Cardiovascular diseases cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide.Engineered cardiac organoids are being developed and used to replicate cardiac tissues supporting cardiac morphogenesis and development.These...Cardiovascular diseases cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide.Engineered cardiac organoids are being developed and used to replicate cardiac tissues supporting cardiac morphogenesis and development.These organoids have applications in drug screening,cardiac disease models and regenerative medicine.Therefore,a thorough understanding of cardiac organoids and a comprehensive overview of their development are essential for cardiac tissue engineering.This review summarises different types of cardiac organoids used to explore cardiac function,including those based on co-culture,aggregation,scaffolds,and geometries.The self-assembly of monolayers,multilayers and aggravated cardiomyocytes forms biofunctional cell aggregates in cardiac organoids,elucidating the formation mechanism of scaffold-free cardiac organoids.In contrast,scaffolds such as decellularised extracellular matrices,three-dimensional hydrogels and bioprinting techniques provide a supportive framework for cardiac organoids,playing a crucial role in cardiac development.Different geometries are engineered to create cardiac organoids,facilitating the investigation of intrinsic communication between cardiac organoids and biomechanical pathways.Additionally,this review emphasises the relationship between cardiac organoids and the cardiac system,and evaluates their clinical applications.This review aims to provide valuable insights into the study of three-dimensional cardiac organoids and their clinical potential.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82302401 to YW)the grant from Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(Nos.23410750100,20DZ2255400 and 21XD1421300 to JX)the“Dawn”Program of Shanghai Education Commission(No.19SG34 to JX).
文摘Cardiovascular diseases cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide.Engineered cardiac organoids are being developed and used to replicate cardiac tissues supporting cardiac morphogenesis and development.These organoids have applications in drug screening,cardiac disease models and regenerative medicine.Therefore,a thorough understanding of cardiac organoids and a comprehensive overview of their development are essential for cardiac tissue engineering.This review summarises different types of cardiac organoids used to explore cardiac function,including those based on co-culture,aggregation,scaffolds,and geometries.The self-assembly of monolayers,multilayers and aggravated cardiomyocytes forms biofunctional cell aggregates in cardiac organoids,elucidating the formation mechanism of scaffold-free cardiac organoids.In contrast,scaffolds such as decellularised extracellular matrices,three-dimensional hydrogels and bioprinting techniques provide a supportive framework for cardiac organoids,playing a crucial role in cardiac development.Different geometries are engineered to create cardiac organoids,facilitating the investigation of intrinsic communication between cardiac organoids and biomechanical pathways.Additionally,this review emphasises the relationship between cardiac organoids and the cardiac system,and evaluates their clinical applications.This review aims to provide valuable insights into the study of three-dimensional cardiac organoids and their clinical potential.
