Asymmetric nexus between commercial policies and consumption‑based carbon emissions:new evidence from Pakistan

The current study extends the previous literature by exploring the effects of a newly discovered driver,i.e.,import taxes(as a proxy for commercial policies),on the consumption-based carbon emissions(CCO2e)for 1990Q1-2017Q4.For empirical analysis,several tests and methods,including Augmented Dickey–Fuller unit root test,Zivot–Andrews unit root test,asymmetric cointegration bound testing approach,non-linear ARDL,Wald-test,Granger causality test and wavelet quantile correlation(WQC)method are utilized.Furthermore,NARDL technique estimates reveal that contractionary commercial policy enhances the environmental quality by disrupting the detrimental effects of CCO2e.However,expansionary commercial policy escalates the environmental pollution by boosting the carbon emissions.Also,the exports and the renewable energy improve the ecological quality;however,GDP deteriorates the atmospheric quality by increasing the CCO2e.Besides,WQC method and the trivariate Granger causality test are deployed to confirm the robustness of the results.Based on the findings,some crucial policies are also recommended for sustainable and green development in Pakistan.

渔业对热带珊瑚礁生态系统的影响

在热带珊瑚礁地区,渔业是最为广泛的人类开发活动,而且许多滨海地区的社会生存依赖于渔业生产力。现行的渔业管理对策主要针对特定的目标鱼类种群,但当渔业开始使珊瑚礁生态系统发生变化时,这些对策可能就不再合适。这样的变化可能是不可逆的,并且会损害某些保障未来渔业生产的过程。我们叙述几种替代性的管理方案,并研究这些方案中的哪一个有助于最大限度地增加渔获量,而同时又把不希望出现的生态系统变化的可能性减到最小。其中的一个方案已被许多岛屿地区所采用。但具有讽刺意味的是,经证明它与许多渔业发展计划是矛盾的。