Nanocomposite coatings demonstrate improved friction and wear responses under severe sliding conditions in extreme environments. This paper provides a review how thin film multilayers and nanocomposites result in hard...Nanocomposite coatings demonstrate improved friction and wear responses under severe sliding conditions in extreme environments. This paper provides a review how thin film multilayers and nanocomposites result in hard, tough, low-friction coatings. Approaches to couple multilayered and nanocomposite materials with other surface engineering strategies to achieve higher levels of performance in a variety of tribological applications are also discussed. Encapsulating lubricious phases in hard nanocomposite matri- ces is one approach that is discussed in detail. Results from state-of-the-art "chameleon" nanocomposites that exhibit reversible adaptability to ambient humidity or temperature are presented.展开更多
Advances in materials are an important contributor to our technological progress,and yet the process of materials discovery and development itself is slow.Our current research process is human-centred,where human rese...Advances in materials are an important contributor to our technological progress,and yet the process of materials discovery and development itself is slow.Our current research process is human-centred,where human researchers design,conduct,analyse and interpret experiments,and then decide what to do next.We have built an Autonomous Research System(ARES)—an autonomous research robot capable of first-of-its-kind closed-loop iterative materials experimentation.ARES exploits advances in autonomous robotics,artificial intelligence,data sciences,and high-throughput and in situ techniques,and is able to design,execute and analyse its own experiments orders of magnitude faster than current research methods.We applied ARES to study the synthesis of singlewalled carbon nanotubes,and show that it successfully learned to grow them at targeted growth rates.ARES has broad implications for the future roles of humans and autonomous research robots,and for human-machine partnering.We believe autonomous research robots like ARES constitute a disruptive advance in our ability to understand and develop complex materials at an unprecedented rate.展开更多
The Joint Automated Repository for Various Integrated Simulations(JARVIS)is an integrated infrastructure to accelerate materials discovery and design using density functional theory(DFT),classical force-fields(FF),and...The Joint Automated Repository for Various Integrated Simulations(JARVIS)is an integrated infrastructure to accelerate materials discovery and design using density functional theory(DFT),classical force-fields(FF),and machine learning(ML)techniques.JARVIS is motivated by the Materials Genome Initiative(MGI)principles of developing open-access databases and tools to reduce the cost and development time of materials discovery,optimization,and deployment.展开更多
Recently,carbon-based metal-free electrocatalysts(C‐MFECs)have drawn considerable research attention because of their attractive physicochemical characteristics,cost-effectiveness,and ability to convert and store ene...Recently,carbon-based metal-free electrocatalysts(C‐MFECs)have drawn considerable research attention because of their attractive physicochemical characteristics,cost-effectiveness,and ability to convert and store energy efficiently.Efficient intramolecular charge transfer among different parts of the carbon electrocatalyst and/or intermolecular charge transfer between elec-trocatalyst and electrolyte dictate the ultimate energy conversion performance.Experimental results and theoretical analyses have demonstrated that rational design of metal-free carbon nanomaterials,coupled with proper in-tramolecular charge transfer through heteroatom doping,incorporation of Stone-Wales defects,and/or intermolecular charge transfer through adsorp-tion of appropriate molecules/moieties,can promote efficient electrocatalysis.In this article,we will first provide the related theoretical principles and then present an overview on the rational design and development of C-MFECs for efficient charge transfer,followed by elucidating charge-transfer processes for different electrocatalytic reactions related to renewable energy conversion and environmental remediation technologies.Finally,the current challenges and future perspectives in this exciting field will be discussed.展开更多
Refractory high-entropy alloys present attractive mechanical properties,i.e.,high yield strength and fracture toughness,making them potential candidates for structural applications.Understandings of atomic and electro...Refractory high-entropy alloys present attractive mechanical properties,i.e.,high yield strength and fracture toughness,making them potential candidates for structural applications.Understandings of atomic and electronic interactions are important to reveal the origins for the formation of high-entropy alloys and their structure−dominated mechanical properties,thus enabling the development of a predictive approach for rapidly designing advanced materials.Here,we report the atomic and electronic basis for the valence−electron-concentration-categorized principles and the observed serration behavior in high-entropy alloys and highentropy metallic glass,including MoNbTaW,MoNbVW,MoTaVW,HfNbTiZr,and Vitreloy-1 MG(Zr_(41)Ti_(14)Cu_(12.5)Ni_(10)Be_(22.5)).We find that the yield strengths of high-entropy alloys and high-entropy metallic glass are a power-law function of the electron-work function,which is dominated by local atomic arrangements.Further,a reliance on the bonding-charge density provides a groundbreaking insight into the nature of loosely bonded spots in materials.The presence of strongly bonded clusters and weakly bonded glue atoms imply a serrated deformation of high-entropy alloys,resulting in intermittent avalanches of defects movement.展开更多
Skin-mounted wearable electronics are attractive for continuous health monitoring and human-machine interfacing.The commonly used pre-gelled rigid and bulky electrodes cause discomfort and are unsuitable for continuou...Skin-mounted wearable electronics are attractive for continuous health monitoring and human-machine interfacing.The commonly used pre-gelled rigid and bulky electrodes cause discomfort and are unsuitable for continuous long-term monitoring applications.Here,we design carbon nanotubes(CNTs)-based electrodes that can be fabricated using different textile manufacturing processes.We propose woven and braided electrode design using CNTs wrapped textile yarns which are highly conformable to skin and measure a high-fidelity electrocardiography(ECG)signal.The skin-electrode impedance analysis revealed size-dependent behavior.To demonstrate outstanding wearability,we designed a seamless knit electrode that can be worn as a bracelet.The designed CNT-based dry electrodes demonstrated record high signal-to-noise ratios and were very stable against motion artifacts.The durability test of the electrodes exhibited robustness to laundering and practicality for reusable and sustainable applications.展开更多
Refractory multi-principal-element alloys(RMPEAs)exhibit high specific strength at elevated temperatures(T).However,current RMPEAs lack a balance of room-temperature(RT)ductility,high-T strength,and high-T creep resis...Refractory multi-principal-element alloys(RMPEAs)exhibit high specific strength at elevated temperatures(T).However,current RMPEAs lack a balance of room-temperature(RT)ductility,high-T strength,and high-T creep resistance.Using density-functional theory methods,we scanned composition space using four criteria:(1)formation energies for operational stability:-150<E_(f)≤+70 meV per atom;(2)higher strength found via interstitial electron density with Young’s moduli E>250 GPa;(3)inverse Pugh ratio for ductility:G/B<0.57;and(4)high melting points:T_(m)>2500°C.Using rapid bulk alloy synthesis and characterization,we validated theory and down-selected promising alloy compositions and discovered Mo72.3W12.8Ta10.0Ti2.5Zr2.5 having well-balanced RT and high-T mechanical properties.This alloy has comparable high-T compressive strength to well-known MoNbTaW but is more ductile and more creep resistant.It is also superior to a commercial Mo-based refractory alloy and a nickel-based superalloy(Haynes-282)with improved high-T tensile strength and creep resistance.展开更多
Carbon nanotube(CNT)yarn was functionalized using sulfuric and nitric acid solutions in 3:1 volumetric ratio.Successful functionalization of CNT yarn with carboxyl and hydroxyl groups(e.g.,COOH,COO–,OH,etc.)was confi...Carbon nanotube(CNT)yarn was functionalized using sulfuric and nitric acid solutions in 3:1 volumetric ratio.Successful functionalization of CNT yarn with carboxyl and hydroxyl groups(e.g.,COOH,COO–,OH,etc.)was confirmed by attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy.X-ray diffraction revealed no significant change to the atomic in-plane alignment in the CNTs;however,the coherent length along the diameter was significantly reduced during functionalization.A morphology change of wavy extensions protruding from the surface was observed after the functionalization treatment.The force required to fracture the yarn remained the same after the functionalization process;however,the linear density was increased(310%).The increase in linear density after functionalization reduced the tenacity.However,the resistivity density product of the CNT yarn was reduced significantly(234%)after functionalization.展开更多
We prepared the DNA-cetyltrimethyl ammonium complex, as well as the same complex intercalated with stable organic free radicals, and studied their magnetic properties by electron magnetic resonance (EMR) spectroscopy ...We prepared the DNA-cetyltrimethyl ammonium complex, as well as the same complex intercalated with stable organic free radicals, and studied their magnetic properties by electron magnetic resonance (EMR) spectroscopy and by measuring the magnetization on a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). The UV-vis and CD spectra of DNA-quaternary alkyl ammonium complex (DNA--Q+) in organic solvent clearly demonstrated that it retained the double helical B-form conformation. The interhelical spacing of double strand DNA (dsDNA) increased when the counter ions (Na+) of phosphate groups of the natural DNA were replaced with the long alkyl quaternary ammonium groups. The inter-helical distance of DNA-cetyltrimethyl ammonium (CTMA) was 39.1 as confirmed by X-ray diffractometry. In general, the magnetization of the DNA-CTMA complex solid was found to be significantly lower than that of natural DNA. Moreover, intercalation of the complex with stable organic free radicals did not improve magnetization, which again was in marked contrast to natural DNA. EMR spectroscopic behavior of the complex in the solid state also was quite different from that of natural DNA: The unique broad EMR signal of natural DNA in the low field region with g-value greater than 10 disappeared in the DNA-CTMA complex.展开更多
The lattice Boltzmann Peierls Callaway(LBPC)method is a recent development of the versatile lattice Boltzmann formalism aimed at a numerical experiment on mesoscale thermal transport in a multiphase phonon gas.Two asp...The lattice Boltzmann Peierls Callaway(LBPC)method is a recent development of the versatile lattice Boltzmann formalism aimed at a numerical experiment on mesoscale thermal transport in a multiphase phonon gas.Two aspects of mesoscopic thermal trans-port are discussed:the finite phonon mean free path and the interface thermal resistance.Based on the phonon momentum screening length measured in the LBPC computa-tional apparatus,the validity of the Umklapp collision relaxation time in the Callaway collision operator is examined quantitatively.The discrete nature of the spatio-temporal domain in the LBPC method,along with the linear approximation of the exponential screening mechanism in the Callaway operator,reveals a large discrepancy between the effective phonon mean free path and the analytic phonon mean free path when the relaxation time is small.The link bounce back interface phonon collision rule is used to realize the interface thermal resistance between phonon gases with dissimilar dispersion relations.Consistent with the Callaway collision operator for the bulk phonon dynam-ics,the interface phonon collision process is regarded as a linear relaxation mechanism toward the local pseudo-equilibrium phonon distribution uniquely defined by the energy conservation principle.The interface thermal resistance is linearly proportional to the relaxation time of the proposed phonon interface collision rule.展开更多
The diameters of single-walled carbon nanotubes(SWCNTs)are directly related to their electronic properties,making diameter control highly desirable for a number of applications.Here we utilized a machine learning plan...The diameters of single-walled carbon nanotubes(SWCNTs)are directly related to their electronic properties,making diameter control highly desirable for a number of applications.Here we utilized a machine learning planner based on the Expected Improvement decision policy that mapped regions where growth was feasible vs.not feasible and further optimized synthesis conditions to selectively grow SWCNTs within a narrow diameter range.We maximized two ranges corresponding to Raman radial breathing mode frequencies around 265 and 225 cm^(−1)(SWCNT diameters around 0.92 and 1.06 nm,respectively),and our planner found optimal synthesis conditions within a hundred experiments.Extensive post-growth characterization showed high selectivity in the optimized growth experiments compared to the unoptimized growth experiments.Remarkably,our planner revealed significantly different synthesis conditions for maximizing the two diameter ranges in spite of their relative closeness.Our study shows the promise for machine learning-driven diameter optimization and paves the way towards chirality-controlled SWCNT growth.展开更多
文摘Nanocomposite coatings demonstrate improved friction and wear responses under severe sliding conditions in extreme environments. This paper provides a review how thin film multilayers and nanocomposites result in hard, tough, low-friction coatings. Approaches to couple multilayered and nanocomposite materials with other surface engineering strategies to achieve higher levels of performance in a variety of tribological applications are also discussed. Encapsulating lubricious phases in hard nanocomposite matri- ces is one approach that is discussed in detail. Results from state-of-the-art "chameleon" nanocomposites that exhibit reversible adaptability to ambient humidity or temperature are presented.
文摘Advances in materials are an important contributor to our technological progress,and yet the process of materials discovery and development itself is slow.Our current research process is human-centred,where human researchers design,conduct,analyse and interpret experiments,and then decide what to do next.We have built an Autonomous Research System(ARES)—an autonomous research robot capable of first-of-its-kind closed-loop iterative materials experimentation.ARES exploits advances in autonomous robotics,artificial intelligence,data sciences,and high-throughput and in situ techniques,and is able to design,execute and analyse its own experiments orders of magnitude faster than current research methods.We applied ARES to study the synthesis of singlewalled carbon nanotubes,and show that it successfully learned to grow them at targeted growth rates.ARES has broad implications for the future roles of humans and autonomous research robots,and for human-machine partnering.We believe autonomous research robots like ARES constitute a disruptive advance in our ability to understand and develop complex materials at an unprecedented rate.
基金K.C.thanks the computational support from XSEDE computational resources under allocation number TGDMR 190095Contributions from K.C.were supported by the financial assistance award 70NANB19H117 from the U.S.Department of Commerce,National Institute of Standards and Technology+3 种基金Contributions by S.M.,K.H.,K.R.,and D.V.were supported by NSF DMREF Grant No.DMR-1629059 and No.DMR-1629346X.Q.was supported by NSF Grant No.OAC-1835690A.A.acknowledges partial support by CHiMaD(NIST award#70NANB19H005)G.P.was supported by the Los Alamos National Laboratory’s Laboratory Directed Research and Development(LDRD)program’s Directed Research(DR)project#20200104DR。
文摘The Joint Automated Repository for Various Integrated Simulations(JARVIS)is an integrated infrastructure to accelerate materials discovery and design using density functional theory(DFT),classical force-fields(FF),and machine learning(ML)techniques.JARVIS is motivated by the Materials Genome Initiative(MGI)principles of developing open-access databases and tools to reduce the cost and development time of materials discovery,optimization,and deployment.
基金RP would like to thank Air Force Research Laboratory(AFRL)for providing financial support(Grant:165852.02.00.0001.00.06-C2 under prime contract FA8650-16-D-5852)LD is grateful to Australian Re-search Council(ARC,DP 190103881 and FL 190100126)for partial support.
文摘Recently,carbon-based metal-free electrocatalysts(C‐MFECs)have drawn considerable research attention because of their attractive physicochemical characteristics,cost-effectiveness,and ability to convert and store energy efficiently.Efficient intramolecular charge transfer among different parts of the carbon electrocatalyst and/or intermolecular charge transfer between elec-trocatalyst and electrolyte dictate the ultimate energy conversion performance.Experimental results and theoretical analyses have demonstrated that rational design of metal-free carbon nanomaterials,coupled with proper in-tramolecular charge transfer through heteroatom doping,incorporation of Stone-Wales defects,and/or intermolecular charge transfer through adsorp-tion of appropriate molecules/moieties,can promote efficient electrocatalysis.In this article,we will first provide the related theoretical principles and then present an overview on the rational design and development of C-MFECs for efficient charge transfer,followed by elucidating charge-transfer processes for different electrocatalytic reactions related to renewable energy conversion and environmental remediation technologies.Finally,the current challenges and future perspectives in this exciting field will be discussed.
基金financially supported by the U.S.Army Research Laboratory(Project No.W911NF-08-2-0084)the United States National Science Foundation(Grant DMR-1006557)+11 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants 51690163,50871013,51271018,51271151,and 51571161)the support from the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities in China(G2016KY0302)the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi province of China(2016JQ5003)supported through the Air Force on-site contract FA8650-10-5226 managed by UES,Inc.the Department of Energy,Office of Fossil Energy,National Energy Technology Laboratory(DE-FE-0008855,DE-FE-0024054,and DE-FE-0011194)the U.S.Army Research Office project(W911NF-13-1-0438)the National Science Foundation(CMMI-1100080 and DMR-1611180)the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan(MOST 105-2221-E-007-017-MY3)the support from the DE-FE-0011194 projectsupported by the Materials Simulation Center and the Institute for CyberSciencefunded by NSF through Grant OCI-0821527the XSEDE clusters supported by NSF through Grant ACI-1053575.
文摘Refractory high-entropy alloys present attractive mechanical properties,i.e.,high yield strength and fracture toughness,making them potential candidates for structural applications.Understandings of atomic and electronic interactions are important to reveal the origins for the formation of high-entropy alloys and their structure−dominated mechanical properties,thus enabling the development of a predictive approach for rapidly designing advanced materials.Here,we report the atomic and electronic basis for the valence−electron-concentration-categorized principles and the observed serration behavior in high-entropy alloys and highentropy metallic glass,including MoNbTaW,MoNbVW,MoTaVW,HfNbTiZr,and Vitreloy-1 MG(Zr_(41)Ti_(14)Cu_(12.5)Ni_(10)Be_(22.5)).We find that the yield strengths of high-entropy alloys and high-entropy metallic glass are a power-law function of the electron-work function,which is dominated by local atomic arrangements.Further,a reliance on the bonding-charge density provides a groundbreaking insight into the nature of loosely bonded spots in materials.The presence of strongly bonded clusters and weakly bonded glue atoms imply a serrated deformation of high-entropy alloys,resulting in intermittent avalanches of defects movement.
基金supported by the Analytical Instrumentation Facility (AIF) at North Carolina State Universitysupported by the State of North Carolina and the National Science Foundation (award number ECCS-1542015).
文摘Skin-mounted wearable electronics are attractive for continuous health monitoring and human-machine interfacing.The commonly used pre-gelled rigid and bulky electrodes cause discomfort and are unsuitable for continuous long-term monitoring applications.Here,we design carbon nanotubes(CNTs)-based electrodes that can be fabricated using different textile manufacturing processes.We propose woven and braided electrode design using CNTs wrapped textile yarns which are highly conformable to skin and measure a high-fidelity electrocardiography(ECG)signal.The skin-electrode impedance analysis revealed size-dependent behavior.To demonstrate outstanding wearability,we designed a seamless knit electrode that can be worn as a bracelet.The designed CNT-based dry electrodes demonstrated record high signal-to-noise ratios and were very stable against motion artifacts.The durability test of the electrodes exhibited robustness to laundering and practicality for reusable and sustainable applications.
基金This work was supported by the U.S.Department of Energy(DOE),Office of Energy Efficiency&Renewable Energy,and Advanced Manufacturing Office under project AOP 2.1.0.19Theoretical methods to address complex solid solutions were developed with support from the DOE Office of Science,Basic Energy Sciences,Materials Science&Engineering Division.Funding was in part from Laboratory Directed Research and Development funds through Ames Laboratory.Ames Laboratory is operated by Iowa State University for the U.S+1 种基金DOE,Office of Science,Office of Basic Energy Sciences under contract DE-AC02-07CH11358Work by O.S.was supported through the Air Force on-site contract FA8650-21-D-5270 managed by MRL Materials Resources LLC,Xenia,OH,USA.We acknowledge Vinay Deodeshmukh at Haynes International for providing us with the Haynes 282 alloy and relevant heat treatment conditions for this alloy。
文摘Refractory multi-principal-element alloys(RMPEAs)exhibit high specific strength at elevated temperatures(T).However,current RMPEAs lack a balance of room-temperature(RT)ductility,high-T strength,and high-T creep resistance.Using density-functional theory methods,we scanned composition space using four criteria:(1)formation energies for operational stability:-150<E_(f)≤+70 meV per atom;(2)higher strength found via interstitial electron density with Young’s moduli E>250 GPa;(3)inverse Pugh ratio for ductility:G/B<0.57;and(4)high melting points:T_(m)>2500°C.Using rapid bulk alloy synthesis and characterization,we validated theory and down-selected promising alloy compositions and discovered Mo72.3W12.8Ta10.0Ti2.5Zr2.5 having well-balanced RT and high-T mechanical properties.This alloy has comparable high-T compressive strength to well-known MoNbTaW but is more ductile and more creep resistant.It is also superior to a commercial Mo-based refractory alloy and a nickel-based superalloy(Haynes-282)with improved high-T tensile strength and creep resistance.
文摘Carbon nanotube(CNT)yarn was functionalized using sulfuric and nitric acid solutions in 3:1 volumetric ratio.Successful functionalization of CNT yarn with carboxyl and hydroxyl groups(e.g.,COOH,COO–,OH,etc.)was confirmed by attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy.X-ray diffraction revealed no significant change to the atomic in-plane alignment in the CNTs;however,the coherent length along the diameter was significantly reduced during functionalization.A morphology change of wavy extensions protruding from the surface was observed after the functionalization treatment.The force required to fracture the yarn remained the same after the functionalization process;however,the linear density was increased(310%).The increase in linear density after functionalization reduced the tenacity.However,the resistivity density product of the CNT yarn was reduced significantly(234%)after functionalization.
基金Young-Wan Kwon would like to express his gratitude to the Korean National Foundation for the support (2010-0013225)
文摘We prepared the DNA-cetyltrimethyl ammonium complex, as well as the same complex intercalated with stable organic free radicals, and studied their magnetic properties by electron magnetic resonance (EMR) spectroscopy and by measuring the magnetization on a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). The UV-vis and CD spectra of DNA-quaternary alkyl ammonium complex (DNA--Q+) in organic solvent clearly demonstrated that it retained the double helical B-form conformation. The interhelical spacing of double strand DNA (dsDNA) increased when the counter ions (Na+) of phosphate groups of the natural DNA were replaced with the long alkyl quaternary ammonium groups. The inter-helical distance of DNA-cetyltrimethyl ammonium (CTMA) was 39.1 as confirmed by X-ray diffractometry. In general, the magnetization of the DNA-CTMA complex solid was found to be significantly lower than that of natural DNA. Moreover, intercalation of the complex with stable organic free radicals did not improve magnetization, which again was in marked contrast to natural DNA. EMR spectroscopic behavior of the complex in the solid state also was quite different from that of natural DNA: The unique broad EMR signal of natural DNA in the low field region with g-value greater than 10 disappeared in the DNA-CTMA complex.
文摘The lattice Boltzmann Peierls Callaway(LBPC)method is a recent development of the versatile lattice Boltzmann formalism aimed at a numerical experiment on mesoscale thermal transport in a multiphase phonon gas.Two aspects of mesoscopic thermal trans-port are discussed:the finite phonon mean free path and the interface thermal resistance.Based on the phonon momentum screening length measured in the LBPC computa-tional apparatus,the validity of the Umklapp collision relaxation time in the Callaway collision operator is examined quantitatively.The discrete nature of the spatio-temporal domain in the LBPC method,along with the linear approximation of the exponential screening mechanism in the Callaway operator,reveals a large discrepancy between the effective phonon mean free path and the analytic phonon mean free path when the relaxation time is small.The link bounce back interface phonon collision rule is used to realize the interface thermal resistance between phonon gases with dissimilar dispersion relations.Consistent with the Callaway collision operator for the bulk phonon dynam-ics,the interface phonon collision process is regarded as a linear relaxation mechanism toward the local pseudo-equilibrium phonon distribution uniquely defined by the energy conservation principle.The interface thermal resistance is linearly proportional to the relaxation time of the proposed phonon interface collision rule.
基金We acknowiedge funding fom the Air Force Office of Sdenmhc Research(LRIR16KCOR322)。
文摘The diameters of single-walled carbon nanotubes(SWCNTs)are directly related to their electronic properties,making diameter control highly desirable for a number of applications.Here we utilized a machine learning planner based on the Expected Improvement decision policy that mapped regions where growth was feasible vs.not feasible and further optimized synthesis conditions to selectively grow SWCNTs within a narrow diameter range.We maximized two ranges corresponding to Raman radial breathing mode frequencies around 265 and 225 cm^(−1)(SWCNT diameters around 0.92 and 1.06 nm,respectively),and our planner found optimal synthesis conditions within a hundred experiments.Extensive post-growth characterization showed high selectivity in the optimized growth experiments compared to the unoptimized growth experiments.Remarkably,our planner revealed significantly different synthesis conditions for maximizing the two diameter ranges in spite of their relative closeness.Our study shows the promise for machine learning-driven diameter optimization and paves the way towards chirality-controlled SWCNT growth.