Indium oxide(In_(2)O_(3)),as a promising candidate for CO_(2)hydrogenation to C_(1) products,often suffers from sintering and activity decline,closely related to the undesirable structural evolution under reaction con...Indium oxide(In_(2)O_(3)),as a promising candidate for CO_(2)hydrogenation to C_(1) products,often suffers from sintering and activity decline,closely related to the undesirable structural evolution under reaction conditions.Based on the comprehension of the dynamic evolution,this study presents an efficient strategy to alleviate the agglomeration of In_(2)O_(3)nanoparticles by the surface decoration with highly dispersed silica species(SiO_(x)).Various structural characterizations combined with density functional theory calculations demonstrated that the sintering resulted from the over-reduction,while the enhanced stability originated from the anchoring effect of highly stable In-OSi bonds,which hinders the substantial formation of metallic In(In^(0))and the subsequent agglomeration.0.6Si/In_(2)O_(3)exhibited CO_(2)conversion rate of10.0 mmol g^(-1)h^(-1)at steady state vs.3.5 mmol g^(-1)h^(-1)on In_(2)O_(3)in CO_(2)hydrogenation.Enhanced steady-state activity was also achieved on Pd-modified catalysts.Compared to the traditional Pd/In_(2)O_(3)catalyst,the methanol production rate of Pd catalyst supported on 0.6Si/In_(2)O_(3)was enhanced by 23%,showing the potential of In_(2)O_(3)modified by SiO_(x)in serving as a platform material.This work provides a promising method to design new In_(2)O_(3)-based catalysts with improved activity and stability in CO_(2)hydrogenation.展开更多
Four Mg-x Zn-y Sn(x=2,4 and y=1,3 wt.%)alloys are investigated as anode materials for magnesium-air(Mg-air)battery.The self-corrosion and battery discharge behavior of these four Mg-Zn-Sn alloys are analyzed by electr...Four Mg-x Zn-y Sn(x=2,4 and y=1,3 wt.%)alloys are investigated as anode materials for magnesium-air(Mg-air)battery.The self-corrosion and battery discharge behavior of these four Mg-Zn-Sn alloys are analyzed by electrochemical measurements and Mg-air battery tests.The results show that addition of Sn stimulates the electrochemical activity and significantly improves the anodic efficiency and specific capacity of Mg-Zn alloy anodes.Among the four alloy anodes,Mg-2Zn-3Sn(ZT23)shows the best battery discharge performance at low current densities(≤5 m A cm^(-2)),achieving high energy density of 1367 m Wh g^(-1)at 2 mA cm^(-2).After battery discharging,the surface morphology and electrochemical measurement results illustrate that a ZnO and SnO/SnO_(2)mixed film on alloy anode surface decreases self-corrosion and improves anodic efficiency during discharging.The excessive intermetallic phases lead to the failure of passivation films,acting as micro-cathodes to accelerate self-corrosion.展开更多
The simple model for 4f-5d transitions of lanthanide ions in crystals was extended to deal with the case of the octahedral crystal field, where for the t2 component of 5d orbitals the spin-orbit interaction could not ...The simple model for 4f-5d transitions of lanthanide ions in crystals was extended to deal with the case of the octahedral crystal field, where for the t2 component of 5d orbitals the spin-orbit interaction could not be neglected due to incomplete quenching of the 5d orbital angular momentum. The energy levels for the 4fN-15d configuration and the relative line strengths for the 4fN4fN-15d transition were calculated in detail. The result was applied to the interpretation of the low-temperature 4f-5d excitation spectrum of Cs2NaYCl6∶Tb3+.展开更多
Since its inception in the 1970s,multi-dimensional magnetic resonance(MR)has emerged as a powerful tool for non-invasive investigations of structures and molecular interactions.MR spectroscopy beyond one dimension all...Since its inception in the 1970s,multi-dimensional magnetic resonance(MR)has emerged as a powerful tool for non-invasive investigations of structures and molecular interactions.MR spectroscopy beyond one dimension allows the study of the correlation,exchange processes,and separation of overlapping spectral information.The multi-dimensional concept has been re-implemented over the last two decades to explore molecular motion and spin dynamics in porous media.Apart from Fourier transform,methods have been developed for processing the multi-dimensional time-domain data,identifying the fluid components,and estimating pore surface permeability via joint relaxation and diffusion spectra.Through the resolution of spectroscopic signals with spatial encoding gradients,multi-dimensional MR imaging has been widely used to investigate the microscopic environment of living tissues and distinguish diseases.Signals in each voxel are usually expressed as multi-exponential decay,representing microstructures or environments along multiple pore scales.The separation of contributions from different environments is a common ill-posed problem,which can be resolved numerically.Moreover,the inversion methods and experimental parameters determine the resolution of multi-dimensional spectra.This paper reviews the algorithms that have been proposed to process multidimensional MR datasets in different scenarios.Detailed information at the microscopic level,such as tissue components,fluid types and food structures in multi-disciplinary sciences,could be revealed through multi-dimensional MR.展开更多
We present an investigation of the optical constants of the near stoichiometric GdN films. Transmission and reflection spectra are collected for the paramagnetic and the ferromagnetic GdN in the photon energy range of...We present an investigation of the optical constants of the near stoichiometric GdN films. Transmission and reflection spectra are collected for the paramagnetic and the ferromagnetic GdN in the photon energy range of 0.5-5.5 eV. In the ferromagnetic phase, behaviors of minority and majority spin states are specifically focussed on, which indicate spin-split joint density of states. The results confirm the LSDA+U estimates of energy gap associated with the majority-spins and also the magnitude of spin splitting.展开更多
The large-scale synthesis of platinum-free electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)remains a grand challenge.We report the large-scale production of stable and active ORR electrocatalysts based on iron,...The large-scale synthesis of platinum-free electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)remains a grand challenge.We report the large-scale production of stable and active ORR electrocatalysts based on iron,an earth-abundant element.A core–shell zeolitic imidazolate framework–tannic acid coordination polymer composite(ZIF-8@K-TA)was utilized as the catalyst precursor,which was transformed into iron atoms dispersed in hollow porous nitrogen-doped carbon capsules(H-Fe-N_(x)-C)through ion exchange and pyrolysis.H-Fe-N_(x)-C fea-tures site-isolated single-atom iron centers coordinated to nitrogen in graphitic layers,high levels of nitrogen doping,and high permeability to incoming gases.Benefiting from these characteristics,H-Fe-N_(x)-C demonstrated efficient electrocatalytic activity(E_(1/2)=0.92 V,vs.RHE)and stability towards the ORR in both alkaline and acidic media.In ORR performance,it surpassed the majority of recently reported Fe-N-C catalysts and the standard Pt/C catalyst.In addition,H-Fe-N_(x)-C showed outstanding tolerance to methanol.展开更多
The extraction of uranium from seawater is challenging though it offers tremendous potential for the sustainable production of nuclear fuel for the energy sector.Herein,we report a new strategy for efficient extractio...The extraction of uranium from seawater is challenging though it offers tremendous potential for the sustainable production of nuclear fuel for the energy sector.Herein,we report a new strategy for efficient extraction of uranium from seawater via converging the cooperative functions of adsorption-photocatalysis into the nanospace of covalent organic frameworks(COFs).Functionalization of the organic linkers in the multicomponent COFs allowed exploration of the relationship between material composition and adsorption-photocatalytic activity for uranium extraction.The presence of amidoxime groups in the COFs offered selective binding sites for uranyl,whilst triazine units and bipyridine-Pd groups acted cooperatively to photocatalytically reduce adsorbed U(Ⅵ)to a U(Ⅳ)solid product(UO2)for facile collection.One of our developed COFs,4-Pd-AO,displayed exceptional performance in sequestering and reducing uranyl from natural seawater,with a high extraction capacity of 4.62 mg U/g per day(average data)under visible light irradiation.Mechanistic studies revealed that 4-Pd-AO not only reduced adsorbed uranyl(Ⅵ)to U(Ⅳ)O_(2),but also generated ^(1)O_(2) and superoxide radicals under visible light excitation,thus affording excellent antibacterial and antialgal activities(i.e.,antibiofouling properties)for sustained efficient uranium extraction performance.This proof-ofconcept study establishes multicomponent COFs as promising candidates for efficient uranium extraction from seawater.展开更多
We report that oxygen vacancies have a profound impact on phase separation and thermoelectric properties of ITO films grown at room temperature.Oxygen vacancies in non-stoichiometric In1.8Sn0.2O2.5 films aided the for...We report that oxygen vacancies have a profound impact on phase separation and thermoelectric properties of ITO films grown at room temperature.Oxygen vacancies in non-stoichiometric In1.8Sn0.2O2.5 films aided the formation of In-rich metallic clusters.It yields a high electrical conductivity s=1540 Scm1 and Seebeck coefficient|a|=27.2 mVK1,which resulted in the highest power factor(a2 s=113.8 mW m1 K2)but low optical transmission(Top-25%).An increase in oxygen partial pressure resulted in stochiometric In1.8Sn0.2O3 films which improved the optical transparency by 300%(Top-75.4%),but power factor was reduced by-85%due to a decrease in a and s.A decrease in a was due to the lack of energy filtering of charge carriers in the stoichiometric ITO film which did not have In-rich metallic clusters.XPS results showed that the valence band energy shifts with a change in oxygen partial pressure due to a decrease in carrier density,which implied a change in Fermi energy due to the reverse Moss-Burstein effect.Our results showed that phase separation can be obtained in nanocomposite ITO films by tuning their stoichiometry simply by varying the oxygen partial pressure during deposition of thermoelectric materials at low temperatures.展开更多
Plasmonic resonators are widely used for the manipulation of light on subwavelength scales through the near-field electromagnetic wave produced by the collective oscillation of free electrons within metallic systems,w...Plasmonic resonators are widely used for the manipulation of light on subwavelength scales through the near-field electromagnetic wave produced by the collective oscillation of free electrons within metallic systems,well known as the surface plasmon(SP).The non-radiative decay of the surface plasmon can excite a plasmonic hot electron.This review article systematically describes the excitation progress and basic properities of SPs and plasmonic hot electrons according to recent publications.The extraction mechanism of plasmonic hot electrons via Schottky conjunction to an adjacent semiconductor is also illustrated.Also,a calculation model of hot electron density is given,where the efficiency of hot-electron excitation,transport and extraction is discussed.We believe that plasmonic hot electrons have a huge potential in the future development of optoelectronic systems and devices.展开更多
Controlling fluid flow in capillaric circuits is a key requirement to increase their uptake for assay applications.Capillary action off-valves provide such functionality by pushing an occluding bubble into the channel...Controlling fluid flow in capillaric circuits is a key requirement to increase their uptake for assay applications.Capillary action off-valves provide such functionality by pushing an occluding bubble into the channel using a difference in capillary pressure.Previously,we utilized the binary switching mode of this structure to develop a powerful set of fundamental fluidic valving operations.In this work,we study the transistor-like qualities of the off-valve and provide evidence that these structures are in fact functionally complementary to electronic junction field effect transistors.In view of this,we propose the new term capillaric field effect transistor to describe these types of valves.To support this conclusion,we present a theoretical description,experimental characterization,and practical application of analog flow resistance control.In addition,we demonstrate that the valves can also be reopened.We show modulation of the flow resistance from fully open to pinch-off,determine the flow rate-trigger channel volume relationship and demonstrate that the latter can be modeled using Shockley's equation for electronic transistors.Finally,we provide a first example of how the valves can be opened and closed repeatedly.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22172013)the Special Project for Key Research and Development Program of Xinjiang Autonomous Region(2022B01033-3)+3 种基金the Liaoning Revitalization Talent Program(XLYC2008032 and XLYC2203126)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(DUT22LK24,DUT22QN207 and DUT22LAB602)the CUHK Research Startup Fund(No.#4930981)financial support from Catalyst:Seeding funding(CSG-VUW2201)provided by the New Zealand Ministry of Business,Innovation and Employment and administered by the Royal Society Aparangi。
文摘Indium oxide(In_(2)O_(3)),as a promising candidate for CO_(2)hydrogenation to C_(1) products,often suffers from sintering and activity decline,closely related to the undesirable structural evolution under reaction conditions.Based on the comprehension of the dynamic evolution,this study presents an efficient strategy to alleviate the agglomeration of In_(2)O_(3)nanoparticles by the surface decoration with highly dispersed silica species(SiO_(x)).Various structural characterizations combined with density functional theory calculations demonstrated that the sintering resulted from the over-reduction,while the enhanced stability originated from the anchoring effect of highly stable In-OSi bonds,which hinders the substantial formation of metallic In(In^(0))and the subsequent agglomeration.0.6Si/In_(2)O_(3)exhibited CO_(2)conversion rate of10.0 mmol g^(-1)h^(-1)at steady state vs.3.5 mmol g^(-1)h^(-1)on In_(2)O_(3)in CO_(2)hydrogenation.Enhanced steady-state activity was also achieved on Pd-modified catalysts.Compared to the traditional Pd/In_(2)O_(3)catalyst,the methanol production rate of Pd catalyst supported on 0.6Si/In_(2)O_(3)was enhanced by 23%,showing the potential of In_(2)O_(3)modified by SiO_(x)in serving as a platform material.This work provides a promising method to design new In_(2)O_(3)-based catalysts with improved activity and stability in CO_(2)hydrogenation.
基金partially supported by the Marsden Fund managed by the Royal Society of New Zealand Te Apārangi(FastStart Marsden Grant project No.UOA1817)the scholarship from China Scholarship Council(No.201808060410)
文摘Four Mg-x Zn-y Sn(x=2,4 and y=1,3 wt.%)alloys are investigated as anode materials for magnesium-air(Mg-air)battery.The self-corrosion and battery discharge behavior of these four Mg-Zn-Sn alloys are analyzed by electrochemical measurements and Mg-air battery tests.The results show that addition of Sn stimulates the electrochemical activity and significantly improves the anodic efficiency and specific capacity of Mg-Zn alloy anodes.Among the four alloy anodes,Mg-2Zn-3Sn(ZT23)shows the best battery discharge performance at low current densities(≤5 m A cm^(-2)),achieving high energy density of 1367 m Wh g^(-1)at 2 mA cm^(-2).After battery discharging,the surface morphology and electrochemical measurement results illustrate that a ZnO and SnO/SnO_(2)mixed film on alloy anode surface decreases self-corrosion and improves anodic efficiency during discharging.The excessive intermetallic phases lead to the failure of passivation films,acting as micro-cathodes to accelerate self-corrosion.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC10474092 ,50332050)the City University of Hong Kong Research Grant (9360123)
文摘The simple model for 4f-5d transitions of lanthanide ions in crystals was extended to deal with the case of the octahedral crystal field, where for the t2 component of 5d orbitals the spin-orbit interaction could not be neglected due to incomplete quenching of the 5d orbital angular momentum. The energy levels for the 4fN-15d configuration and the relative line strengths for the 4fN4fN-15d transition were calculated in detail. The result was applied to the interpretation of the low-temperature 4f-5d excitation spectrum of Cs2NaYCl6∶Tb3+.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61901465,82222032,82172050).
文摘Since its inception in the 1970s,multi-dimensional magnetic resonance(MR)has emerged as a powerful tool for non-invasive investigations of structures and molecular interactions.MR spectroscopy beyond one dimension allows the study of the correlation,exchange processes,and separation of overlapping spectral information.The multi-dimensional concept has been re-implemented over the last two decades to explore molecular motion and spin dynamics in porous media.Apart from Fourier transform,methods have been developed for processing the multi-dimensional time-domain data,identifying the fluid components,and estimating pore surface permeability via joint relaxation and diffusion spectra.Through the resolution of spectroscopic signals with spatial encoding gradients,multi-dimensional MR imaging has been widely used to investigate the microscopic environment of living tissues and distinguish diseases.Signals in each voxel are usually expressed as multi-exponential decay,representing microstructures or environments along multiple pore scales.The separation of contributions from different environments is a common ill-posed problem,which can be resolved numerically.Moreover,the inversion methods and experimental parameters determine the resolution of multi-dimensional spectra.This paper reviews the algorithms that have been proposed to process multidimensional MR datasets in different scenarios.Detailed information at the microscopic level,such as tissue components,fluid types and food structures in multi-disciplinary sciences,could be revealed through multi-dimensional MR.
文摘We present an investigation of the optical constants of the near stoichiometric GdN films. Transmission and reflection spectra are collected for the paramagnetic and the ferromagnetic GdN in the photon energy range of 0.5-5.5 eV. In the ferromagnetic phase, behaviors of minority and majority spin states are specifically focussed on, which indicate spin-split joint density of states. The results confirm the LSDA+U estimates of energy gap associated with the majority-spins and also the magnitude of spin splitting.
基金Foundation(B?0027)(SM),National Science Foundation of China(Grants 22006036)North China Electric Power University(XM2112307)(HY and XW)+1 种基金GINW is supported by a James Cook Research Fellowship from New Zealand Government funding,administered by the Royal Society Te Aparangisupport from the XAS beamline scientists of the Australian Synchrotron and the 14 W station of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF).
文摘The large-scale synthesis of platinum-free electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)remains a grand challenge.We report the large-scale production of stable and active ORR electrocatalysts based on iron,an earth-abundant element.A core–shell zeolitic imidazolate framework–tannic acid coordination polymer composite(ZIF-8@K-TA)was utilized as the catalyst precursor,which was transformed into iron atoms dispersed in hollow porous nitrogen-doped carbon capsules(H-Fe-N_(x)-C)through ion exchange and pyrolysis.H-Fe-N_(x)-C fea-tures site-isolated single-atom iron centers coordinated to nitrogen in graphitic layers,high levels of nitrogen doping,and high permeability to incoming gases.Benefiting from these characteristics,H-Fe-N_(x)-C demonstrated efficient electrocatalytic activity(E_(1/2)=0.92 V,vs.RHE)and stability towards the ORR in both alkaline and acidic media.In ORR performance,it surpassed the majority of recently reported Fe-N-C catalysts and the standard Pt/C catalyst.In addition,H-Fe-N_(x)-C showed outstanding tolerance to methanol.
基金funding support from the National Science Foundation of China(grant nos.U2167218 and 22006036)National Key Research and Development Program of China(grant nos.2017YFA0207002 and 2018YFC1900105)+4 种基金the Science Challenge Project(grant no.TZ2016004)the Beijing Outstanding Young Scientist Programthe Students Innovation Training Program(grant no.202106014)the Robert A.Welch Foundation(B-0027)(S.M.)support from the 14W station in Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF).
文摘The extraction of uranium from seawater is challenging though it offers tremendous potential for the sustainable production of nuclear fuel for the energy sector.Herein,we report a new strategy for efficient extraction of uranium from seawater via converging the cooperative functions of adsorption-photocatalysis into the nanospace of covalent organic frameworks(COFs).Functionalization of the organic linkers in the multicomponent COFs allowed exploration of the relationship between material composition and adsorption-photocatalytic activity for uranium extraction.The presence of amidoxime groups in the COFs offered selective binding sites for uranyl,whilst triazine units and bipyridine-Pd groups acted cooperatively to photocatalytically reduce adsorbed U(Ⅵ)to a U(Ⅳ)solid product(UO2)for facile collection.One of our developed COFs,4-Pd-AO,displayed exceptional performance in sequestering and reducing uranyl from natural seawater,with a high extraction capacity of 4.62 mg U/g per day(average data)under visible light irradiation.Mechanistic studies revealed that 4-Pd-AO not only reduced adsorbed uranyl(Ⅵ)to U(Ⅳ)O_(2),but also generated ^(1)O_(2) and superoxide radicals under visible light excitation,thus affording excellent antibacterial and antialgal activities(i.e.,antibiofouling properties)for sustained efficient uranium extraction performance.This proof-ofconcept study establishes multicomponent COFs as promising candidates for efficient uranium extraction from seawater.
基金the Ministry of Business,Innovation and Employment(MBIE),New Zealand(contract#C05X1802).TM acknowledges support from JST Mirai Program JPMJMI19A1.
文摘We report that oxygen vacancies have a profound impact on phase separation and thermoelectric properties of ITO films grown at room temperature.Oxygen vacancies in non-stoichiometric In1.8Sn0.2O2.5 films aided the formation of In-rich metallic clusters.It yields a high electrical conductivity s=1540 Scm1 and Seebeck coefficient|a|=27.2 mVK1,which resulted in the highest power factor(a2 s=113.8 mW m1 K2)but low optical transmission(Top-25%).An increase in oxygen partial pressure resulted in stochiometric In1.8Sn0.2O3 films which improved the optical transparency by 300%(Top-75.4%),but power factor was reduced by-85%due to a decrease in a and s.A decrease in a was due to the lack of energy filtering of charge carriers in the stoichiometric ITO film which did not have In-rich metallic clusters.XPS results showed that the valence band energy shifts with a change in oxygen partial pressure due to a decrease in carrier density,which implied a change in Fermi energy due to the reverse Moss-Burstein effect.Our results showed that phase separation can be obtained in nanocomposite ITO films by tuning their stoichiometry simply by varying the oxygen partial pressure during deposition of thermoelectric materials at low temperatures.
基金supported by the Smart Ideas Fund by Ministry of Business,Innovation and Employment,New Zealand through contract UOOX1802the University of Otago,by means of the University of Otago Postgraduate Publishing Bursary (Doctoral).
文摘Plasmonic resonators are widely used for the manipulation of light on subwavelength scales through the near-field electromagnetic wave produced by the collective oscillation of free electrons within metallic systems,well known as the surface plasmon(SP).The non-radiative decay of the surface plasmon can excite a plasmonic hot electron.This review article systematically describes the excitation progress and basic properities of SPs and plasmonic hot electrons according to recent publications.The extraction mechanism of plasmonic hot electrons via Schottky conjunction to an adjacent semiconductor is also illustrated.Also,a calculation model of hot electron density is given,where the efficiency of hot-electron excitation,transport and extraction is discussed.We believe that plasmonic hot electrons have a huge potential in the future development of optoelectronic systems and devices.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2167218 and 22006036)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFA0207002 and 2018YFC1900105)+2 种基金the Science Challenge Project(TZ2016004)the Beijing Outstanding Young Scientist Program(H.Y.and X.W.)the Robert A.Welch Foundation(B-0027)(S.M.)。
基金supported by the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment Catalyst Fund (MAUX 1609)the University of Auckland Faculty Research Development Fund+1 种基金the MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnologya generous philanthropic donation from Greg and Kathryn Trounson。
基金The authors would like to thank Helen Devereux and Gary Turner of the Nanofabrication Laboratory at the University of Canterbury for technical support.Funding was provided by MBIE Grant UOCX1706.CM.acknowledges support in form of a JSPS Postdoctoral Fellowship for Research in Japan.V.N.acknowledges Rutherford Discovery Fellowship RDF-19-UOC-019for additional funding.
文摘Controlling fluid flow in capillaric circuits is a key requirement to increase their uptake for assay applications.Capillary action off-valves provide such functionality by pushing an occluding bubble into the channel using a difference in capillary pressure.Previously,we utilized the binary switching mode of this structure to develop a powerful set of fundamental fluidic valving operations.In this work,we study the transistor-like qualities of the off-valve and provide evidence that these structures are in fact functionally complementary to electronic junction field effect transistors.In view of this,we propose the new term capillaric field effect transistor to describe these types of valves.To support this conclusion,we present a theoretical description,experimental characterization,and practical application of analog flow resistance control.In addition,we demonstrate that the valves can also be reopened.We show modulation of the flow resistance from fully open to pinch-off,determine the flow rate-trigger channel volume relationship and demonstrate that the latter can be modeled using Shockley's equation for electronic transistors.Finally,we provide a first example of how the valves can be opened and closed repeatedly.