Molecular determination and genotyping of Cryptosporidium spp.in fecal and respiratory samples of industrial poultry in Iran

Objective:To identify the genotypes of prevalent Cryptosporidia in broiler chickens in Lorestan province,Iran.Methods:A total of 1 000 fecal and 1 000 trachea samples were collected from chickens.Smears from both fecal and tracheal samples were stained with modified ZiehlNeelsen method and nested PCR-RFTP according to amplification of 18S rRNA gene using Ssp1 and Vsp 1 restriction enzymes and DNA sequencing.Results:From the examined chickens0.7%was positive for Cryptosporidium,Infection was present in 0.3%fecal samples and also in0.5%trachea.Only 0.3%of simultaneous infections in fecal and tracheal samples were observed.Nested PCR of our isolates demonstrated Cryptosporidium baileyi.Conclusions:In our work,low rate of Cryptosporidium baileyi infection was detected,but in critical situations and our poor management circumstances,cryptosporidiosis occurs in serious feature especially in immune suppressed individuals.

Effects of salinity on egg and fecal pellet production, development and survival, adult sex ratio and total life span in the calanoid copepod, A cartia tonsa:a laboratory study

The ef fects of salinity on the copepod, A cartia tonsa in terms of daily egg production rate(EPR), hatching success, fecal pellet production rate(FPR), naupliar development time and survival, sex ratio, and total life span were determined in laboratory conditions through three experiments. In experiment 1, EPR, hatching success, and FPR of individual females were monitored at salinities of 13, 20, 35 and 45 during short-periods(seven consecutive days). Results show EPR was aff ected by salinity with the highest outputs recorded at 20 and 35, respectively, which were considerably higher than those at 13 and 45. Mean FPR was also higher in 35 and 20. In experiment 2, the same parameters were evaluated over total life span of females(long-term study). The best EPR and FPR were observed in 35, which was statistically higher than at 13 and 20. In experiment 3, survival rates of early nauplii until adult stage were lowest at a salinity of 13. The development time increased with increasing of salinity. Female percentage clearly decreased with increasing salinity. Higher female percentages(56.7% and 52.2%, respectively) were signifi cantly observed at two salinities of 13 and 20 compared to that at 35(25%). Total longevity of females was not af fected by salinity increment. Based on our results, for mass culture we recommend that a salinity of 35 be adopted due to higher reproductive performances, better feeding, and faster development of A. tonsa.

京剧《欲望城国》:一个跨文化戏剧的案例

跨文化京剧《欲望城国》自从1986年于台北首演成功后便引起了国内外的广泛关注。这部改编自莎士比亚经典悲剧《麦克白》的京剧作品,融合了现代舞台灯光设计和非程式化的表演方式,并创新地打破了京剧行当表演的限制,为中国跨文化戏剧发展提供了一个优秀的案例,也为京剧的传承提供了一个新的可能方向。

Frequency of Placenta Previa and Maternal Morbidity Associated with Previous Cesarean Delivery

Background: Placenta previa (P.P) is a rare pregnancy complication where a placenta particularly or completely covers the internal cervical os thereby preventing normal vaginal delivery. This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between repeated cesarean deliveries and subsequent development of placenta previa. Methods & Materials: This cross-sectional study was held in Imam Reza Hospital Kermanshah-Iran during 2008-2011. This study included all pregnant women with repeated cesarean sections while nullipara and patients with placenta previa without previous surgery were excluded. Diagnosis was made on ultrasound and at surgery. Results: among 2696 Women, 98 cases had P.P (3.63%). The mean age was 30 years, 76.5% (75 cases) had gravidity 2 and 3 and 87.8% (86 cases) had parity 1 - 3. Anterior location of placenta was 44.9% while posterior was 55.1%. 48% were complete P.P, 32.7% low lying P.P, 13.3% marginal P.P, and 6% Partial P.P. 26.5% of patients had history of abortion. 55.1% of patients had male fetus. There was an increase in frequency of placenta previa with just one previous C-section (74.5%). Frequency of accreta P.P 32% (n = 7), increta (14.3%, n = 3) and percreta 28% (n = 6). Among those who underwent emergency hysterectomy (21 cases) 23.8% cases had no abnormal placentation. 30.6% of newborns had birth weight < 2500 g. Conclusion: we concluded that patients with history of one pervious cesarean delivery had more Placenta previa and need to hysterectomy were more than those with history of 2 and 3 previous cesarean delivery. The most common type of abnormal placentation was accreta, percreta and increta respectively.

On the Application of Fokker-Planck Equation to Psychological Future Time

This paper tries to make a comparison and connection between Fokker-Planck or forward Kolmogorov equation and psychological future time which is based on quantum mechanics. It will be showed that in quantum finance forward interest rate model can be further improved by noting that the predicted correlation structure for field theory models depends only on variable where t is present time and x is future time. On the other side, forward Kolmogorov equation is a parabolic partial differential equation, requiring international conditions at time t and to be solved for . The aforementioned equation is to be used if there are some special states now and it is necessary to know what can happen later. It will be tried to establish the connection between these two equations. It is proved that the psychological future time if applied and implemented in Fokker-Planck equation is unstable and is changeable so it is not easily predictable. Some kinds of nonlinear functions can be applied in order to establish the notion of psychological future time, however it is unstable and it should be continuously changed.

Association between UCP Gene Polymorphisms and Growth, Breeding Value of Growth and Reproductive Traits in Mazandaran Indigenous Chicken

The objective of this study was to estimate the allele and genotype frequencies of the UCP/Hha1 polymorphisms and to determine associations between these polymorphisms and growth traits, breeding value of growth and reproductive traits in Mazandaran Indigenous Chicken. To estimate breeding value of the reproductive traits, and phenotypic information of 18 successive generations of selection in breeding station of Mazandaran Indigenous Chicken (north of Iran), 190 birds were analyzed using a univariate animal model in ASREML procedure.. Genotyping of UCP gene polymorphism for all subjects was performed by the PCR–RFLP method. The evaluation of the association between this SNP with reproductive traits suggests a positive effect of TC genotype with age at first egg (ASM) compared with CC genotype. In addition, TC genotype was significantly associated with breeding value of age at first egg compared with CC genotype (P < 0.05). In conclusion, our results suggest that the TC genotype of the UCP gene is associated with age at sexual maturity (ASM) and breeding value of age at sexual maturity, and UCP polymorphisms may be used as DNA markers for selection in the breeding process of Mazandaran Indigenous Chicken.

Iraq-lran chemical war： calendar, mortality and morbidity

Objectives： To review the calendar, mortality and morbidity of Iraq-Iran chemical war among Iranians based on researchers＇ reports. Methods： We used national and international databanks such as PubMed, ISI, Scopus, Irandoc and Iranmedex and studied 350 articles related to chemical agents and their effects on different organs. The main criteria for qualification of articles were relevancy orientation and being published in approved medical journals. Results： The Iraqi army invaded to west and southwest Iran using chemical weapons such as nerve agents （NAs） and sulfur mustard （SM）. Most victims were civilians including women and children. These attacks had imposed more than 150 types of diseases and complications on Iranians and the frequency of death was 2%-3%. Most reports were about respiratory problems and a few were in the domain of socio-economic damages Conclusion： At present, 25 years after me end of war, the victims are faced with different complications induced by chemical agents and it is estimated that they will be continuously troubled by these problems in future.

Role of architectural space in blast-resistant buildings

The design of all spatial scares in a manufactured environment is part of the architectural skills and knowtedge. Therefore, an architectural design should be drafted to reduce the vulnerability of humans and buildings against unexpected events, such as terrorist attacks and bombardments. Human casualties and equipment destruction inside the buitdings coutd be prevented by designing a suitabte architectural space. This study addresses the absence of a codified and detaited criterion to evatuate architecturat spaces and their design. Hence, art proposed indices for architectural spaces have been extracted using the ideas of experts in the field of architecture and exptosives. Questionnaires were presented to 25 experts to weigh the effective indices using the anatytic hierarchy process method. The human-oriented （ergonomic） characteristics of the buitding space is found to be the most important factor in facilitating crisis management, followed by the Location of criticat spaces.