Insecticide resistance status of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Malaysia(2010 to 2022):A review

This review aimed to determine the prevalence of the insecticide resistance status of the field-collected Aedes(Ae.)aegypti and Ae.albopictus in Malaysia from 2010 to 2022 towards carbamates,organochlorines,organophosphates and pyrethroids.Biological and environmental controls were summarized with an emphasis on the mosquito vector control strategies in Malaysia.The information in this review was extracted from several databases such as PubMed(MEDLINE),Science Direct and Scopus by using keywords including“insecticide resistance”,“carbamate resistance”,“organochlorine resistance”,“organophosphate resistance”,“pyrethroid resistance”,“Aedes”and“Malaysia”,between January 2022 and December 2022.Distribution of resistant Ae.aegypti and Ae.albopictus in Malaysia was mapped using QGIS software.Insecticide resistance in both Ae.aegypti and Ae.albopictus is widespread in Malaysia,although the rates vary by states.The most notable was the steep increase in permethrin resistance of Ae.aegypti in Selangor,Malaysia,over the past decade.Ae.albopictus also displayed moderate resistance to permethrin,though not as widespread as Ae.aegypti in Selangor,but showed sign of resistance in Sarawak,East Malaysia.Resistance towards four main classes of insecticides have been widely documented in Malaysia.The extensive resistance towards permethrin in Malaysia which is one of the current insecticides used in Malaysia suggested that policies supporting the widespread use of permethrin fogging needs further evaluation.

Insecticide susceptibility status and resistance mechanism of Anopheles cracens Sallum and Peyton and Anopheles maculatus Theobald(Family: Culicidae) from knowlesi malaria endemic areas in Peninsular Malaysia

Objective: To assess the insecticide susceptibility status of Anopheles cracens(An.cracens) and Anopheles maculatus(An.maculatus) from knowlesi malaria endemic areas in Peninsular Malaysia towards DDT, malathion and deltamethrin and to determine the resistance mechanism involved.Methods: Adult and larval mosquitos were collected for surveillance.Susceptibility status of Anopheles was determined using the standard WHO adult bioassay, larval bioassay and biochemical enzyme assay.Results: WHO adult bioassay results indicated An.cracens collected from Kampung Sungai Ular, Pahang was resistant towards 4% DDT, while An.maculatus collected from Kampung Sokor, Kelantan and Kampung Sungai Lui, Selangor exhibited resistance towards 4% DDT.However, the enzyme activity profiles varied according to strains and species.The resistance ratio of larval bioassay, showed that all strains and species tested were susceptible to malathion and temephos.Conclusions: Since only a few anopheline strains exhibited low level of insecticide resistance towards malathion, DDT and temephos.These insecticides are still considered effective for vector control program towards An.cracens and An.maculatus.

Biomedical studies on lipid peroxidation and erythrocyte fragility during the process of aging

Objective:To investigate oxidative stress,hemoglobin percentage and erythrocyte osmotic fragility in various aging groups.Methods:A total of 200 healthy volunteers of hoth genders between age group 20-65 years were selected by random method.Determination of hemoglobin percentage was done employing modified cyanide method of Dacie and Lewis.The erythrocyte lysis was observed in hypotonic solution of buffered saline at varying concentrations and optical density was measured at 540 nm.The extent of lipid peroxidation in form of malondialdehyde was measured by thiobarbituric acid method.Results:The study found a significant decrease in hemoglobin percentage,increase in erythrocyte osmotic fragility and increased lipid peroxidation in form of malondialdehyde with increasing age.Conclusions:Supplementation of antioxidants may prevent the oxidative injury in elderly group of subjects.

A Novel Collaborative Filtering Algorithm and its Application for Recommendations in E-Commerce

With the rapid development of the Internet,the amount of data recorded on the Internet has increased dramatically.It is becoming more and more urgent to effectively obtain the specific information we need from the vast ocean of data.In this study,we propose a novel collaborative filtering algorithm for generating recommendations in e-commerce.This study has two main innovations.First,we propose a mechanismthat embeds temporal behavior information to find a neighbor set in which each neighbor has a very significant impact on the current user or item.Second,we propose a novel collaborative filtering algorithm by injecting the neighbor set into probability matrix factorization.We compared the proposed method with several state-of-the-art alternatives on real datasets.The experimental results show that our proposed method outperforms the prevailing approaches.

Phytochemical constituents,antioxidant and antibacterial activities of methanolic extract of Ardisia elliptica

Objective:To investigate the antioxidant,antibacterial,and chemical ingredients of Ardisia elliptica(A.elliptica) methanolic extracts.Methods:The plant was extracted using methanol.Antibacterial and antioxidant activities were evaluated.Results:The results showed that both fruit and leaf extract of A.elliptica have significant antibacterial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.Fruit extracts showed higher content of phenolic(71 ± 0.03 GAE/mg extract dry weight),in comparison to the leaf extracts(37 ± 0.05 GAE/mg extract dry weight).Flavonoid content,and Fe2+chelating activity of fruit extracts were higher than leaf extract.The percentage radical inhibition of fruit extract is found to be higher(70%) than that of leaf extract(60%).LCMS results indicated that the major compounds in the fruit extract were Gingerol,Aspidin,Kampherol,and Stercuresin,while the leaf extract contained Gingerol,Aspidin,Triangularin,and Salicyl acyl glucuronide.Furthermore,the results of GCMS indicated that fruit extract contained these major compounds:Vitamin E Tocopherol,5-hepylresornicol,2-Nonylmalonic acid,5-pentadecylresornicol,and Stigmasta-7-22-dien-3-ol.However,leaf extract of A.elliptica contained these major compounds:Alpha Amyrenol,4,4,6,6a,6b,8,8a,9,10,11,12,12 a,14,14 a,14 b octadehydro-2H-picen-3-one,and Lonasterol,4-t-Butyl-2-[4-nitrophenyl] phenol.Conclusions:The results provide evidence that fruit and leaf of A.elliptica extracts might indeed be used as a potential source of effective natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agents in pharmaceutical and food industries.

Correlation between lipid profile and troponin Ⅰ test results in patients with chest pain in Nepal

Objective:To study the usefulness of traditional lipid profile levels in screening subjects who had developed chest pain due lo cardiac event as indicated by a positive troponin I test.Methods:In this retrospective study data of ihe 430 patients presented lo the emergency department with symptoms of cardiac ischemia who underwent both troponin and lipid profiles tests were compared with the lipid profiles of 165 normal healthy subjects(controls).The troponin was detected qualitatively when a specimen contains troponin I(cTnI)above the 99th percentile(TnI>0.5 ng/mL).The total cholesterol,high density lipoproteins cholesterol,very low density lipoproteins and Iriacvl glycerol levels were also analyzed and Ion densilv lipoprotein level was calculated using Friedewald's formula.Results:Patients with chest pain and positive troponin test(with confirmed cardiac event)were found lo have significantly elevated levels of total cholesterol,triacyl glycerol levels,low density lipoprotein level and significantly reduced high densilv lipoproteins cholesterol levels when compared lo the patients who experienced only chesl pain(negative troponin)and healthy controls.Conclusions:Traditional lipid profile levels is still can be used in screening popiilalions lo identify the subjecis with high risk of developing cardiacevent in case if the laboratory set up has not troponin test facilities.

Halal pharmaceuticals and cosmeceuticals from the perspective of higher education

The world demands for halal products,covering foods,cosmetics,pharmaceuticals,services and other products,will continue to grow with the increase in global population,especially the Muslims.It is forecasted that in 2030,Muslim population will cover 27%of the global population.The halal industry is a new growth sector in the Malaysian manufacturing sector and is the fastest growing global business across the world.Increase in value of global halal commodity,with a huge market of USD 2.3 trillion(excluding banking)and is expected to grow each year.

鞭檐犁头尖抗癌活性及其潜在机制临床前研究的系统综述

目的:评价一种中药植物鞭檐犁头尖(T.flagelliforme)作为抗癌药物的临床前研究的系统综述。方法:对Scopus、PubMed、Web of Science、ScienceDirect、LILACS、EBSCO Medline、Mendeley等7个数据库进行全面检索,检索时间截止到2023年9月8日。排除了临床试验和非原创的同行评议报告后,鞭檐犁头尖的提取物,组成,或分离化合物的体内外研究且经过同行评审的英文文献均被纳入。本研究定性评估了鞭檐犁头尖对不同肿瘤细胞、肿瘤大小和作用机制的有效性。证据质量由三名独立评估人员使用ToxRTool进行评估,并验证其一致性。结果:检索后共纳入27项研究:22项体外研究,4项体内研究,1项体内外研究。结果发现鞭檐犁头尖对白血病、乳腺癌、结直肠癌和肺癌有效。大多数研究的评估为“有限制的可靠”。鞭檐犁头尖通过阻断细胞周期、活化caspase-3/-9、分解PARP、裂解DNA、减少生存素含量、降低ROS表达、抑制COX-2和HSP70表达和抑制NF-kB通路等来诱导细胞凋亡。当与干扰素联合使用时,其能阻碍血管生成。结论:尽管鞭檐犁头尖具有良好的抗癌活性,但其作为单独抗癌药物的疗效尚不确定。它似乎更适合用于癌症的补充或联合治疗。研究设计不理想,报告不完整,以及在多篇文章中没有纳入适当的阳性对照和统计分析可能是本研究缺乏结论性证据的原因。

自由锻Ti-Ni形状记忆合金的显微组织和超弹性（英文）

采用放电等离子烧结(SPS)法将元素钛粉和镍粉制备成Ti-51%Ni形状记忆合金(SMAs)。研究目的是采用自由锻二次加工以提高SPS合金的性能。对自由锻前后合金的显微组织、相变温度和超弹性进行比较。结果表明,自由锻可以显著提高Ti-Ni形状记忆合金的拉伸强度和形状记忆性能,自由锻后合金的韧性从6.8%提高到了9.2%,超弹性的应变范围从5%增加到7.5%,应变恢复速率从72%提高到92%。Ti-51%Ni合金显微组织中含有立方奥氏体相(B2)基体、单斜马氏体相(B19′)、第二相(Ti_3Ni_4,Ti_2Ni和TiNi_3)和氧化物相(Ti_4Ni_2O,Ti_3O_5)。自由锻后再经500°C时效处理的最终样品的马氏体相变温度向高温方向偏移,这是由于Ti_3Ni_4相(透射电镜下可以观察到)的析出而导致基体中Ni含量的减少。总之,自由锻可以提高Ti-51%Ni形状记忆合金的超弹性和力学性能。

油棕纤维增强聚合物混合动力汽车防撞箱的概念设计（英文）

采用混合概念设计方法,对油棕复合材料汽车防撞箱进行了概念设计。结合创新问题解决(TRIZ)理论、形态图和仿生学,考虑材料特性、功能规格、力识别、根本原因分析、几何形状和设计选择标准等方面的首要要求。该策略是利用自然物来激发五种创新的ACB结构的概念设计,并运用层次分析法进行两两分析来选择最佳的ACB概念设计。复合ACB的新概念设计考虑到了天然纤维的特性,而不像传统材料如钢合金和铝合金。排名最高(26.6%)的设计被选为最终的概念设计,该设计的最外层具有蜂窝结构,内部结构由蜘蛛网结构强化,中心部位是由啄木鸟海绵组织中提取的纤维泡沫结构支撑,以达到能量吸收能力最大化。新的设计可以解决ACB在碰撞过程中无法吸收最大冲击能量的主要原因-弯曲塌陷的问题。但是,为了生产和装配需要,最后的概念设计仍需修改,这些修改将在今后研究中完成。

镁含量对触变成形A319合金显微组织演变和力学性能的影响（英文）

研究不同镁含量对触变成形A319合金显微组织和拉伸性能的影响。合金在含50%液相时进行触变成形,并对部分合金进行T6热处理。采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、能量散射谱、X射线衍射和拉伸试验对合金进行表征。结果表明,镁可以细化合金中共晶硅。当镁含量为1.0%和1.5%时,合金中形成致密的Al9Fe Mg3Si5相。随着镁含量的增加,触变成形合金的拉伸强度增加。热处理后的触变成形A319合金的抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率分别为298 MPa,201 MPa和4.5%。而对于添加1.5%Mg的触变成形A319合金,其热处理后的抗拉强度、屈服强度和伸长率分别为325 Pa、251 MPa和1.4%。触变成形A319合金表现为韧窝断裂,而添加1.5%Mg的A319合金表现为混合断裂,在合金表面可观察到韧窝断裂和解理断裂。

Changes in Practicing Teachers’ Self Efficacy in Teaching Scientific Inquiry

Teacher self-efficacy is an important predictor in teacher’s professional career for inquiry-based instruction.This study investigated the factors(gender,educational level,and teaching experience)associated with science teachers’self-efficacy in instructional strategies,classroom management,and student engagement in teaching scientific inquiry.A questionnaire was used for data collection from 47 practicing teachers in state schools in 2018.A General Linear Model(GLM)Univariate analysis using SPSS 21.00 programme was used for data analysis.Fact findings revealed that mean perceived self-efficacy in inquiry-based instruction was considerably high irrespective of gender,education level,and teaching experience.Neither teacher self-efficacy in student engagement nor classroom management did not show statistically significant difference according to gender,education level,and teaching experience.However,results concluded that science teaching experience was a significant predictor of self-efficacy in instructional strategies of inquiry-based instruction.

Apex Frame Spotting Using Attention Networks for Micro-Expression Recognition System

Micro-expression is manifested through subtle and brief facial movements that relay the genuine person’s hidden emotion.In a sequence of videos,there is a frame that captures the maximum facial differences,which is called the apex frame.Therefore,apex frame spotting is a crucial sub-module in a micro-expression recognition system.However,this spotting task is very challenging due to the characteristics of micro-expression that occurs in a short duration with low-intensity muscle movements.Moreover,most of the existing automated works face difficulties in differentiating micro-expressions from other facial movements.Therefore,this paper presents a deep learning model with an attention mechanism to spot the micro-expression apex frame from optical flow images.The attention mechanism is embedded into the model so that more weights can be allocated to the regions that manifest the facial movements with higher intensity.The method proposed in this paper has been tested and verified on two spontaneous micro-expression databases,namely Spontaneous Micro-facial Movement(SAMM)and Chinese Academy of Sciences Micro-expression(CASME)II databases.The proposed system performance is evaluated by using the Mean Absolute Error(MAE)metric that measures the distance between the predicted apex frame and the ground truth label.The best MAE of 14.90 was obtained when a combination of five convolutional layers,local response normalization,and attention mechanism is used to model the apex frame spotting.Even with limited datasets,the results have proven that the attention mechanism has better emphasized the regions where the facial movements likely to occur and hence,improves the spotting performance.

Theoretical Analysis of Consumers’Purchase Motivation in the Context of Environmental Protection

Through reviewing and summarizing the existing research on consumer motivation,and combining the characteristics of human behavior and the objective needs of environmental protection,this paper analyzes and defines consumers’purchase motivation.In the context of environmental protection,purchase motivation is divided into demand motivation,value recognition motivation,recognition motivation,and interest motivation.Their definitions are given in this paper,which provides a conceptual basis for further research on the influence of purchase motivation on consumer behavior in the context of environmental protection.

基于自噬信号通路探究褐藻多糖硫酸酯改善人近端肾小管上皮细胞衰老的分子机制

褐藻多糖硫酸酯(fucoidan,FPS)是临床上治疗慢性肾衰竭中成药海昆肾喜胶囊的有效成分,具有潜在的抗衰老作用。然而,FPS是否能改善肾脏衰老,尤其是对于其抗衰老的分子机制,目前仍不清楚。将体外培养的人近端肾小管上皮细胞(HK-2)分为正常组(normal group,N)、模型组(D-gal model group,D)、低剂量FPS组(low dose of FPS,L-FPS)、高剂量FPS组(high dose of FPS,H-FPS)以及维生素E组(vitamin E,VE),分别进行不同的干预。N组加入1%胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum,FBS)1 mL;D组加入75 mmol·L^(-1)D-gal;L-FPS组加入75 mmol·L^(-1)D-gal+25μg·mL^(-1)FPS;H-FPS组加入75 mmol·L^(-1)D-gal+50μg·mL^(-1)FPS;VE组加入75 mmol·L^(-1)D-gal+50μg·mL^(-1)VE。在干预后24 h,首先,观察D-gal对HK-2细胞β-半乳糖苷酶(senescence-associatedβ-galactosidase,SA-β-gal)染色特征以及klotho,P53,P21蛋白表达水平和腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase,AMPK)-不协调的51类激酶1(uncoordinated 51-like kinase 1,ULK1)信号通路活性的影响;其次,观察FPS和VE对D-gal诱导的HK-2细胞SA-β-gal染色特征以及klotho,P53,P21蛋白表达水平的影响;最后,观察FPS和VE对D-gal诱导的HK-2细胞哺乳动物同族物微管相关蛋白1轻链3(microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3,LC3)蛋白表达水平以及AMPK-ULK1信号通路活性的影响。结果表明,对于HK-2细胞,75 mmol·L^(-1)的D-gal能安全而有效地诱导细胞SA-β-gal染色特征和klotho,P53,P21蛋白表达水平的变化,也就是引发细胞衰老;而FPS和VE都能改善D-gal诱导的细胞SA-β-gal染色特征以及klotho,P21,P53蛋白表达水平的变化,也就是拮抗细胞衰老,这里,两者的作用是类似的;D-gal不仅能诱导细胞衰老,还能促进LC3Ⅱ,磷酸化AMPK(phosphorylated-AMPK,p-AMPK)以及磷酸化ULK1(phosphorylated-ULK1,p-ULK1)蛋白高表达,激活自噬相关AMPK-ULK1信号通路;而FPS和VE都能改善D-gal诱导的细胞LC3Ⅱ,p-AMPK以及p-ULK1蛋白表达水平的变化,也就是抑制自噬相关AMPK-ULK1信号通路活性。总之,对于D-gal诱导的人近端肾小管上皮细胞衰老模型,FPS与VE相似,能改善肾脏细胞衰老,其分子机制可能与抑制自噬相关AMPK-ULK1信号通路活性有关。这一发现为FPS抗肾脏衰老提供了初步的药理学证据。

胰岛素抵抗的分子机制及中药的干预作用

胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)及其信号调控途径紊乱是很多胰岛素靶器官或组织发生病变并缓慢进展的机制之一。其临床诊断指标是基于空腹血糖和空腹血清胰岛素的"稳态模型评估胰岛素抵抗(the homeostatic model of insulin resistance,HOMA-IR)"指数,此外,包括脂联素在内的新兴IR生物标记物也可作为诊断的参考指标;其影响因素有肥胖、慢性微炎症、缺乏运动等;其主要信号调控途径包括胰岛素受体底物1(insulin receptor substrate 1,IRS1)/磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase,PI3K)/丝氨酸-苏氨酸激酶(serine-threonine kinase,Akt)通路、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)通路、Smad3通路等。临床上,可通过促进胰岛素分泌、增强胰岛素信号活性来提高胰岛素敏感性,改善IR。目前,用以治疗IR的胰岛素增敏剂不仅有噻唑烷二酮及其衍生物,还有新近发现的二甲双胍和维生素D。此外,一些单味中药提取物和中药复方,如黄蜀葵花总黄酮、黄连素、黄芪多糖以及黄芪汤等也有改善IR的作用。在慢性肾脏病领域,针对胰岛素靶器官的常见病变——糖尿病早期肾损害,基于足细胞IR信号调控途径的中药干预性研究是今后的重要方向之一。

低氧诱导因子的分子调控机制及中药的干预作用

低氧诱导因子(hypoxia-inducible factors,HIFs)是机体内感受和调节细胞氧浓度的关键转录因子。HIF-1由α和β等2个亚基组成,其中,HIF-1α的分子调控机制涉及其降解和活化等主要过程。HIF-1α的降解是由氧依赖性信号途径调控的,包括"希佩尔-林道病恶性肿瘤抑制蛋白(von hippel-lindau protein,pVHL)依赖通路"和"pVHL非依赖性通路";而HIF-1α的活化是由氧非依赖性信号途径调控的,包括哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)/真核生物始动因子4E结合蛋白1(eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1, 4EBP1)/HIF-1α通路、磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(phosph atidylinositol 3-kinase,PI3K)/丝氨酸-苏氨酸蛋白激酶(proteirrserinc-threonine kinases,Akt)/HIF-1α通路以及沉默信息调节因子1(silent information regulator1,Sirt1)/HIF-1α通路等。近年来,基于HIFs的分子调控机制,不仅研制出治疗肾性贫血的新药罗沙司他,在中药提取物中也发现了一些药理作用类似于HIFs的大分子物质,如大黄素、三七皂苷、厚朴酚以及灵仙新苷等,这些天然的大分子物质在炎症反应、自噬、表观遗传修饰以及细胞焦亡中发挥调控性作用。值得注意的是,对于常见的低氧相关疾病,如糖尿病肾病,HIFs介导的"细胞焦亡"可能是清利湿热类中药及其代表性经方(如二妙丸)干预炎症性组织、细胞损伤的新靶点。

经典名方及其有效成分调节免疫衰老的作用机制研究进展

伴随着机体衰老,免疫系统会发生一系列变化。这一类衰老相关性免疫系统改变被称为"免疫衰老",其病变主要表现在细胞免疫上。研究表明,参与调节免疫衰老的免疫细胞包括固有免疫细胞和适应免疫细胞,前者包括"中性粒细胞、单核/巨噬细胞、髓样抑制细胞、树突状细胞及自然杀伤细胞"等,其作用机制涉及细胞数量、吞噬能力、趋化性、黏附力及Toll样受体(TLR)功能、抗原提呈能力、巨噬细胞极化、细胞毒性、迁移能力等;后者包括"T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞"等,其作用机制涉及细胞发育、增殖、分化能力、细胞数量、端粒酶活性、自身反应性抗体等。免疫衰老不仅是机体衰老的体现,更是中、西药物延缓衰老的重要靶标。近年来,国内外中医药学者相继发现一些经典名方(简称"经方")及其有效成分,如独参汤及其有效成分人参叶总皂苷、生脉饮及其有效成分安五脂素、人参茎叶总皂苷等,能够靶向免疫细胞,干预其分子调控机制,进而发挥调节免疫衰老的作用。此外,经方调节免疫衰老还与自噬密切相关。"祛瘀生新法"代表性经方——大黄?虫丸能延缓D-半乳糖诱导的小鼠肾脏衰老,其作用机制不仅在于调节胸腺免疫细胞数量和活性,还能改善肾脏中自噬标志性蛋白和炎症性细胞因子的表达。因此,"基于免疫衰老的作用机制探究经方及其有效成分的干预效果"将会成为抗衰老药物研究和开发的新方向。