 are known to have sequence data.Multi-locus sequence data analyses of 28S nrDNA,18S nrDNA,ITS,RNA polymerase II second largest subunit(rpb2),and part of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene(tef1)andβ-tubulin(tub2)gene regions were analysed.As a result,three new genera and 23 new species are introduced.In addition,three new links between sexual and asexual genera are provided.There are 138 genera that lack sequence data,and these are treated as Ascomycota,genera incertae sedis.Line drawings and descriptions are provided based on the examination of types and fresh collections and on the literature.
基金the International Highly Cited Research Group(IHCRRGP#14-205)Nalin N.Wijayawardene would like to thank P.M.Kirk,V.A.Mel’nik,Buddhika Dilhan,Dmitrii Shabunin,Manjari Dissanayake and Lesley Ragab for being helpful to gather old literature.Kevin D.Hyde is grateful to the Chinese Academy of Sciences,project number 2013T2S0030+6 种基金for the award of Visiting Professorship for Senior International Scientists at Kunming Institute of Botany,research grant from the Biodiversity Research and Training Program(BRT R253012)The Thailand Research Fund(BRG 5280002).Alan J.L.Phillips thanks Mae Fah Luang University for a Visiting Professorship during the tenure of which this paper was finalised.Yong Wang would like to thank The International Scientific Cooperated Project of Guizhou Province(No[2013]7004).Rungtiwa Phookamsak thanks the Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D.Program(PHD/0090/2551).Erio Camporesi is grateful to Giancarlo Lombardi,Sergio Montanari and Gigi Stagioni for their help in identifying host plants of fresh collections.K.Tanaka would like to thank the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS,25440199 and 26291084)Hirosaki University Grant for Exploratory Research by Young Scientists and Newly-appointed Scientists for financial support.Yong Wang thanks Yong-Cheng Long,Prof.De-Gang Zhao and Prof.Zhuo Chen for their help in sequencing and suggestions in molecular experiments.We would like to thank MFU grant No.56101020032 for funding to study the taxonomy and phylogeny of Dothideomycetes.The authors also wish to acknowledge Saranyaphat Boonmee,Chayanard Phukhamsakda and Qing Tian.Ishani D.Goonasekara wishes to acknowledge Liu Ende,Assistant Curator,Herbarium,Kunming Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences(KUN),Kunming,China,Wu HaiXia and staff of International Fungal Research and Development Centre(IFRD),Key Laboratory of Resource Insect Cultivation&Utilization State Forestry Administration,The Research Institute of Resource Insects,Chinese Academy of Forestry Kunming 650224,PR China and Danushka S.Tennakoon for their assistance with herbarium material.
文摘t Coelomycetous fungi are an artificial taxonomic group which produce conidia inside a cavity i.e.conidiomata.Coelomycetes comprise about,1000 genera and 7000 species,which can be endophytic,pathogenic or saprobic.Traditional classification of coelomycetes was previously based on morphology,such as the shape of conidiomata and mode of conidiogenesis,while it was treated as a distinct group i.e.Deuteromycotina.Sequence based taxonomic studies has been used to accommodate asexual fungi in a natural classification system,resolve generic boundaries of polyphyletic genera and species complexes,as well as establish asexual-sexual links.Nevertheless,most of genera lack sequence data,thus,morphology based identification is still important when introducing new genera or species.In this paper we illustrate,describe,and provide taxonomic notes for 235 dematiaceous coelomycetous genera,including five new genera viz.Apiculospora,Didymellocamarosporium,Melanocamarosporium,Melnikia and Paulkirkia.Phylogenetic analyses of combined sequence data are provided to show placements of dematiaceous coelomycetes in Dothideomycetes,Leotiomycetes and Sordariomycetes.One-hundred and fifty-two(65%)of genera have sequence data,thus,their taxonomic placement in a natural classification system,is listed as an outline.However,83 genera still lack sequence data,hence,they are treated as Ascomycota,genera incertae sedis.In addition,separate analyses are provided where better taxonomic resolution is needed.
基金This study was supported in part by New Zealand Government core funding for Crown Research Institutes from the Ministry of Business,Innovation and Employment’s Science and Innovation Group.
文摘Kin recognition has been widely observed in various taxa.Cannibalism avoidance may be a strong driver for the evolution of kin recognition,as it may avoid a reduction in inclusive fitness.Kin recognition has recently been observed in a generalist phytoseiid,Amblyseius herbicolus(Acari:Phytoseiidae).This study experimentally examined the degree of relatedness needed between prey larvae and cannibal adults of A.herbicolus for the occurrence of kin discrimination.The adults were individually placed in enclosed arenas with two prey,a daughter and a more distant related larva,to observe their cannibalizing choice.The adults of A.herbicolus did not discriminate between close relatives(daughter versus niece)but preferably cannibalized more distant kin(i.e.,first and second cousins once removed).Phenotype matching and familiarization seem prominent as recognition mechanisms used by A.herbicolus adults.The effect of learning on kin recognition through prior contact in A.herbicolus requires further investigation.Studies on other adaptive functions of kin recognition of A.herbicolus,such as cooperation and parental care,may provide meaningful insights.