The Future of Gas to Liquids as a Gas Monetisation Option

The paper introduces gas to liquids (GTL) as a monetising option from a technology, marketing and project perspective. GTL is complementary to LNG and pipelines. At the same time, using natural gas as a source for fuels in the form of GTL helps countries around the world to diversify their energy supplies. Furthermore, gas-based products are inherently cleaner than oil products. Shell's proprietary GTL technology or SMDS (Shell Middle Distillates Synthesis), is discussed in some detail. The paper also covers the challenges for successful implementation of GTL projects and why Shell is well positioned to take a lead in the industry on the basis of its long standing and broad experience in GTL research, plant operations, marketing and excellent track record in mega projects in the last thirty years. Shell's commitment to GTL is best demonstrated by the recent signing of a Heads of Agreement with Qatar Petroleum for the construction of the world's largest GTL plant. A key success factor is Shell's experience with marketing quantities of high quality GTL products from its 12,500 barrels per day plant at Bintulu, Malaysia since 1993. Further marketing opportunities will arise when new GTL capacity comes on-stream in the middle east when more quantities will become available to bulk users. Amongst the most interesting market will be automotive transportation, where clean GTL fuels can be positioned as an 'alternative fuel beyond oil' providing energy security to host countries. Shell is actively engaging with a number of regulators, automotive companies and governments worldwide including China, to demonstrate the performance of GTL and its cost effectiveness in reducing local emissions. An added benefit is that GTL can use existing infrastructure and requires no investment. Finally, the paper briefly discusses the coal to liquids (CTL) process as an alternative route to produce high quality GTL products and the key issues relating to the process.

欧洲和德国的钢铁工业的环保现状和发展(一)

欧洲钢铁工业的环境保护已经达到了很高的水平。 2 0世纪 6 0年代初 ,保护环境一般认为只是局限于限制工业对人们的影响。现在 ,尤其是在罗马协议 (ClubofRome)的努力之下 ,环保的范围从节约资源延伸到整个自然环境的保护 ,而后产生了目前应用中的工业过程和产品生产周期。整体来说 ,保护环境的所有途径都被视为是未来平衡发展的先决条件。欧盟环境保护技术的情况可以德国为例 ,更准确地说是杜伊斯堡的蒂森克虏伯钢厂 (ThyssenKruppStahlAG) ,其粗钢产量约占德国总产量的 35 %。钢铁工业环境保护的重点仍然是维护空气质量 ,在此目的下 ,进行除尘处理。由烟囱处取样获得目前的除尘水平来看 ,今后的除尘主要是控制粉尘扩散和减少细小微粒的排放。钢铁工业环境保护的关键策略就是循环利用 ,它能起到与环境协调一致的作用 ,能够解决相关工艺中需要的大量的原料问题。德国的蒂森克虏伯钢厂 (ThyssenKruppStahlAG)现在炉渣的综合回收率水平已接近95 % ,其中冶金渣的回收利用率尤为突出。在德国 ,高炉渣利用率达到了 1 0 0 % ,同时炼钢渣的利用率也超过了90 % ,每吨粗钢的耗水量也控制在 1 0 0m3 的范围内。大量的努力不仅保证了有效的回收和再生利用工序 。

The Metaverse in the Psychoanalytic Perspective:The Unleashed Human Id in the Metaverse

In the metaverse,everything in the real world is virtualized and digitized.Here,all the rules of the real world are dismantled and reconstructed,and all the morals of the real world are reinterpreted.The world will be deconstructed repeatedly in the metaverse,and in the process,the once realistic rules and moral frameworks begin to dissolve,replaced by an unlimited freedom mechanism.The human Id,which is restricted by real-world rules,will begin to break free and gradually expand out of control under the impetus of massive capital investment.This loss of control will lead to a great spiritual crisis and moral dilemma for the real individuals participating in the metaverse.In this paper,we discuss the reasons for the emergence of the“metaverse”under the framework of existing psychoanalytic theories,and investigate the unleashed human Id in the metaverse,analyzing its causes and inevitability.

南非的“链式输送”模式:解决农村贫困人口可持续性供水问题的新办法

南非政府最近贯彻了一项免费向消费者,特别是贫困人口,供应基本用水的政策.通过被称之为“链式输送”的创新公-私合作计划,一直在为农村提供用水基础设施.在重视合理使用政府开支、维护可持续性以及实现社会目标的同时,“链式输送”在确保提供用水和卫生设备工作快速进行中发挥了积极作用.

2007 Saw Fresh Air for Insurance

What happened to China's insurance sector this year? Above all,this year was the first in the new Five-Year Plan for the Standardization of China's Insur- ance (2007-2011).The Five-Year Plan, released back in February,sets the first standards for the insurance

Commercial Risks Arising from Chartering Vessels

This paper constitutes a review of the most important aspects of commercial risks arising from charterparties, operations and claims issues. That means the risks allocated between the shipowner and the charterer throughout the chartering process （pre-fixture, fixture, execution of charter, post-fixture, claims handling）, from a financial, operational and legal perspective. The interpretation of the above mentioned matters is considered of critical importance in chartering practice. The analysis is seen from a commercial stand point. Therefore, it is mostly addressed to the shipping practitioners, maritime economists, academics, students and researchers who seek to form a comprehensive view on the subject. It may also form a basis for further study on chartering aspects （legal, economic, managerial and practical）.

Upgrade the Competitiveness of China’s Petroleum Equipment Manufacturing Industry

For the petroleum （petrochemical） equipment manufacturing industry, the current circumstance offers a great opportunity to improve its international competitiveness.

Benefits of Radiotherapy with Indigenous Tools Aiding Deep Inspiration Breath Holding Technique Compared to Free Breathing Technique among Breast Cancer Patients in Bangladesh

Background: Post-operative breast radiotherapy is used to reduce recurrence. The aim of this study was to investigate the outcomes of Deep Inspiration Breath-Hold (DIBH) technique with indigenous breath holding indicator scale in 3DCRT for breast cancer radiotherapy over Free Breathing (FB) technique. Methods: An observational study conducted at the Department of Radiation Oncology at National Institute of Cancer Research and Hospital, Dhaka and Square Hospital Limited, Dhaka, Bangladesh from June 2015 to May 2016. A total of 60 confirmed breast cancer patients who underwent adjuvant radiotherapy were included. An indigenous reproducible plastic tool (Perspex) was used as breath holding indicator scale with DIBH technique in 3DCRT. Paired sample t-test was used to compare with FB technique. Results: The mean age of patients was 47.32 (SD ± 8.33) years. In FB technique, Mean Heart Dose (MHD) was 413.27 cGy while in DIBH technique, it was 254.91 cGy (P < 0.001). The mean heart V20 and V30 were 5.5%, 4.37% in FB and 3.13%, 2.36% in DIBH respectively. In FB technique LADMD, LAD 0.2 cm3, ILMD and ILV20 were 1698.17 cGy, 2852.53 cGy, 1155.31 cGy and 28.62% while in DIBH technique, it was reduced to 1164.01 cGy, 2132.24 cGy, 1007.98 cGy and 23.39% respectively. Similarly, the lung-CLMD and breast-CLMD were reduced from 38.37 cGy and 55.18 cGy to 24.64 cGy and 33.82 cGy respectively (P < 0.001). The mean difference for breast-CLMD was 21.36 cGy. Conclusion: The use of indigenous breath holding indicator scale with DIBH had better outcomes on breast cancer radiotherapy.

A Baseline Studies on the Nutritional Interplay between HIV Drugs and Kidney, Liver and Heart Indices in Patients Receiving HIV Treatment in North-East Nigeria

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) patients on Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) have shown impressive improvement and death rates have drastically reduced, even though complications still exist. This research carried out a baseline study to determine the nutritional interplay between HIV-drugs and kidney, liver, and heart indices among subjects undergoing HIV treatment and attending the Medical Out-Patient Department of a Federal Medical Center in the North-Eastern part of Nigeria, using a sample size of 50 individuals both male and female, who have been shown to be HIV positive and have been on ART for over 12 months. Anthropometric data was collected in triplicate, two from patients’ file, and one was measured directly and the average was obtained. The electrolytes were determined by the colorimetric method while total protein and albumin in blood concentration were determined by spectrophotometric method, but globulin and A/G ratio were determined by calculation. TC was determined using Spectrophotometric method while HDL was determined after precipitation of LDL with phosphotungstate and magnesium were calculated from Friedwaldís formular, and TG was measured using the colorimetric enzymatic method. The results showed that the mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure which were 119.9 mmHg ± 17.5, and 76. 6 mmHg ± 10.1 respectively, were with the range of the reference values. The mean body mass index was 25.1 ± 4.9;also within range of the reference value. Major indices from the liver function test were mean ALT which was 36.5 ± 29.4 with a reference value of 7 - 55 U/L;AST was 40.0 ± 32.3, with a reference value of 8 - 48 U/L. The mean value for albumin was 4.6 ± 7.1 with a reference range of 3.5 - 5.0 g/dl, these values also were within the reference range values. The electrolyte test showed all other electrolytes to be within the reference range values except for Zinc which was 19.5 μmol/L, with a normal range of 70 - 100 μmol/L and magnesium which was found to be 0.7 mEq/L, with a normal range of 1.5 - 2.0 mEq/L;Zinc and magnesium play vital roles in over 300 enzymatic reactions, and are known to be important in the immune response. Shortfalls in these minerals could compromise the patients’ recovery process and place them at risk of hearts conditions such as arrhythmia or heart attack among many other conditions. There is a need for an immediate review of these treatments in the direction of Zinc and magnesium, either by supplementation or by diet therapy. HIV patients undergoing ART should be placed under strict Zinc and magnesium-rich diet to avert untimely death among these patients. The controlled study should be done to ascertain the best approach to quell the residue of malnutrition in these patients in order to further improve their nutritional status.

A Web-Based Pilot Implementation of the Africanized Land Administration Domain Model for Kenya—A Case Study of Nyeri County

Kenya has amassed a wealth of paper based land information records collected over the duration of more than a century. The National Land Commission (NLC) having the mandate to develop a National Land Information Management System (NLIMS) for Kenya partnered with the Dedan Kimathi University of Technology on a project to develop a pilot LIMS for Nyeri County. A pilot Land Administration System (LAS) has been developed in this work and utilizes an Africanized Land Administration Domain Model (A-LADM) fitted to the Kenyan context. Various processes involved in land administration that required to be automated were identified. Informed by the numbers of applications made for the change of User service, it was picked as the first workflow to be automated. The key outputs of this work were the A-LADM and pilot LAS. The pilot solution uses a webcentric solution, with the data stored and managed centrally from a PostGIS database backend, using the Python Django framework to implement the server side and client side frontend. This solution demonstrates the importance of automating processes and supporting standards based software development. Stakeholder participation is key when implementing systems and 2 workshops are held to capture requirements and validate the developed solution.

Validity of determining innate Mizaj (temperament) based on facial characteristics: a comparative study

In traditional Iranian medicine,accurate determination of Mizaj plays a very important role in the etiology and treatment of diseases.There are a lot of evidences and documents in original Iranian traditional medicine books and documents related to the relationship between Mizaj and the facial character and appearance.In this study,we investigated the validity of determining Mizaj based on facial dimensions and characteristics.For this purpose,a software was developed to determine Mizaj based on an algorithm of facial dimensions and appearance.This cross-sectional study investigated the validity of identifying Mizaj based on facial dimensions and appearance(using the facial-based Mizaj recognition software)by comparison with the Mizaj determined by a standardized questionnaire and by using the traditional method of experts’opinion on determining the Mizaj.The inclusion criteria of the study were being healthy,using no medication,and consent to participate in the study.The sample size of the study was 83 people.For analyzing the data,SPSS software version 19 was used.Also,for examining the level of internal agreement of the data,Kappa statistics were used.The results of the study showed that the level of agreement between determining Mizaj by facial characteristics with the experts’distinction of Mizaj is almost complete,and the level of agreement with the Mizaj questionnaire was moderate.The results showed that the facial-based Mizaj recognition software has a good validity to detect the Mizaj of individuals in the study sample.Although,studies with a larger sample size are needed to confirm the results of this study.

日本化工的安全和防止事故

日本化工出口总值约20万亿日元,出口量占日本制造业总量的7.7％。化工雇员约30.2万人,企业5352个。1986年销售额约1200亿美元。日本是世界上三大化工中心之一,其他两个是美国(销售额1980亿美元)和欧洲共同体(销售额2270亿美元)。按排列次序,日本仅次于美国,居世界第二位。日本化工与美国及欧洲共同体没有精确的安全比较数据,但在过去五年中,日本没有发生过严重的石油化工厂或仓库爆炸及火灾事故,而近年来欧洲经济共同体却发生过两次这类事故。因此,按国际标准衡量,日本化工厂的安全已达较高水平。在七十年代初,日本曾经发生过一系列事故。

减少软包装生产中挥发性有机化合物的使用

软包装材料生产中使用大量溶剂。人们逐渐能买到合适的水基油墨。焚烧和回收溶剂同样可以减少挥发性有机化合物（VOC）的排放。焚烧花费很大,但相对易于实施。改用水基油墨或使用可回收的溶剂都比较复杂,也需要时间。然而,就长远而论,无论从环境观点还是从经济观点来看,这两个解决办法都优于焚烧。因此,政策法规的设计应当谨慎,以防止焚烧法成为减少溶剂排放的唯一方法。